Multifunctionality and perfection of design combines a unique aviation technology- vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. The best minds of Russia, England and the USA, through many years of development and their further modernization, have created legendary models in the competitive struggle. The increase in speed, flight altitude, payload, as well as combat performance is associated with the constant improvement of heavy-duty jet engine. This is what made vertical take-off aircraft the main base unit of the air forces of world powers.
First vertically
The very first vertical takeoff and landing technique experimentally created in 1954 was the development of the Model 65 Air Test Vehicle. The designed design consisted of available units from different aircraft - the fuselage and vertical tail were borrowed from the airframe, the wings from the Cessna Model 140A aircraft, and the landing gear from Bell helicopter Model 47. Until now, modern designers wonder how the combination of these individual elements could give such a result!
The Bell Company was ready by the end of 1953. A month later, the first flight with hovering in the air took place, and six months later - its first free flight. But the modernization of the aircraft did not stop, for another year it was brought to the required performance by testing and testing in the air.
Reactive, but not very
The engines located on the sides of the fuselage turned 90 degrees down, thus creating lift and thrust for flight. The turbocharger provided intensive power supply directly to the air nozzles themselves at the ends of the wing and plumage. This ensured the control of the entire aircraft structure in the hover mode, and with the preservation of this possibility even when moving at low speed.
But soon, according to the test results, Bell refused to continue working with this project. The first vertical takeoff aircraft had such thrust that it barely exceeded its own takeoff weight, although it was excessive for horizontal movement.
With such characteristics, it was difficult for the pilot to keep the speed within acceptable values, without exceeding the limits on the maximum speed of horizontal flight. Therefore, the angle of attention of Americans has moved to other developments.
The world's only Yak-141
In 1992, specially invited accredited journalists were surprised by the interest of leading Western airlines in this technique. Experts noticed the features of the aircraft, which went beyond the standard ideas about combat aircraft. It became obvious that for many years of research, which were carried out in parallel in several countries, the Soviet aircraft would deservedly receive the palm.
It was the Yak-141, the only supersonic vertical takeoff aircraft in the world at that time. He was distinguished by a wide range of combat missions, high speed and unique maneuverability, for which he immediately received worldwide recognition.
Americans and Europeans began their development in this direction in the 60s. At an exhibition in 1961 at Farnborough, only English company was able to deliver good results. The future mainstay of the British Air Force, the Harrier VTOL fighter, was not only the most interesting, but also the most protected exhibit.
The British did not let anyone in, not even their allies, the Americans. The only one for whom an exception was made for special merits and contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany was the famous designer of Soviet fighters - A.S. Yakovlev. He was not only invited, but also acquainted with the capabilities of this technique.
Vertical race of world powers
Developments in the USSR at that time achieved some success, but still significantly inferior to the British. Experiments with the invented turbofly gave the designers valuable experience, it became possible to install two turbojet engines on the plane. Their nozzles could rotate 90 degrees.
Tester V. Mukhin raised a plane called the Yak-36 into the sky. But it was not yet a full-fledged combat vehicle. At demonstration performances, instead of rockets, special models were hung. After all, the plane was not yet ready for real weapons.
In 1967, the Central Committee of the CPSU set the task for the Yakovlev design team to create a light aircraft with vertical takeoff. The updated model, called the Yak-38, caused a skeptical reaction even from A. Tupolev. But already in 1974, the first 4 aircraft were prepared.
After the unequivocal superiority in the sky of the British Harrier bombers in the Falklands War, the need to improve their Yak-38 became obvious to the government of the Soviet Union. Therefore, in 1978, the Minaviaprom commission approved a project for the Yakovlev design bureau - the creation of an updated Yak-141 vertical take-off fighter.
The unique engine, equipped with a perfect control system, was created in Russia specifically for a vertical take-off aircraft. For the first time in the world, a solution was found for an afterburner rotary nozzle - something that not only Soviet, but also foreign aircraft designers have been working on for a decade. This made it possible to complete the ground test cycle for the Yak-141 and send it to take off. From the first tests, he confirmed his best flight characteristics.
