For a successful entry individual into the image of an entrepreneur, the latter needs, first of all, to realize the motives that prompt him to open his own business and, thereby, become an independent subject of an entrepreneurial business.

Under the motive should be understood the totality of people's motives for certain actions. Motives for entrepreneurial behavior are formed when there is a need to be entrepreneurial. A conscious, meaningful, studied need becomes a behavioral motive. Therefore, the entrepreneurial actions of people and their choice of an entrepreneurial profession are based not only on their vocation, but also on their desire.

motive(installation) of entrepreneurial action - the state of predisposition, readiness, inclination of the entrepreneur to act in one way or another. Predisposition is the internal position of the entrepreneur in relation to various objects and situations, including other people, concerning him. business sphere. Motives (attitudes) give the situation a personal entrepreneurial meaning.

Getting income, making profit is the main motive, but it is not an end in itself and is not final. Not all entrepreneurial activity is carried out for the sake of personal consumption, on the contrary, it is opposed to any kind of hedonism. Since entrepreneurship is inherently not only a strategic, but a creative activity with a high degree of autonomy in decision-making. In other words, the entrepreneur is fascinated by the very process of striving for independence and self-realization. And, money (as income) is a criterion of success that demonstrates how well the initially conceived entrepreneurial project is implemented. Also, this money acts as a means of ensuring social recognition from society and increasing business reputation entrepreneur.

This way you can draw a diagram:

The concept of "motive entrepreneurial activity” and “entrepreneurial attitude”, although they are close in meaning, they do not completely coincide. The motive is more mobile, more subject to emotions. On the contrary, the installation is more stable.

The following groups of motives that encourage people to entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished:

1. economic motives;

2. social motives;

3. psychological motives;

4. physical motives;

5. humanistic motives.

Economic motives: the desire to derive economic benefit through the achievement of the success of victory, or the success of survival, or both. The economic benefit consists in providing yourself and your loved ones with the means of subsistence, sufficient, at a minimum, to support life and reproduce their labor force, and, as a maximum, to strengthen personal competitive potential and provide personal competitive advantage over other entrepreneurs.

The economic motives of entrepreneurial activity outwardly act as:

property motives that encourage people to maintain or expand the list of objects of possession, disposal, use, to maintain, strengthen the vertical of entrepreneurial power and increase their administrative resource;

· labor motives that motivate people to achieve success in professional work, the growth of personal professional competitiveness, strengthening personal competitive advantages and overcoming personal competitive shortcomings;

financial motives that encourage people to receive financial revenue, or to increase it as a result of successful transactions.

People are driven to entrepreneurial activity not only by economic motives, but also by others. So, among the social motives of entrepreneurial behavior are:

· initiation of forms of social communication (social communications) as a way to implement, maintain and strengthen one's own social energy;

• achieving success in society on legal grounds, maintaining legal adequacy, subordinating the "case" to the applicable rules of law, combined with initiating the improvement of these rules;

public presentation of personal competitive advantages and achievements;

Formation and strengthening of a positive reputation in the eyes of the environment;

Acquisition of social knowledge, skills, including the use of someone else's experience in their own activities and learning from the mistakes of others;

· Acquisition of social, including legal comfort.

Social motives of entrepreneurial behavior reflect social origin in the nature of people, the need for social communications, the desire for social adequacy, public recognition. Social communication is always initiated by certain people who independently take steps to create the necessary forms of such communication. Therefore, the social motivation of entrepreneurial behavior is contained in the constant evolution of social communications.

The psychological motives of entrepreneurial activity reflect the need of many people for effective self-realization, development of personal qualities, awareness of one's own personality, self-affirmation in business relations, optimization of interpersonal contacts and the formation of psychological stability. Through enterprising behavior, people form the mechanisms of emotional interaction with other people, develop in themselves such qualities as perseverance, self-confidence, attention, will, accuracy, openness, patience, consistency in actions, etc.

And, finally, the humanistic motivation of people for entrepreneurial activity is based on their needs, which have an ethical, aesthetic, ideological (conceptual, general philosophical) character. The humanistic motives of entrepreneurship consist in the desire of people for ethical, aesthetic, ideological self-realization, the acquisition of appropriate forms of adequacy based on following established ideas and established orders, initiating changes to establish new orders and form new ideas. These motives reflect the needs of people for active behavior, dominance, development, and gaining comfort in the ethical, aesthetic, and ideological fields.

