5.1 . What are production costs ?

production costs is the cost of all resources used in the production process, expressed in terms of monetary form.
General costs- the cost of acquiring the entire volume of resources that the enterprise uses to organize the production of a certain volume of products.
External resourcesis everything that the company buys from others commercial organizations or citizens.
Internal resources - this is everything that belongs to the company itself and is used by it to organize its activities (premises, equipment, land, the owner's money and his entrepreneurial abilities, which could be directed to other purposes).
External (explicit, accounting) costs- the cost of acquiring external resources.Internal (implicit) costs- the cost of acquiring internal resources.
Internal costs are equal to cash payments that could be received for own resources in their alternative use (the best possible). Thus, one's own premises could be rented out, and the owner of the company, not receiving a satisfying income, could receive income in the form of a salary by working for hire.
5.2 . Profit.
Profit- the excess of income from the sale of goods or services over costs.
Revenue- funds received (received) by an enterprise, firm, entrepreneur from the sale of goods and services; distinguish between revenue from the sale of products, revenue from the sale of fixed assets, trading revenue.
!!! Economicprofit = sales revenue - external costs - internal costs.Accountingprofit = sales revenue - external costs.
5.3 . Fixed and variable costs .
fixed costs is that part of the total cost that does not depend on this moment time from the volume of products produced (rental payment for the premises, the cost of maintaining the building, the cost of training and retraining of personnel, the cost of public utilities, depreciation).
Depreciation(from Wed-century. lat. amortisatio - repayment) - a decrease in the cost of capital resources as they wear out in the process of production use.
variable costs - this is that part of the total costs, the value of which for a given period of time is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products (purchase of raw materials, wages, energy, fuel, transport services, costs for containers, and packaging, etc.).
Full (general, gross) costs = fixed + variable. Variable costs increase with the increase in production volume. An entrepreneur can control variable costs. Fixed costs are beyond the control of the company's management, as they are mandatory and must be paid regardless of the volume of production.
5.4 . Effective business .
Effect(from lat. effectys - execution, action, from efficio - act, perform) - 1) result, consequence of any causes, actions (for example, the effect of treatment); 2) a strong impression made by someone, something; 3) means, technique (including in art), the purpose of which is to impress, surprise or create the illusion of something (for example, lighting, sound effects in the theater); 4) physical phenomenon, eg. photoelectric effect.
Efficiency- the effectiveness of the process, defined as the ratio of the effect, result to costs. In economics, an effect is the result of an activity (for example, an increase in profits received by a company compared to the previous year, or the amount of money saved).
Technological efficiency - the level of organization of production at which the maximum possible amount of products is produced from the available resources.
Economic efficiency - a method of organizing production in which the cost of producing a certain amount of products is minimal.
Profitability(from German. rentabel - profitable, profitable) - 1) an indicator of the economic efficiency of production, calculated as the ratio of profit to costs or production costs; 2) the ratio of the profit received by the enterprise for a certain period to the costs incurred during the same period.
Profitability = profit / costs.
5.5 . How are costs different from costs? ?

Expenses- This monetary value the cost of material, labor, financial, natural, information and other types of resources for the production and sale of products for a certain period of time. The concept of "costs" is used in economic theory and practice as the concept of "costs" in relation to the production of products (works, services) as a whole or its individual stages. Some authors consider the concepts of "production costs" and "production costs" as identical, but this is not true. The concept of "costs" is broader than the concept of "costs". Costs are the total various kinds costs of production and sale of products as a whole or its individual parts. For example, production costs are the costs of material, labor, financial and other types of resources for the production and sale of products. In addition, “costs” include specific types of costs: the unified social tax, losses from marriage, warranty repairs, etc. The concepts of “production costs” and “production costs” can coincide and be considered identical only under certain conditions.

2.5 Permanent and variable costs Bogbaz11, §4, 46 – 50.

External resources- this is everything that the company buys from other commercial organizations or citizens.

Internal resources- this is everything that belongs to the company itself and is used by it to organize its activities (premises, equipment, land, owner's funds)

production costs is the cost of all resources expended in the production process, expressed in monetary terms.

General costs- the cost of acquiring the entire volume of resources that the enterprise uses to organize the production of a certain volume of products.

External (explicit, accounting) costs- the cost of acquiring external resources. Internal (implicit) costs- the cost of acquiring internal resources.

Internal costs are equal to cash payments that could be received for own resources in their alternative use (the best possible). Thus, one's own premises could be rented out, and the owner of the company, not receiving a satisfying income, could receive income in the form of a salary by working for hire.

