Can production disposable tableware be an idea for profitable business? The demand for such products is quite high. For example, in Lately Disposable paper cups for takeaway coffee are very popular - any coffee shop has them. Sets of plastic forks and plates are regularly required by people celebrating corporate events in the office or going on picnics. How much does it cost to set up a disposable tableware business and what equipment is required?
In some European countries, authorities are trying to limit the use and production of disposable tableware - it is considered harmful to the environment. Indeed, plastic does not decompose, and high-quality wood is used to make disposable cups. But this trend has not yet reached Russia and is unlikely to reach Russia in the near future. Disposable coffee cups and plastic containers seem to have become an integral part of city life.
For this reason, production plastic dishes and paper cups - an idea for a profitable business. Disposable tableware is the same popular product as handkerchiefs or wet wipes. It is hygienic, easy to use, and does not require washing or other care.
At the same time, competition in the field is quite high. A novice manufacturer will not only have to establish a technological process, but also think about a marketing campaign. From the very beginning it is important to determine competitive advantages: unusual shape, beautiful colors, printing corporate logos of establishments on glasses (very popular among coffee shops).
Disposable tableware is the same popular product as handkerchiefs or wet wipes
Features of the production of plastic and paper tableware
Sets of plastic plates and forks can be found in every supermarket. They are made from polystyrene or polypropylene. The first material is more fragile, but is resistant to moisture, temperature and is well processed by mechanical means. Polypropylene is more durable and costs less than polystyrene.
When producing dishes from these materials, the same equipment is used. The technological process is similar: melting of raw materials, preparation of sheets, stamping and packaging. We will consider manufacturing technologies in more detail in a special section.
For the manufacture of paper tableware, laminated cardboard with a density of 120-280 grams per 1 m2 is most often used. This material is not susceptible to moisture due to lamination, and also allows you to print brand logos on finished products in good quality.Cardboard is less harmful to environment: Even laminated material decomposes within 3 years. On average, about 1 ton of raw materials is consumed to produce 100 thousand units of goods.
It is important to note that disposable plastic tableware is subject to mandatory certification. Plastic products must contain a mark indicating the class of material from which they are made. Thus, the most dangerous and suitable only for one-time use without heating, polyethylene terephthalate is suitable for storing vegetable oils and ketchups, and polystyrene is suitable for storing and heat processing of any food products.
A paper coffee cup has become an integral attribute of city life.
How to organize production
The choice of equipment is key to organizing the production of plastic cups and other disposable tableware. Modern production complexes are almost completely automated and do not require much human intervention. You should start organizing your business by drawing up a business plan, calculating expenses and, of course, studying production technology.
The advantage of the business is the almost complete automation of production processes combined with stable and high demand. Among the disadvantages, the leading one is high competition (in the production of plastic tableware it is much higher than in the production of paper cups).
Technologies
What are disposable cups made of plastic and cardboard? Plastic production includes the following steps:
- Heating the raw materials, melting and mixing in the extruder.
- The finished raw material is pressed into a plastic sheet.
- The plastic sheet is placed in a thermoforming unit, where products (plates, glasses, cutlery) are formed from it.
- Products are cut from canvas and packaged.
- The remaining plastic is returned for melting.
This results in a fairly simple, almost completely automated and waste-free production. Paper cups made from cardboard are produced slightly differently:
- A logo or design is printed on sheets of laminated cardboard.
- The resulting sheets are cut to the size of future glasses.
- The blanks are wrapped around a round blank, the seam is fastened, the edges are formed, and the bottom is inserted.
- The finished glasses are packaged.
Thus, making tableware from cardboard is much simpler in terms of technological process, but more expensive - requires more expensive raw materials. Paper coffee cups require plastic lids, so it would be promising to organize the production of tableware from both types of raw materials at the enterprise.
Dishes made of colored plastic are in greater demand than white ones
Selection of premises
Equipment for disposable tableware takes up quite a lot of space. To organize comfortable working conditions for employees, you will need a workshop with an area of at least 300 square meters, connected to all communications. It is divided into the following zones:
- work area with equipment;
- warehouse for storing raw materials;
- warehouse for finished products;
- locker rooms and a rest room for employees;
- premises for management personnel.