It is necessary to distinguish among the motives of entrepreneurial behavior motivational motives, that is, true, real motives, and motives of judgment, that is, those that are proclaimed by the entrepreneur, openly recognized by him. The latter can be called entrepreneurial motivations.

There are several main milestones in the motivation structure of a Russian entrepreneur:

1. An acute or obsessive desire to stand out, to prove oneself, to show oneself and one's abilities.

2. The desire for independence, the reluctance to work for the "uncle", who allegedly profits from mere mortals.

3. The desire to satisfy their needs for leadership.

4. Desperate struggle for self-expression, self-realization and so on.

People get involved in professional entrepreneurship, not only responding to the need to be entrepreneurial, but also to the need, the inability to find a job for hire, the desire to be entrepreneurs, the desire for professional development.

Every legally free person has the right to choose between professional entrepreneurship and professional wage labor. After all, you can work as an entrepreneur, or you can be a teacher, you can run an entrepreneurial business, or, on the contrary, you can work as an entrepreneurial metallurgist, designer or builder of the subway.

The choice of an entrepreneurial profession by people is complemented by the choice of the subject of entrepreneurship - a subject area or subject areas of the economy, a particular sector or a combination of market sectors. A professional entrepreneur must present himself to his environment as a specialist in his field. He becomes such by carrying out professional actions in those subject areas businesses that he deemed necessary to master. He acts as an entrepreneur-specialist, doing business in any one, specific market sector, or as a generalist entrepreneur who prefers to diversify his business.

A motivated choice between hired labor and entrepreneurial business in favor of entrepreneurship automatically includes determining the geography and subject composition of the markets into which a new subject of professional entrepreneurship decides to invade or in which it is going to gain a foothold.

The study of motives, attitudes, value orientations behavior of various categories and groups of entrepreneurs, for example, at the request of the entrepreneurial structures themselves, or interested state bodies, allows you to determine the prevailing trends in the attitudes of entrepreneurs to their activities, which is very important for the entire population of the region, country. By creating a system of incentives based on such knowledge of the motives of business activity, it is possible to regulate relations in the field of entrepreneurship, both on the part of the entrepreneurs themselves and on the part of the relevant state structures - representative and executive power which is very important today.

There are several areas of motivation research in management psychology, entrepreneurial psychology, and management psychology. Historically, the first direction can be considered that section scientific management, which is dedicated to stimulating workers to increased productivity and was proposed by Frederick Taylor. The second direction is to a certain extent close to Taylorism and is associated with the tradition of the behavioral approach. The third direction in much more is based on ideas about the nature of human motives, needs and values.

Based on the goals and objectives of the study, the third direction of research into the problem of motivation in management psychology is of greatest interest, which allows us to study the content side of the motivation of any successful work activity. Based on the conceptual basis of the study, let us analyze the data contained in the literature on the motives that are significant for organizational activity.

Summarizing the ideas about the entrepreneurial activity of classics and modern specialists, we can distinguish common features both for business and organizational activities. Entrepreneurial activity is:

Creative activity, which is based on a new commercial idea, concept in the field of business and services;

Exploring such profit opportunities that have not yet been noticed by other business entities;

Creation, construction own enterprise with which you can realize your plan;

Constant search and implementation of the new, focus on innovative development organizations, the use of inventions or various opportunities for the release of new products, the discovery of new sources of raw materials, markets, reorganization of production, etc.

So, based on the presented comparative characteristics, we can conclude that entrepreneurial activity is a kind of organizational activity. Consequently, the motivational analysis of entrepreneurial activity will reveal some motives that are also significant for organizational activity.

In the works of the classics of economic theory, in accordance with the concept of economic man, the dominant motive for entrepreneurship was considered to be one material motive - the desire for profit or the motivation to achieve success. Further research into the motives of entrepreneurial activity showed that the motivational sphere of the entrepreneur's personality is much more complicated and does not come down only to the desire for profit.

Striving for success;

Striving for innovation;

Willingness to take risks;

Striving for self-determination, independence;

Striving for superiority (power motive);

The need for activity (procedural motive);

The desire to build partnerships on equal positions (affiliation motive);

The tendency of a person to manipulate other people in interpersonal relationships (Machiavellianism);

Achievement motivation.