Profit- the excess of income from the sale of goods or services over costs.

Accounting profit = sales revenue - external costs

Revenue- funds received (received) by an enterprise, firm, entrepreneur from the sale of goods and services; distinguish between revenue from the sale of products, revenue from the sale of fixed assets, trading revenue.

!!! Economic profit = sales revenue - external costs - internal costs.

Fixed and variable costs .

fixed costs- this is that part of the total costs that does not depend at a given point in time on the volume of products produced (rent for the premises, expenses for the maintenance of the building, for staff training, utility costs, depreciation).

Depreciation(from Wed-century. lat. amortisatio - repayment) - a decrease in the cost of capital resources as they wear out in the process of production use.

variable costs- this is that part of the total costs, the value of which for a given period of time is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products (purchase of raw materials, wages, energy, fuel, transport services, packaging costs, etc.).

Full (general, gross) costs= constants + variables. Variable costs increase with the increase in production volume. An entrepreneur can control variable costs. Fixed costs are out of the control of the firm's management. Effective business .

Effect(from lat. effectys - execution, action, from efficio - act, perform) - 1) result, consequence of any causes, actions (for example, the effect of treatment); 2) a strong impression made by someone or something

Efficiency- the effectiveness of the process, defined as the ratio of the effect, result to costs. In economics, an effect is the result of an activity (for example, an increase in profits received by a company compared to the previous year, or the amount of money saved).

Technological efficiency- the level of organization of production at which the maximum possible amount of products is produced from the available resources.

Economic efficiency- a method of organizing production in which the cost of producing a certain amount of products is minimal.

Profitability(from German. rentabel - profitable, profitable) - 1) an indicator of the economic efficiency of production, calculated as the ratio of profit to costs or production costs. Profitability = profit / costs.

Expenses- This monetary valuation material, labor, financial, natural, informational and other types resources for the production and sale products for a certain period of time. The concept of "costs" is broader than the concept of "costs".

Costs is a set of various types of costs for the production and sale of products as a whole or its individual parts. For example, production costs are the costs of material, labor, financial and other types of resources for the production and sale of products. PLUS: unified social tax, losses from production marriage, warranty repair, etc. The concepts of "production costs" and "production costs" can coincide and be considered as identical only under certain conditions.

What are production costs? The cost of production is the cost of all the resources expended in the production process, expressed in monetary terms. Economic costs are those payments that the company must make to suppliers of the necessary resources (labor, material, energy, etc.) in order to divert these resources from use in other industries. Total costs are the costs of acquiring the entire volume of resources that the company uses for organization of production of a certain volume of products. External resources are everything that the firm buys from other commercial organizations or citizens. Internal resources are everything that belongs to the company itself and is used by it to organize its activities (premises, equipment, land, the owner’s money and his entrepreneurial abilities that could be directed to other purposes).

External (explicit, accounting) costs are the costs of acquiring external resources. Internal (implicit) costs - the cost of acquiring internal resources. Internal costs are equal to cash payments that could be received for own resources in their alternative use (the best possible). Thus, his own premises could be rented out, and the owner of the company, not receiving a satisfying income, could receive income in the form of a salary by working for hire.

An important role in the division of costs into fixed and variable is played by the time factor. There are concepts of short-term period of time and long-term period of time. These concepts are not related to calendar terms, such as a month or a year. The concepts of short-term or long-term period depend on how the factors of production change.

The analysis of production costs is necessary for the firm to determine the volume of production of goods and services, to determine the size of the firm at which it will receive a stable income. Average cost is the firm's cost per unit of output. Average cost measures how much it costs a firm to produce one unit of output. The average cost is associated with the establishment of the price of goods. If each unit of product sold generates revenue equal to the price of the product, then the profit from each unit sold is equal to the difference between the price of the product and the average cost of producing it. Accordingly, when price equals average cost, the firm has zero profit; The firm makes a profit when the price exceeds the average cost.

Profit. Profit is the excess of income from the sale of goods or services over costs. Proceeds - funds received (proceeded) by an enterprise, firm, entrepreneur from the sale of goods and services; distinguish between revenue from the sale of products, revenue from the sale of fixed assets, trading revenue. !!! Economic profit = sales revenue - external costs - internal costs. Accounting profit = sales revenue - external costs.

Economic profit is the difference between a firm's total revenue and economic costs. Economic profit = Sales revenue External costs - Internal costs This approach to profit allows you to assess the possibility of the existence of the enterprise (whether the revenue covers not only external (accounting), but also internal costs). The excess of cash receipts over the sum of economic costs means that the enterprise has a net profit, its existence is justified, it can develop successfully.