It was one of the most secret aviation projects, it took 11 years for the Western intelligence services just to find out what it looks like. Multi-purpose carrier-based aircraft Yak-141, a 4th generation fighter, set 12 world records. It was intended to gain air supremacy and provide cover for the location from the enemy. Its locator allows you to hit both air and ground targets. The ability to reach a maximum speed of up to 1800 km / h. Combat load - 1000 kg. The combat range is 340 km. The maximum flight altitude is up to 15 km.
Gorbachev's politics
Further policy of cutting spending on the defense industry had an impact. To demonstrate the thaw in foreign economic relations, the government significantly adjusted the production of aircraft carriers. Due to the lack of basing ships in connection with the withdrawal of aircraft carriers from the Russian fleet after 1987, the development of the Yak-141 ceased.
Despite this, the appearance of the Yak-141 was a significant step in aircraft design practice. Russian vertical takeoff aircraft have become indispensable equipment of the Air Force, and in further modernization of fighters, scientists largely relied on the results of Yakovlev's many years of work.
MiG-29 (Fulcrum)
The fourth-generation MiG-29, developed by the A. Mikoyan Design Bureau, combines best performance to maintain air combat missiles at medium and short range.
Initially, the VTOL MiG was designed to destroy any type of air targets in all weather conditions. Retains its functionality even in the presence of interference. Equipped with highly efficient dual-circuit engines, it is capable of hitting ground targets as well. Designed in the early 70s, the first takeoff took place in 1977.
Quite easy to operate. Having entered service with the Air Force in 1982, the MiG-29 became the main fighter of the Russian Air Force. In addition, more than 25 countries of the world have purchased over a thousand aircraft.
American winged raptor
Always meticulous in the matter of defense, the Americans also excelled in building powerful fighters.
Named after bird of prey The Harrier was designed as a multifunctional and light attack aircraft for air support. ground forces, combat and reconnaissance. Due to its excellent performance, it is also used in the Spanish and Italian Navy.
The British VTOL Hawker Siddeley Harrier, which became the first in its class, became the prototype of the Anglo-American modification of the AV-8A Harrier in 1978. The joint work of the designers of the two countries improved it to the second-generation attack aircraft of the Harrier family.
In 1975, McDonnell Douglas came to replace England, which had left the project due to the inability of the management to withstand the financial budget. The measures taken to thoroughly modify the AV-8A Harrier made it possible to obtain the AV-8B fighter.
Improved AV-8B
Based on the technology of the former model, the AV-8B has greatly improved in terms of quality upgrade. The cockpit was raised, the fuselage was redesigned, the wings were updated, adding one additional suspension point for each wing. High-precision weapons are dropped directly upon entering the launch zone, the probability of deviation can be up to 15 m.
The model was further improved in terms of aerodynamics and thus created the best aircraft with a vertical takeoff in the United States. Equipped with an updated Pegasus engine, it made it possible to perform vertical takeoff and landing. The AV-8B entered service with the US infantry in early 1985.
Development did not stop, and later models of the AV-8B (NA) and AV-8B Harrier II Plus appeared equipment for night combat operations. Further improvement made it one of the best representatives of the fifth generation vertical takeoff aircraft - Harrier III.
Soviet designers worked hard on the short takeoff task. These achievements were acquired by the Americans for the F-35. Soviet blueprints played a big role in perfecting the multifunctional supersonic striker F-35. This VTOL fighter deservedly later entered service with the British and American Navy.
Boeing. beyond the possible
Mastery of aerobatics and unique characteristics are now demonstrated not only by fighters, but also by passenger liners. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a wide-body, twin-engine vertical takeoff passenger jet.
Boeing 787-9 is designed for 300 passengers with a flight range of 14,000 km. Weighing 250 tons, a pilot at Farnborough performed an amazing trick: he lifted a passenger plane and performed a vertical takeoff, which is only possible for a fighter jet. The best airlines immediately appreciated its merits, orders for its purchase began to arrive immediately from the leading countries of the world. According to the status at the beginning of 2016, 470 units were sold. Boeing with vertical takeoff has become a unique passenger creation.