Based on the data obtained, in order to clarify the structure of the motivational sphere of motives for the activities of competitive entrepreneurs, empirical studies were given. The empirical study involved 49 people aged 27 to 39 years. 2 groups of subjects were formed. From the point of view of the competitiveness of commercial organizations, all subjects were divided into two groups based on the analysis of the questionnaire and the results of the conversation. The first group included 29 entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs have been in business for more than 5 years; they have created commercial organizations that, to varying degrees of success, operate in the market.

From the analysis of the questionnaire data and the results of the conversation, it follows that these entrepreneurs, despite difficulties, sometimes failures, continue to do business, while in recent years their organizations have been successfully functioning. This group of subjects is conditionally called "competitive".

The second group included 19 people. They created commercial organizations that failed. In the future, these subjects refused to engage in business. Initially, their refusal was due to financial reasons, and later they did not want to do business, because they believe that their qualities do not correspond to this type of activity. Currently, they are hired top managers, i.e. they manage commercial organizations. We conditionally designated this group as "uncompetitive".

Based on the literature data, taking into account the validity, reliability and standardization, the following methods were selected:

Diagnostics of motivation for success and avoidance of failures by Ehlers;

Methodology for diagnosing the degree of risk readiness of Schubert;

Machiavellian scale;

Affiliation study methodology.

An analysis of the results of the study made it possible to conclude that competitive entrepreneurs do not differ from non-competitive ones in terms of the level of development of motivation for success, motivation to avoid failures and risk appetite. This can be explained by the fact that these motivational characteristics are professionally significant not only for entrepreneurs, but also for top managers, whose functions are performed by non-competitive entrepreneurs.

The absence of significant differences in indicators of success motivations and risk propensity between the compared groups indicates that these motivational characteristics are common professionally. important qualities both for entrepreneurs and top managers, which is in good agreement with the literature data.

To verify the few data presented in the literature on the significance of affiliation motivation for the success of entrepreneurial activity, we conducted a study of this motivational characteristic in two groups of subjects using the Mehrabian affiliation diagnostic questionnaire.

Analysis of the data obtained indicates that there was no significant difference in the indicators of the method for diagnosing affiliation in the two compared groups of subjects. The results of the study can be explained by the nature of the activities of both entrepreneurs and top managers. For entrepreneurs and managers, professionally important qualities are the well-development of the communicative properties of the individual. To assess the level of development, the "MAK-scale" was used.

It has been established that the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs differs from the level of development of this quality among non-competitive entrepreneurs. At the same time, the level of development of Machiavellianism among competitive entrepreneurs is below average. This fact can be explained on the basis of the identified features of organizational leadership, in particular, from its purpose.

Considering the purpose of the entrepreneur as a subject of organizational activity, which is focused on creating long-term successful companies, it can be noted that a talented leader has a need to establish identity with the belief system that provides meaning to human life. If the manager motivates, trains and stimulates the staff, ritualizes, reinforces stereotypes of behavior, then the entrepreneur has a deeper influence on people, because he not only and not so much does what is the responsibility of the manager, but contributes to the personal growth of the members of the organization, filling their lives with meaning.

The leader of the organization, creating a philosophy of long-term successful organizations, interacting with people in the organization, should consider them not as an object of management, but as a subject of activity. From this it follows that the organizational leader should be guided in the construction of subject-subject relations to the highest level of regulation of activity - the value-semantic sphere of the personality of subordinates. Machiavellianism is a characteristic of the personality of a manipulator who, based on disbelief in the possibility of the existence of trusting relationships between people, seeks to influence the motivational sphere of communication partners, so that with the help of false distractions to achieve their hidden goals, so that the partner, without realizing it, changes their original goals. Consequently, since the influence on the value-semantic sphere of the personality implies mutual trust and acceptance of a person, Machiavellianism acts as a personal motivational factor that impedes the successful organizational activity of the leader of the organization.

Apparently, this can also explain the data obtained in our study on the low level of development of Machiavellianism among successful leaders of the organization in comparison with managers. So, the conducted studies of the motives of organizational activity with the help of psychodiagnostic methods made it possible to come to the following conclusions:

1. It has been established that neither the motivation for success, nor the motivation to avoid failures, nor the propensity to take risks, nor affiliations are specific motivational qualities characteristic of the activities of competitive entrepreneurs. These motivational characteristics are, apparently, common motives that determine the success of both entrepreneurial and managerial activities.