Accounting profit is the difference between total revenue and accounting costs. The firm's accounting profit = Sales revenue - External costs Economic profit orients the entrepreneur not just to earning income, but to comparing this income with that which could be obtained as a result of an alternative use of available resources. For example, an entrepreneur, having organized production, received an accounting profit of 30,000 rubles. And if he put money in the bank, he would receive 40,000 rubles. as a percentage. Hence, if the accounting profit turns out to be less than the economic profit, taking into account opportunity costs, then the use of the resource should be considered inefficient from the point of view of the entrepreneur.

To calculate the actual value of costs and profits, the accounting method should be used. For making decisions on the choice of one of the alternative options for investing resources, only the economic method of calculating costs is acceptable. Any owner of the enterprise seeks to increase the size of profits. For the sake of this, he improves the technology and organization of production, stimulates an increase in the productivity of workers, and introduces a mode of saving resources. This leads to a reduction in the value of all costs and contributes to the growth of profits.

Fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs - this is that part of the total costs that does not depend at a given point in time on the volume of products produced (rent for the premises, maintenance costs of the building, costs for training and retraining of personnel, utility costs, depreciation). Depreciation (from cf. century. lat. amortisatio - repayment) - a decrease in the cost of capital resources as they wear out in the process of production use.

Variable costs are that part of the total costs, the value of which for a given period of time is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products (purchase of raw materials, wages, energy, fuel, transport services, costs for containers, and packaging, etc. ). Full (general, gross) costs = fixed + variable. Variable costs increase with the increase in production volume. An entrepreneur can control variable costs. Fixed costs are beyond the control of the company's management, as they are mandatory and must be paid regardless of the volume of production.

Efficient business. Effect (from lat. effectys - performance, action, from efficio - act, perform) - 1) result, consequence of any causes, actions (for example, the effect of treatment); 2) a strong impression made by someone or something; 3) means, technique (including in art), the purpose of which is to impress, surprise or create the illusion of something (for example, lighting, sound effects in the theater); 4) a physical phenomenon, for example. photoelectric effect. Efficiency - the effectiveness of the process, defined as the ratio of the effect, result to costs. In economics, an effect is the result of an activity (for example, an increase in profits received by a company compared to the previous year, or the amount of money saved).

Technological efficiency is the level of organization of production at which the maximum possible amount of products is produced from the available resources. Economic efficiency is a way of organizing production, in which the cost of producing a certain amount of products is minimal. Profitability (from German rentabel - profitable, profitable) - 1) an indicator of the economic efficiency of production, calculated as the ratio of profit to costs or production costs; 2) the ratio of the profit received by the enterprise for a certain period to the costs incurred during the same period. Profitability = profit: costs.

How are costs different from expenses? Costs are a monetary assessment of the cost of material, labor, financial, natural, informational and other types of resources for the production and sale of products for a certain period of time. The concept of "costs" is used in economic theory and practice as the concept of "costs" in relation to the production of products (works, services) as a whole or its individual stages. Some authors consider the concepts of "production costs" and "production costs" as identical, but this is not true.

The concept of "costs" is broader than the concept of "costs". Costs are a set of various types of costs for the production and sale of products as a whole or its individual parts. For example, production costs are the costs of material, labor, financial and other types of resources for the production and sale of products. In addition, “costs” include specific types of costs: the unified social tax, losses from marriage, warranty repairs, etc. The concepts of “production costs” and “production costs” can coincide and be considered identical only under certain conditions.

Fixed and variable costs. financial institutions. Banking system.

Zaitseva E.A., teacher of history and social studies

mbou "Klyukvinskaya sosh"

Kursk district, Kursk region

• Fixed and variable costs
• Financial institutions
• Banking system
• Workshop

Purpose: Formation of ideas about the concepts of "financial institutions", "banks", "banking system"

• Learn the concepts - "variable and fixed costs", "financial institutions".
• Get an idea about the functioning of the banking system.
• Completing USE assignments

• Fixed and variable costs, finance, financial institution, bank, insurance company, investment company, Pension Fund, stock exchange, interstate financial and credit institution, banking system, central bank, commercial banks

• Profit \u003d revenue - costs (costs)
• Firm's costs by types of resources: accounting (explicit) and economic (implicit)
• Firm Costs by Resource Consumption: Fixed and Variable

Fixed Cost Examples

fixed costs

Building maintenance costs

Rent payment

Depreciation deductions

Management staff salary

Insurance premiums

Public utilities

variable costs

variable costs

Payment for energy and fuel

Shipping and packaging costs

Purchase of raw materials

Wages of production workers

Payment for transport services

Current repair of fixed assets

Cash, securities and other monetary obligations of a family, enterprise, state

The set of monetary relations organized by the state, in the process of which the use of national funds is carried out Money for the implementation of economic, social and political tasks

Functions of Finance

Control

Regulating

Stabilizing

Distribution

Financial institutions are commercial institutions that carry out financial transactions.