It is convenient to locate production in a remote part of the city, but it is important to take into account the availability of convenient access roads. If an entrepreneur plans to produce only one type of tableware (only plastic or only paper), you can get by with a smaller area. It is important that the workshop is well lit and equipped with a ventilation system. This will make working conditions more comfortable.
Equipment selection
To organize the production cycle for the manufacture of plastic utensils, you will need the following equipment:
- Extruder. This machine melts plastic and forms it into a canvas, from which disposable tableware will later be molded and cut.
- Thermoforming machine. He heats the plastic sheet and makes indentations in it in the shape of future products. The process takes only a few seconds.
- Compressor. Squeezes products out of the web after a thermoforming machine.
- Packing machine. Packs finished dishes in batches. Sometimes this stage is done manually, but this is much less efficient.
- Crusher for plastic. Processes leftover plastic sheets: melts them and forms a new sheet for products.
The cost of equipment for the production of plastic tableware is approaching 1 million rubles
To produce cups from laminated cardboard, you will need other equipment:
- Flexo printing machine. Prints drawings and logos on sheets of cardboard.
- Glass molding machine. Cuts cardboard into pieces of different sizes for the future product.
- Twisting machine. Wraps the workpiece around the round roller, stitches and inserts the bottom.
- Special apparatus for the production of plastic caps.
To purchase equipment that produces plastic tableware, you will need from 600 thousand to 1 million rubles. If you add to this machines for paper cups, you get an additional 500-800 thousand rubles. Prices for devices depend on the manufacturer and power. You can save some money by finding used machines. But in general, choosing a cheaper price and significantly cutting costs will not work.
Purchase of raw materials
Plastic tableware is made from polypropylene or polystyrene granules. Buying granules and melting them yourself is much more profitable than buying ready-made film. With this option, the production turns out to be waste-free (the remains of the plastic sheet can be melted down and reused). One ton of granules costs 18-20 thousand rubles, and a ton of finished film costs about 45 thousand. The difference and benefits are obvious. You can buy regular white granules or colored ones (colored dishes sell better).
Raw materials are offered Russian companies"Plast-plus", "RosEcoPlast", "TIS", "EuroPlast".
To make paper cups, laminated cardboard is used, which is purchased in large rolls. An average roll weighing 1 ton is enough for 100 thousand cups. The cost of laminated cardboard is approximately 30-40 thousand rubles per ton.
Required Personnel
Modern production of disposable tableware is highly automated. Therefore, there is no need to look for workers with any special education. Any person can master the operation of machines within a few days. Personal qualities include ability to work, attentiveness and efficiency.
The company's staff must include at least 8 workers, among whom areas of responsibility and equipment are distributed. Modern technology is quite safe, but in any case, safety instructions and short training are required.
Sales of products
Manufacturers of disposable tableware have several options for distribution channels. The simplest of them is cooperation with shops and supermarkets. Through them you can constantly sell large quantities of goods. The greatest demand is for sets of plates and forks, as well as glasses. A promising variety can be called the production of disposable glasses - they are popular in corporate events and buffets.
Paper cups are made from thick laminated cardboard
Customers of paper cups - These are cafes and coffee shops that sell takeaway coffee. They can purchase both finished products and order glasses with own logos. When searching for your first customers, it would be wise to contact commercial offer to establishments in your city.
Your own website can be a very good tool for increasing sales and finding customers. It will be useful to configure contextual advertising: then advertisements for the production of tableware will be seen by users looking for similar products.
Calculation of enterprise profitability
An average of 1.5 million rubles will be required to purchase equipment. To this amount you need to add the rent of the premises, payment utilities and the purchase of raw materials - approximately another 300-500 thousand rubles. Let’s assume that an entrepreneur spent 2 million rubles to open a production facility.
In an 8-hour shift, modern equipment can produce approximately 18 thousand units of products. They will be sold at an average price of 1 to 3 rubles, with a cost price of 10 kopecks to 1.5 rubles (for paper cups the amounts may be higher, especially if they are made with a company seal). The company produces products worth up to 54 thousand rubles per shift, and up to 1.6 million rubles per month.
With such production volumes and established sales, it is possible to recoup investments and expand production in just 3-4 months. However, most likely the profitability volumes will be lower: in most cities there are already disposable tableware enterprises, the products of which fully cover the local market.