Aircraft capabilities are expanding
Russian designers are successfully working on a civil project for the development of an aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing, which does not need takeoff areas. It can operate effectively on different types of fuel, based both on land and on water.
Has a wide range of applications:
- provision of urgent medical care;
- aerial reconnaissance;
- carrying out rescue operations;
- private use for business purposes.
And for private purposes too.
Possible users can be the Ministry of Emergency Situations and rescue services, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, medical services and ordinary commercial organizations.
New aircraft with vertical takeoff are capable of flying at altitudes up to 10 km, reaching speeds up to 800 km/h.
The capabilities of the new generation of this aircraft are designed for use even in confined spaces: in the city, in the forest, if necessary, even in emergency situations.
The circle made by the propeller of such an aircraft is considered to be its bearing area. The lifting force is created by the rotation of the main rotor, which uses the air from above, directs it down. As a result, a lower pressure is created above the area, and an increased pressure below it.
Designed by analogy with a helicopter, in fact, being its more advanced and adapted to different conditions model, it is capable of vertical takeoff, landing, and hovering in one place.
Cold War returns
The achievements of aircraft designers in this example confirmed that high technology and a vertical takeoff aircraft can be equally useful and in demand for both government and civilian purposes.
During the Cold War era, the world's leading powers were fascinated by projects to create a combat aircraft that would not require traditional airfields. This was explained by the slight vulnerability of such objects with deployed aircraft to the enemy. In addition, the expensive runway was not guaranteed to be protected. This period is considered the most important stage in the development of aircraft design activities.
Western and domestic strategists have been diligently modernizing the vertical take-off and landing aircraft for 30 years, reaching perfection in fifth-generation fighters. And the basic technologies taken into service make it possible to use the long-term developments of the world's leading aircraft designers for civilian purposes.
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Thirty-one years ago, on June 23, 1988, the MiG-29K shipborne fighter took to the skies for the first time. He became one of the first domestic combat aircraft capable of performing "real" takeoff and landing on the deck - the free takeoff method.
The aircraft program was suspended, but revived in the 2000s. First, in the interests of a foreign customer, and then with the MiG-29K, he connected his future with the Russian Navy. Large orders made it possible to upgrade the fighter to the 4++ level. The shipborne MiG-29K is no longer just an improved MiG-29, but a completely new aircraft. The machine meets the most modern requirements for carrier-based aviation: advanced avionics, stealth technology, new radar, and at the same time compact dimensions that allow increasing the number of aircraft on the Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov to 36 units.
About the history of the creation of the MiG-29K, its capabilities and long haul on deck, read our material.
The difficult path of a light fighter
In the early 1970s, several ship-based aircraft were being developed in the USSR for a promising aircraft carrier. As a result, it was decided to include two projects from the country's leading aviation design bureaus - MiG-29K and Su-27K - into the air group of the new heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser of project 1143.5 (today it is known as "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov").
The fighters had to adapt to the springboard takeoff and landing. In this connection, it was decided to test the aircraft and work out a short takeoff from a ground simulator of a ship's springboard. In the summer of 1982, the machines passed such tests on an experimental springboard 60 meters long, installed at the NITKA complex in the Crimea. It was after these successful takeoffs that the leadership of the Mikoyan and Sukhoi Design Bureau was officially entrusted with the development of light and heavy ship-based fighters - the MiG-29K and Su-27K.
The design of the MiG-29K began in 1984, and the first flight took place on June 23, 1988. The car was piloted by a test pilot of OKB im. Mikoyan Toktar Aubakirov. On November 1, 1989, he took off from the ship's springboard of the cruiser "Tbilisi" (now - "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov").