Financial institutions

Investment company

Stock Exchange

Pension Fund

Insurance Company

• Bank- (from Italian banco - bench) financial institution, which concentrated temporarily free funds of enterprises and citizens for the purpose of their subsequent provision in debt or on credit for a certain fee.

• Acceptance and storage of deposits (money or valuable papers deposited in the bank) depositors.
• Issuance of funds from accounts and settlements between clients.
• Placement of the collected funds by issuing loans or granting credits.
• Buying and selling securities, currencies.
• Regulation monetary circulation in the country, including the issuance (issue) of new money (a function of the Central Bank only).

Banking system

central bank

Commercial banks

By form of ownership

On a territorial basis

They are divided into state, municipal, private, joint-stock, mixed.

They are divided into local, regional, national and international.

Specialized banks

Innovative banks

investment banks

savings banks

Mortgage banks

attract and store free cash, paying depositors a fixed

percentage

They specialize in financing and long-term lending

provide loans secured by collateral, most often secured by real estate

credit innovation,

i.e. ensure the development of innovations, the introduction of scientific and technological achievements

Functions of the Central Bank

Emission center of the country (only it has the right to issue money, banknotes into circulation).

Regulates the economy through monetary policy.

Concentrates in itself the minimum reserves of commercial banks.

He is the banker of the government and an intermediary in all payments, therefore he occupies a leading position in the banking system of the country

• They mobilize free cash and turn it into capital
• Lending to enterprises, the state, the population
• Provide cash and settlement services to customers

Workshop

Variable costs include

• 1. rent payments for the premises
• 2.expenses for utilities
• 3.costs for retraining
• 4.packing material costs

Are the following statements correct?

• A. Fixed costs depend on the desire of the entrepreneur and the volume of his production.
• B. Variable costs have nothing to do with the desires of the entrepreneur and production volumes

1. only A is true

2. only B is true

3.both judgments are true

4.both judgments are wrong

Are the following statements about fixed and variable production costs correct?

• A. Fixed costs depend on the increase or decrease in the volume of production.
• B. Variable costs include the cost of raw materials, electricity, wages.

1. only A is true

2. only B is true

3.both judgments are true

4.both judgments are wrong

• 1. making settlements and payments
• 2. acceptance of deposits
• 3.regulation of money circulation
• 4. money issue
• 5.Support for the exchange rate of the national currency
• Answer:

Choose a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.

1. investment fund;

2. commercial bank;

3.credit organization;

4. insurance company;

5.savings bank

• Answer:

Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, refer to the concept of "financial institution".

1.state corporation;

2. pension fund;

3.insurance company;

4. credit institution;

5.stock exchange;

6. investment company;

7. natural monopolies

1. Costs (costs) are the costs of the manufacturer for the acquisition and use of production factors.

2. Variables can be payment for raw materials and materials, wages of workers, payment for electricity, transportation costs.

Profit depends on the ratio of revenue from the sale of products and costs.

• Prepare a detailed answer on a given topic. Draw up a plan that should contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
• "Banks and banking system"
• "Financial and credit system and its role in the economy"

• Social science. 10-11 grades. Tasks of a high level of complexity on the exam. All course topics and methods learning activities. R.V. Pazin
• Social science. Preparation for the Unified State Examination - 2015. Books 1 and 2. O.A. Chernysheva, Yu.A. Klochkova, R.V. Pazin, P.A. Ushakov
• Social science. 10-11 grades. Essay and a complex plan for a detailed answer to the exam. O.A. Chernysheva
• Social science in tables and diagrams. A.V. Makhotkin, N.V. Makhotkin

Social science. Full course of preparation for the exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

2.5. Fixed and variable costs

production costs - expenses, cash expenditures that must be made to create a product. For an enterprise (firm), they act as payment for the acquired factors of production. economic costs- those payments that the company must make to suppliers of the necessary resources (labor, material, energy, etc.) in order to divert these resources from use in other industries. Economic costs are divided into:

1) Internal (or implicit)- the opportunity cost of using resources owned by the firm itself, i.e., unpaid costs. Implicit costs: cash payments that the company could receive with a more profitable use of its resources for the owner of capital, the profit that he could receive by investing his capital not in this, but in some other business (enterprise).