Conclusion
The production of disposable tableware is an idea for a profitable and in-demand business. Having spent no more than 2 million rubles on the purchase of equipment, an entrepreneur has every chance to recoup it in 3-4 months. Equipment for making plastic dishes and paper cups is sold separately or in ready-made lines. Both options are profitable, but first of all, when purchasing, you need to pay attention to the characteristics of the machines, the reputation of the manufacturer and its guarantees.
In today's world, the production and sale of disposable tableware is constantly growing, and this trend has been observed for a number of years. The popularity of such utensils is quite justified - glasses, plates, forks and spoons made of plastic are very inexpensive, absolutely safe for health and hygienic (after use they are simply thrown away). Disposable tableware is of particular importance for enterprises fast food, in which it is used extremely actively and in huge quantities.
The history of plastic tableware in the USA
The birthplace of plastic tableware is the United States of America. It was in this country, in the middle of the last century, that a certain William Dart invented a plastic cup, the very first in the world. He patented his revolutionary invention and founded the Dart Container Corporation. It currently occupies a third of the entire US disposable packaging market. Somewhat later, in addition to plastic glasses, plates, forks, spoons and knives began to be produced. The production of disposable tableware in Moscow and other cities of our country began only in the mid-90s of the last century. Before this, it was imported from abroad, which at a certain point became economically unprofitable. Now in Russia there are many large and small enterprises producing disposable tableware, which almost completely cover the needs of the domestic market for it.
Equipment for the production of plastic tableware
Modern technology for the production of disposable tableware involves the use of specialized equipment, which includes:
- Extruders;
- Thermoforming machines;
- Automatic production lines.
Extruders are necessary in order to produce plastic sheets, from which dishes are subsequently formed. This process is carried out using thermoforming machines. The largest and modern enterprises are equipped with specialized automatic production lines with high productivity. As for the cost of equipment for the production of plastic disposable tableware, it is quite high. For example, a new high-performance extruder made in Europe costs about $500,000, while a thermoforming machine costs about $40,000.
Raw materials for the production of plastic tableware
In Russia, the main raw materials for the production of disposable plastic tableware are polystyrene and polypropylene. These materials meet all sanitary and hygienic standards and do not emit any substances harmful to human health. They are most often delivered to production in the form of granules.
Pneumatic vacuum forming machines series JDX And JMDX- high-speed machines designed for vacuum forming of plastic products. The machines are used for the production of lunch boxes, trays, trays, trays, boxes, boxes for cakes, blisters, pastry cases, gifts, dishes, decorative and other packaging products from plastic rolls.
The machines are equipped with high-quality pneumatic and electronic components produced by companies such as NORGREN, OMRON, SIEMENS. This significantly improves the performance of the machines, makes them easier to operate and guarantees the production of high-quality products. The productivity of the machines is determined by the depth of the molded products.
Advantages of the devices:
- convenient automatic control
- precise digital time management
- quick manual and automatic shutdown
- central lubrication system, central gas regulation system
- infrared heating with individual temperature control of heating elements
- secondary raising and lowering of the mold, secondary blowing, secondary vacuum function (purpose)
- Vacuum retention, electromagnetic brake
- special design solutions that ensure the creation of products with constant quality.
- separate chilled water supply system, inlet cooling and atomization
- Powerful blowing mechanism, effectively improving the performance and cooling time of the mold.
- JDX-1200B has upper and lower heating zones for the sheet of molded material, which significantly improves the quality of the final product and increases the maximum depth of its molding
- automatic cutting of molded sheets.
Raw materials used: all colored sheet materials such as PET, PVC, PS, PP, etc.; environmentally friendly sheet materials such as APET, PETG, etc.; biodegradable materials; light-degradable materials.
Optional equipment: For the operation of the devices, a supply of compressed air and water must be provided. Mechanical cutting machines and pneumatic punching presses are used for cutting products.