On the same day, the heavy Su-27K fighter also made a “normal” takeoff and landing on the deck of an aircraft carrier. And it was this aircraft, called the Su-33, that became for many years the only naval fighter of the Russian Navy. Specialists from the Sukhoi Design Bureau were able to quickly test the Su-27K and put it into service. The fact is that the weapon system of the Su-27 serial front-line fighter did not require special adjustments for the tasks of the shipboard Su-27K. To create a naval version of the fighter, it was enough to refine some of the characteristics for basing the aircraft on a ship: a folding wing, chassis reinforcement, etc.
"Mikoyanovites" had to carry out thorough work on fine-tuning new system weapons control. For this reason, in particular, the MiG-29K did not have time to “take off” until the early 1990s, when the country began an economic crisis and financing two “ship” projects at once became difficult.
Indian contract and a new rise
Tests of the MiG-29K were resumed only in 1996, largely due to a contract with the Indian Navy. The "Indian contract", as it is often called, was signed on January 20, 2004 between the Indian Navy and RAC MiG. According to the document, India purchased a large batch of ship-based multifunctional fighters in single (MiG-29K) and double (MiG-29KUB) versions.
In addition, this contract became part of a more important Russian-Indian intergovernmental agreement, which was concluded in 2000. The document provided for the repair and modernization of the Russian TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov" in the interests of the Indian Navy. In India, "Admiral Gorshkov" received the name "Vikramaditya", which in Sanskrit means "almighty like the Sun." The total value of the agreement amounted to about $1.5 billion, which at that time was a record for our country in the field of military-technical cooperation.
The updated MiG-29K took to the skies on January 20, 2007. On the same day, the two-seat MiG-29KUB made its first flight. This long-awaited takeoff was the beginning of flight tests of MiG-29K/KUB aircraft.
Finally, on September 28, 2009, a MiG-29K successfully landed on the deck of the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, followed by a serial MiG-29KUB painted in the colors of the Indian Navy.
In mid-May 2013, the MiG-29K/KUB fighter jets were officially adopted by India. As of 2018, the Indian Navy owns 45 MiG-29K/KUB aircraft.
The "Indian contract" has become not only a successful program in the field of military-technical cooperation, but also had a positive impact on the development of carrier-based aviation of the Russian Navy in general. The MiG company managed to offer Russian fleet new ship-based aircraft MiG-29K/KUB. The Russian Defense Ministry signed a contract for 24 such aircraft for the cruiser Admiral Kuznetsov. Today, the MiG-29K, together with the Su-33, form the basis of Russian carrier-based aviation.
Not just an upgrade, but a new car
Externally, the ship's MiG-29K looks like a regular MiG-29, but as aviation experts note, this is a completely new aircraft. Serious changes affected the design of the fuselage, on-board equipment and materials. First of all, the marine version required a significant increase in anti-corrosion protection. The landing gear was also reinforced, and the folding wing received more advanced mechanization.
The machine also significantly reduced weight and became stronger, due to composites, which make up about 15% of the entire fuselage surface. This made it possible to increase the combat load and fuel supply. If a conventional MiG-29 could carry 2.2 tons on seven suspensions, then a ship-based MiG-29 could carry 4.5 tons on eight suspensions.
On the ship's MiG-29K, RD-33MK engines are installed - this is an improved version of the RD-33 on the classic MiG-29. Thanks to the refinement of the motors, their power increased by 8%. Such engines have a modular design and are characterized by increased reliability and service life.
The MiG-29K fully implements the "glass cockpit" principle, that is, all instruments in the cockpit are digital. Instead of conventional steering - an electronic system. Such a modern electronic "stuffing" of the aircraft allows the use of the entire range of high-precision missiles and air bombs, including the latest Kh-31 and Kh-35 supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles, television-guided bombs, Kh-31P anti-radar, KAB-500Kr guided bombs.
Cannon armament is represented by a built-in gun GSh-301 (Gryazev - Shipunov 30 mm, one barrel) with an ammunition load of 150 rounds. The aircraft are also armed with RVV-AE and R-73E guided missiles for air combat. If necessary, the open architecture of the board allows the use of new types of weapons.