External (explicit, accounting)- Opportunity costs, which take the form of cash payments to suppliers of factors of production and intermediate products. Explicit costs include: wages for workers, cash costs for the purchase and rental of machine tools, equipment, buildings, structures, payment for transportation costs, utility bills, payment for suppliers of material resources, payment for services of banks, insurance companies.

2) Private(if they are examined from the point of view of a single firm or a single manufacturer) and public(if the costs are analyzed from the point of view of society as a whole and there are external effects) costs. Public and private costs coincide only in the absence of external effects, or if their total effect is equal to zero.

3) Permanent- a part of the total costs that does not depend at a given point in time on the volume of output (rental payment of the company for the premises, the cost of maintaining the building, the cost of training and retraining personnel, salaries of management personnel, utility costs, depreciation). All these costs will be typical for all cycles of production of goods.

Variables- part of the total costs, the value of which for a given period of time is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales of products (purchase of raw materials; wages, energy, fuel, transport services; costs for containers and packaging, etc.). Classification of variable costs: a) by the nature of the dependence on the volume of output (proportional, degressive, progressive); b) according to the statistical principle (general, average); c) according to the method of reference to the cost of production (direct, indirect); d) in relation to the production process (production, non-production).

General (gross)- those costs incurred by the enterprise during one stage of production.

4) Non-refundable- in a broad sense, those costs that the firm cannot recover even if it ceases to operate (for example, the cost of registering a company and obtaining a license, preparing advertising inscription or the name of the company on the wall of the building, the production of seals, etc.); in a narrow sense, these are the costs of those types of resources that do not have an alternative use (for example, the costs of specialized equipment manufactured by order of the company). total costs represents the total cost of the firm to pay for all factors of production. Total costs depend on the volume of output and are determined by: quantity; the market price of the resources used.

Factors affecting cost and cost reduction

1. Raising the technical level of production: the introduction of new, progressive technology, mechanization and automation production processes; improving the use and application of new types of raw materials and materials; design changes and specifications products; other factors that increase the technical level of production.

2. Improving the organization of production and labor: changes in the organization of production, forms and methods of labor with the development of specialization in production; improvement of production management and cost reduction; improving the use of fixed assets; improvement of material and technical supply; reduction of transport costs; other factors that increase the level of organization of production.

3. Changes in the volume and structure of products, which can lead to a relative decrease in fixed costs (except for depreciation), a relative decrease in depreciation, a change in the range and range of products, and an increase in its quality.

4. Improving the use of natural resources: changing the composition and quality of raw materials; changes in field productivity, volumes preparatory work during extraction, methods of extraction of natural raw materials; change in other natural conditions.

5. Industry and other factors: commissioning and development of new shops, production units and industries; analysis of reserves to reduce costs as a result of the elimination of obsolete and the introduction of new shops and industries on a higher technical basis, with better economic indicators.

Measures to reduce fixed costs: reduction of selling and administrative expenses; the most complete loading of assets; reduction in consumption commercial services; sale of unused current and intangible assets.

Measures to reduce variable costs: reduction in the number of employees of the main and auxiliary industries due to the growth of labor productivity; transition from piecework wages to time; reduction of stocks of raw materials, materials and finished products; introduction of resource-saving technologies; replacement of materials with cheaper ones.

economic profit is the difference between the firm's total revenue and economic costs. The excess of cash receipts over the sum of economic costs means that the enterprise has a net profit, its existence is justified, it can develop successfully. Accounting profit is the difference between total revenue and accounting costs.

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AS) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FOR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MI) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PE) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (UN) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FI) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FU) of the author TSB

From the book How to Travel author Shanin Valery

Additional costs Everyone knows that foreign cars in Russia are stolen more often than domestic "Zhigulis". Therefore, Mercedes and BMW owners have become accustomed to taking special precautions. When traveling around Africa or the poor countries of Asia, not only prestigious brands, but also any

From the book Social Science: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

24. COSTS AND PROFIT Costs (costs) are the costs necessary for the production of goods and services. Costs are the costs incurred in the process. economic activity associated with the production of products or the provision of services. Types of costs (costs): fixed

Permanent locks Mortise door locks. On fig. 6 shows a mortise door lock of the simplest type. To hold the crossbar in the closed position, the lock has a zukhalter (1) mounted on the axle (2) and pressed down by a spring (3), which is mounted on the rack (4). Rectangular