A less productive and flexible version of the pneumatic vacuum forming machine is a semi-automatic JDX-600.
| Characteristics / Model | JMDX-1120 | JMDX-1220 | JDX-900 | JDX-1120 | JDX-1200 | JDX-600 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | ||||||
| Length of the molded area, mm. | 750 - 1120 | 750 - 1220 | 450-900 | 760-1120 | 760 -1200 | 700 | |
| Width of the molded area, mm. | 560, 600, 660 | 300-560 | 480-700 | 500-700 | 600 | ||
| Forming depth, mm. | 60 | 100 | 165 | 150 | |||
| Cycle time, sec. | 10-15 | 9-60 | 40-100 | ||||
| Max. ave., cycles/hour | 360 | 400 | 90 | ||||
| Productivity, pump vacuum, m 3 /hour | 100 | 63 | 100 | 20 | |||
| Vacuum pump power, kW, kW | 3 | 1,5 | 3 | 1 | |||
| Compressed air consumption, m 3 /min. | 0,8 - 1,2 | 0,6 | 0,8 | 0,8-1,2 | 0,6 | ||
| Sheet thickness, mm. | 0,1-1 | ||||||
| Heating power, kW | 24 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 24 +18 | 18 | |
| Water consumption, m 3 / h | 0,8 | ||||||
| Power Specifications | 380V, three-phase | ||||||
| Overall dimensions, mm. | 6400 x 1600 x 2000 | 6500 x 1600 x 2000 | 5400 x 1200 x 2200 | 7800 x 1400 x 2200 | 7220 x 1400 x 2500 | 3000 x 1300 x 2100 | |
| Weight, t. | 4 | 4,2 | |||||
Production of disposable tableware: market analysis + how to register an enterprise + technological features of the production of disposable tableware + raw materials for polystyrene tableware + where to rent premises + personnel search + what profit will the production of disposable tableware bring.
In the 20th century, they could not even imagine that there would be an alternative to heavy ceramic and clay cups and plates. The production of disposable tableware was a breakthrough and a world discovery.
Plates and glasses made of plastic or paper are lightweight, you can take them with you on the road, or use them on trips to nature. The price for such a product is low, so disposable tableware is thrown away after a feast without a single regret.
There is a demand for the product all year round, especially in the summer, when people go on picnics, so this can be an excellent business venture for Russian entrepreneurs.
We analyze the sales market
In the twentieth century, plastic utensils were imported only from abroad, so the price for such goods was too high and there was little demand. In the 21st century, a ban was imposed on the import of polystyrene products to Russia. Many businessmen took advantage of this and began to open their own production of disposable tableware.
Every year, demand from the population has only increased, and this trend - growing popularity - continues to persist.
We can conclude: a novice entrepreneur has every chance to find his niche in the production of disposable tableware.
Who is the wholesale buyer of disposable tableware:
- Public catering points.
- Street stalls selling fast food and hot drinks.
- Outdoor cafes and bars.
- Organizations engaged in catering (food delivery and organizing lunches).
- Points selling drinks from vending machines.
Supermarkets also buy disposable tableware, which then sell glasses, plates, and cutlery at retail.
Today people have learned to use polystyrene dishes not only for their intended purpose, but also to create unique products with their own hands. This allows us to reduce the harmful impact on the environment, because the product gets a second life.
As you can see, opening your own production of plastic tableware is a profitable endeavor, especially if no one is doing this in your region yet. You will be able to cover the entire region and even neighboring areas, offering them favorable prices for goods.
How to register a business producing disposable tableware?
What to choose - LLC or individual entrepreneur? Much depends on the volume of goods you plan to enter the market with.If an enterprise aims to fill the market of one city, then it is enough. This is easy to do by collecting a minimum package of documents.
Documents for registration of individual entrepreneur:
- Application form No. Р21001 (you can download the example from the link - https://www.nalog.ru/cdn/form/4162994.zip)
- When you meet with the tax inspector, you need to have your passport and TIN code with you.
- Pay the state fee (800 rubles). You can do this online through a special service: https://service.nalog.ru/gp2.do
- Submit an application to pay taxes according to the simplified tax system or another form of taxation at your discretion.
Do not forget to indicate in your application the activity code 25.24.2 “Production of plastic tableware, kitchen utensils, and toiletries.”
You do not need to obtain a license to organize production. However, you will be subject to inspections from the Fire Inspectorate, SES, and Rospotrebnadzor, from which you must receive a certificate of product quality and compliance with GOSTs. It is prohibited to start production without permission from supervisory authorities.
The production must have the following documents that confirm the quality of the products:
Payments to clients are carried out, in our time, most often by bank transfer, so it is worth opening a bank account and ordering a stamp in your name.