The introduction of elements of stealth technology, the reduction of the visibility of the aircraft in the radar range, made it possible to significantly increase the survival rate of the aircraft in combat. The Zhuk-ME radar station was installed on board the serial MiG-29K. This station can detect and track 10 targets, while it directs missiles at four targets. For comparison, the previous station could only hit one target.
The ship "MiG" received a multi-channel optical-location station, which works together with other on-board systems. Thus, the pilot can attack targets with high accuracy without turning on the radar. The fire control system (FCS) also includes an aiming system on the pilot's helmet, which provides undeniable superiority in close air combat.
military airshow Royal International Air Tattoo, which took place in the UK, promised to be spectacular and impressive, so those who wanted to watch it gathered great amount. And the creators of the show kept their promise, because the audience was able to get a lot of vivid impressions. But most of all, the Russian MiG-29, more precisely, its incredible takeoff capabilities, and the vertical takeoff of the MiG-29 shocked Western journalists, and all without exception. However, this is not at all surprising, because almost everyone who saw the vertical takeoff of the MiG-29 went into the sky like a rocket - this is how this incredible flight was characterized. From afar, it seemed that it was not a plane that was taking off from the ground, but a real rocket, the launch of the Russian aircraft was so swift and strong.
Aircraft MiG-29
Soon the extraordinary aircraft in the media will be characterized as follows:
- world-class record holder in rate of climb;
- air transport capable of gaining speed 330 m/s;
- an aircraft that turned out to be one and a half times faster than the English Electric Lightning interceptor, which was created by British engineers.
How was the MiG-29 created?
The history of the creation of the fighter began in the distant 60s of the last century, and currently the MiG-29 occupies one of the leading positions in the ranking of the most popular and modern world aircraft.
Before the design engineers who needed to create a model of a fighter, a clear goal was set - to introduce into production such a model that would surpass all analogues in terms of maneuverability in the sky during close combat, and in addition to the main goal, the aircraft had to perform the following:
- cover the rear from the attack of an enemy air attack;
- conduct reconnaissance from the sky both day and night;
- carry out flights in any, even the most difficult weather conditions.
Over the years of its existence, production has been released about 1550 fighters, in operation Russian army there are currently more than 250 pieces. Since many people were interested in fighters, the aircraft of this line replenished the armament of both the former Russian allies and the countries that are part of NATO.
- the aircraft has unique characteristics that are not inherent in any other military vessel;
- the fighter flies without problems, choosing the largest angle of attack;
- a special control limiter in the form of a lever helps the pilot quickly change altitude, hit an enemy missile, go up or to the side.
At the end of the 60s of the last century, the first MiG-29 was created; not a single military aircraft could boast of such characteristics.
Of course, not everything went smoothly with the first model, for example, the fighter was very fast, but it lacked maneuverability and agility, and these characteristics are very important in close air combat. To bring the model to the so-called perfection, design engineers made various suggestions and adjustments, which ultimately helped to create modern model, which is able to go into the sky like a real rocket and shock everyone who can see an extraordinary spectacle.
Technical characteristics of a modern fighter
The modern Russian fighter MiG-29 has the following technical characteristics:
- 11.36 m - wingspan;
- 17.3 m - the length of the aircraft, taking into account the boom;
- 4.7 m - height;
- 10900 kg - the mass of an unloaded aircraft;
- 2450 km/h - maximum speed on high;
- 1500 km / h - maximum speed during takeoff;
- 19800 m/min - maximum rate of climb;
- 18000 m - practical ceiling.
The fighter is controlled by one pilot, the fighter is equipped with a 2xTRDDF RD-33 engine. Currently the fourth generation Soviet fighter replenishes the arsenal of the air forces of 27 states, the aircraft was noted in several military conflicts from a positive point of view. So, in the late 90s, the German government introduced the world press to a report that described the numerous superiority of the MiG-29 over the fighter of American engineers F-16. tested specifications Russian fighter jet in Sardinia, in a military training center owned by NATO. After receiving the test results, it was proved that the Soviet fighter was able to bypass all Western and American counterparts without much effort.
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