2. The success of competitive entrepreneurs is due not to individual independent motives, but to their structure, in particular, a combination of a developed motivation to achieve success, the need for affiliation, the pursuit of reasonable risk, and a low degree of motivation to avoid failures and the desire to manipulate. This combination of motives makes it possible to the greatest extent to unite talented people around themselves, who create the concept of long-term successful organizations, and to implement this concept, focusing on success in the face of risk and uncertainty, and, in the end, increases the level of competitiveness of commercial organizations.

3. Based on their concepts of E. Shostrom, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, the combination of motives identified in the process of empirical research, which is characteristic of successful organizational activity, allows for further constructive study of the personality of talented leaders of the organization to formulate the initial conceptual assumption that, rather First of all, the combination of motives that we have established is only one of the manifestations of the personality as a self-determining, self-developing system.

Literature

1. Belov VV Organizational giftedness. SPb., 2008.

2. Zavyalova E. K., Posokhova S. T. Psychology of entrepreneurship. SPb., 2004.

3. Brief psychological dictionary / comp. L. A. Karpenko; under total ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. M., 1985.

4. Maslow A. Self-actualization // Psychology of personality. Texts / ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, A. A. Puzyreya. M., 1982.

5. Chirikova A. E. Leaders of Russian entrepreneurship: mentality, meanings, values. M., 1997.

6. Shekshnya S. V. Leadership in modern business. M., 2003.

what can attract young people in business today? What are the main motives for participating in entrepreneurship? and got the best answer

Answer from Kisun Murzya[guru]
The main motive is the expected income (it is almost unlimited in dreams) and freedom from the bosses (the boss is his own. The abundance of those who want to snatch a bigger piece from your business without doing a damn thing prevents it (inspectors and the city / regional administration). Knowledge needs to be mastered ", suddenly, after some time, the situation will change. Yes, and now the ability to correctly determine the scope and calculate the risks will not hurt. Where and how? If you are confident in future success, start with business seminars (but they are expensive)

Answer from Evgenia Kiryushina[newbie]
profitability

Answer from Alina Batdieva[newbie]
ReviewsPeople with a strong need to succeed want to take responsibility for their successes and failures. They prefer moderate risk. They like situations that provide instant feedback, which allows you to determine the success of their activities. Such people are driven by a strong sense of personal success, stronger than recognition by others. Independence acts as a motive and advantage of entrepreneurship.

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what can attract young people in business today? What are the main motives for participating in entrepreneurship?

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIOLOGY

Department of Economic Theory

COURSE WORK

on the topic: "Motivation of entrepreneurial activity"

Performed by a student of the group Sl - 063

Mazurak I. E.

Supervisor:

Kurbatova M. V., Doctor of Economics n., prof.

Kemerovo 2010

Introduction

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity

1.2 Features of entrepreneurial activity

Chapter 2

2.1 Theoretical basis business motivation

2.2 Motives of entrepreneurial activity and their types

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is essential element any market economy, since it ensures economic growth, the production of an increasing mass of various goods, designed to satisfy quantitatively and, more importantly, qualitatively changing needs of society, its various strata and individuals. This is the driving force behind the development of a modern market economy, so it is important to understand the various aspects of entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon.

The main engine of development and renewal of economic life in present stage are the initiative and creativity of entrepreneurs carrying out this or that activity. Based on this, the study and analysis of the motivation of a modern entrepreneur in particular and entrepreneurial activity in general is of particular relevance.

The market economy system, which is becoming more and more established in Russia, is based on the entrepreneurial type economic system while retaining regulatory functions in the hands of the state. At present, the entrepreneurial type of the economic system has made the entrepreneur one of the most significant subjects of the economic process.

Entrepreneurship is the main pillar for the country's market economy. That's why government bodies they are trying to stimulate the development of small and medium-sized businesses so that, as a result, the tax payments of these enterprises become a contribution to the state budget, and there is an increase in GDP in the country's economy.

From an economic point of view, it is assumed that economic action is motivated by economic interest.

The defining feature of sociology is the focus on the motivation of the entrepreneur to one or another economic activity. With this approach, the motivation of entrepreneurs turns into a sociological problem.

object work is an entrepreneurial activity.

Subject is the motivation of entrepreneurs in their economic activity.

Objective consists in the theoretical and methodological analysis of the motivation of entrepreneurial activity.