Disposable tableware production technology
Thanks to modern equipment, he manufacturing process comes down to minimal effort on the part of a person. Most of the work is done by conveyors and presses.Let us describe the technology for producing disposable tableware in stages:
- Raw materials are brought to production in polystyrene granules or other substances intended for the production of disposable plastic tableware. It enters a flat-slot extruder, where the process of mixing polystyrene granules with water under the influence of heat occurs to obtain a special melt.
- The finished mixture is squeezed out through a flat slot. The shafts are made from the mass into sheets several millimeters thick.
- The sheet must enter the vacuum forming machine. It is at this stage that the material takes the form of utensils - glass, plate, fork, spoon.
- Then special equipment recalculates the amount of dishes and then packs them.
Each equipment and the tableware material itself has its own specific requirements for temperature during production, shaft power, etc. The technologist must take such details into account in order to obtain as few defective products as possible.
We will also describe in addition the technology for producing paper tableware.
Let’s make a reservation right away that disposable paper cups or plates are environmentally friendly, and also not so harmful to people’s health. Unfortunately, their production is much more expensive than making tableware from plastic.
This is due to the high cost of the final product, and, as a rule, our people are accustomed to choosing cheaper goods. This is why disposable cups and plates are not as popular as .
Technology for the production of disposable paper tableware:
- A design is applied to special laminated paper (material density 120-128 g/m2), and then divided into small sheets. Their size should approximately correspond to the circumference and height of the future dishes.
- The finished sheet is wrapped around a given shape, and the seam is welded using a special machine.
- The half-finished item is removed from the mold. If it is a glass, the bottom is inserted into it and sealed in the same way.
Although the technology for producing paper tableware is much simpler than that of plastic items, the material is expensive. As a rule, paper is imported from abroad, although recently domestic manufacturers have also been trying to provide raw materials for the production of disposable paper tableware.
Purchase of raw materials for the production of disposable tableware
Granulated polystyrene is the basis for the production of plastic tableware. Outwardly, it looks like small white balls. This material is used in the full cycle of tableware production, including the stage of melting granules.The average price of granulated polystyrene is 50,000 rubles per ton.
There is also a ready-made film made of polystyrene or polypropylene. All that is needed to make dishes from it is to shape the final product.
The price of half-finished raw materials, of course, will be higher than for just polystyrene granules. But, using film, you can save on the purchase of equipment by purchasing only a dish mold and a packaging machine.
The price of polystyrene film is about 120,000 rubles per ton.
Necessary equipment for the production of disposable tableware
The production of disposable tableware is divided into two cycles - full(when purchasing polystyrene granules) and incomplete(when purchasing ready-made film for forming dishes).We invite you to consider how much equipment for the production of disposable tableware costs at full cycle.
The line for the production of disposable tableware consists of the following equipment:
- Mixer for mixing granules.
- Sheet extruder.
- Molding machine.
- Forming press.
- Dish stacker.
- Machine for counting dishes.
- Chiller.
- Compressor.
- Crusher for processing sheets or scrap, i.e. for a waste-free production process.
The price of such a kit varies between 6-8 million rubles. You can buy it in Russia or order it from foreign partners. To save money, you can purchase a used line, but in this case you will not have a guarantee for servicing the equipment.
If you want to produce glasses and plates using an incomplete cycle, you only need a forming line and a machine for packaging dishes. In this case, the purchase of equipment will cost 1-2 million rubles.
At the same time, in 1 hour of operation the machine will be able to produce up to 150,000 glasses, but, unfortunately, the strength of such dishes will not be at the highest level. But in 1 hour of operation, the complete equipment can produce 30 thousand glasses and approximately the same number of plates, spoons, and forks.
Don’t forget to add comfort to production - buy furniture for the staff, arrange an office for the technologist and accountant. All working personnel must be in uniform, have respirators, and goggles so that harmful substances do not spoil their health.
This expense item will amount to approximately another 150,000 rubles, but you should not save on the comfort of your subordinates.
Finding a suitable workshop
It is best to locate a workshop for the production of plastic tableware outside the city. Firstly, because the rent or purchase price of a building there will be significantly lower than in the urban area. Secondly, the production of plastic utensils is a hazardous industry; residents of nearby houses can file a complaint and complicate your work, or even prevent you from opening a workshop.The working area should be approximately 100-150 m2. When choosing a premises, a lot depends on the volume of products produced, so take this fact into account before you start searching for the right workshop.
The production facility should consist of the following rooms:
- Workshop with equipment.
- Finished goods warehouse.
- Warehouse for raw materials.
- Staff room.
- Toilet.
- Office for administrative staff.
Manufacturing equipment consumes a lot of electricity, so be sure to electrical network was three-phase
and not less than 380 V.
In addition, the workshop must meet the following standards:
- The floor is concrete or tiled.
- 1.5 meters of walls from the floor level must be tiled or covered with other material that is considered fireproof.
- Due to the massive equipment, ceilings must be at least 4.5 meters high.
- Be sure to install powerful ventilation, supply water and adjust the gas supply to heat the room.
You will have to pay about 80,000 rubles for rent every month. The price is average; much of its determination depends on the renovation, region, distance from the city, availability of communications, etc.
You will also pay about 50,000 rubles for utility costs - electricity, gas, water, garbage removal.
Personnel for the production of disposable tableware
During the first months of the company's activity, the production director can take responsibility for product sales and accounting. This way you will save on wages for two positions at once. If the founder cannot cope with all the responsibilities, then it is worth hiring an assistant or specialist.As for the line workers, they will have to be trained independently, because there is no such specialty. Equipment suppliers can provide you with training. Therefore, it is best to hire people in advance so that by the time the line is installed they are already on staff and everyone can learn how to use the equipment.
You can’t do production without a technologist. He must control the entire production process, purchase raw materials, monitor the supply of materials to the compress, etc. In addition, hire those who will take care of accounting at the warehouse of goods and raw materials.
| №. | Staff member | Number of staff | Salary (RUB/month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL: | 173,000 rubles/month | ||
| 1. | Technologist | 1 | 25 000 |
| 2. | Accountant | 1 | 15 000 |
| 3. | Accountant | 2 | 24 000 |
| 4. | Line Operator | 6 | 60 000 |
| 5. | Loader | 1 | 9 000 |
| 6. | Driver | 1 | 9 000 |
| 7. | Cleaning woman | 1 | 6 000 |
| 8. | Equipment adjuster | 1 | 25 000 |
Depending on the scale of production, the number of personnel may vary.
Production of disposable tableware.
What equipment is used? Technology
production process.
Calculating the profitability of disposable tableware production
We invite you to pay attention to the full production cycle of tableware made from granulated polystyrene. Creating such a business will not be easy from a financial point of view, because you will have to make a lot of capital investments. But the profitability of this business will be much higher.| Capital investments | Monthly expenses | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL: 7,460,000 rubles | TOTAL: 8,229,080 rubles | ||
| Equipment purchase | 7 000 000 | Renting premises | 80 000 |
| Workshop setup | 150 000 | Staff salaries | 173 000 |
| Opening an individual entrepreneur and preparing documentation | From 10 000 | Purchase of raw materials (granulated polystyrene) | 5 000 000 |
| Buying a gazelle for transporting goods | 300 000 | Public utilities | 50 000 |
| Payment of taxes | 2 926 080 | ||
Now let’s calculate how many products the production can produce in 1 month of work (24 shifts) with an 8-hour work schedule:
Calculation of the cost of disposable tableware:
- To produce 1 million pieces. utensils (glasses, spoons, plates, forks are taken into account) made of polystyrene, you will need approximately 4 tons of granular material. As a rule, half of the neglected raw materials are waste; they are ultimately needed again for secondary products, so for 1 million products it is worth purchasing 8 tons of polystyrene.
- To ensure production operation for 1 month, you need to purchase approximately 200 tons of polystyrene. The purchase of raw materials will cost about 10 million rubles.
- The price of a glass (200 ml) and a flat plate is about 1.2 rubles. The price of a spoon and fork is about 50 kopecks.
- At full implementation production revenue will be 19,507,200 rubles.
- Net profit will be 1.2 million rubles.
- To cover all the costs of purchasing equipment, you need to work for 9-12 months. Only then can we talk about making a net profit.
All calculations are approximate, because no attention was taken to the fact that the products would not be completely sold on the market. However, if you properly organize the production of disposable tableware, then success will come, and with it prosperity.
Useful article? Don't miss new ones!
Enter your email and receive new articles by email
Loading...