To achieve this goal, it is proposed to solve the following tasks:

1. Define entrepreneurial activity and business;

2. Consider the structure of entrepreneurial activity;

3. Describe the theoretical and methodological foundations of entrepreneurship motivation, the main motives for entrepreneurial activity;

4. Reveal an assessment of the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity.

In this paper, we will try to reveal the essence and content of the concept of entrepreneurship, highlight the features of entrepreneurial business, entrepreneurial structures. And define general position business affairs in Russia.

The work is based scientific works Radaeva V. V., Khalina S. M., Shevchenko I. K.

Chapter 1. Entrepreneurial activity: concept, structure

1.1 Entrepreneurship and business

Initially, the problem of entrepreneurship was posed by political economy as the problem of explaining the sources of economic growth and the nature of profit (the term "entrepreneurship" was introduced by R. Cantillon in the 18th century). The definition of an entrepreneur as the owner of capital dominates in the works of the classics of political economy - F. Quesnay, A. Smith. At the same time, with J. Turgot, and later with German historians (W. Roscher, B. Hildebrand), he not only manages his capital, but also combines the functions of an owner with personal productive labor.

Over time, the entrepreneur is less and less identified with the capitalist. J.B. Say and J.S. Mill consider the entrepreneur as the organizer of production, which is not burdened by property rights. The functional distinction between the owner and the entrepreneur is carried out by K. Marx. Neoclassicists - A. Marshall, L. Walras, K. Menger, F. Wieser define an entrepreneur as a manager. And since then, neutrality in relation to the ownership of property has become a common element of most theories of entrepreneurship - classical (J. Cole, P. Drucker).

Entrepreneurship is a field professional activity special group of people - entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is an independent economic agent acting at his own risk and under his own responsibility, including financial responsibility. He must have rights to the use of functioning capital, say, a "bundle" of four rights:

1) ownership rights, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;

2) the right to use, that is, the right to use useful properties good for yourself;

3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;

4) the right to income, that is, the right to enjoy the results from the use of goods.

In order to be able to use these rights, he must pay the full owner for the alienation of these rights in his favor (for example, in the form of rent). In addition, you will also need a certain size working capital(for example, the cost of raw materials, materials, labor force and etc.). Starting entrepreneurial activity (or modifying the previous activity), the entrepreneur must solve the age-old problems of the market economy: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce?

The most typical and capacious definition of entrepreneurship is given in the work of American scientists R. Hisrich and M. Peters: “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value; a process that absorbs time and effort, involving the assumption of financial, moral and social responsibility; a process that brings monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved.

Outstanding foreign scientists-economists: F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who devoted Scientific research these problems: A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev and others.

Of great theoretical and practical importance is the point of view of P. Drucker on the essence of the concepts of "entrepreneurial economy", "entrepreneurial society", "entrepreneurial management". He explores the problems of the formation of the business environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs, the conditions for the implementation of their business.

P. Drucker believes that entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. New ideas just form the semantic basis of the term "entrepreneurship", therefore the entrepreneurial task is "creative destruction". Entrepreneurs, emphasizes P. Drucker, are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. And further - an enterprise is entrepreneurial not because it is new, and not because it is small (small), although rapidly developing, but because its activity is based on the awareness of the fact that manufactured products have individual characteristics, the demand for them has grown to such an extent that a "market niche" has formed, and new technology makes it possible to turn complex operations into a scientific process.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject making a choice between contractual relations free market and organization of the company in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that differs from the price mechanism and the mechanism state regulation, but in some ways is an alternative to both of them.

An entrepreneur, according to Sombart, must be triune, possessing the following qualities:

Conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);

Organizer (the ability to correctly evaluate people, make them work, coordinating their actions);

Merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, arouse their interest in their products, inspire confidence).

J. Schumpeter believes that two constituent factors are necessary for the development of entrepreneurship: a) organizational and economic innovation; b) economic freedom. He is an advocate for free enterprise.

J. Schumpeter opposes himself to the neoclassicists, deducing from the process of circulation of capital the fundamental need for a special entrepreneurial function, which consists in the implementation of organizational and economic innovation. Entrepreneurs, according to Schumpeter, do not form a special profession or a separate class. It's about specifically about a function performed periodically by different subjects. In every economic sphere, it either appears or disappears, being replaced by more routine actions. At the same time, the entrepreneur does not necessarily invent “new combinations” himself. He carries them out practically, often imitating someone else's economic experience.