How is the camera and what are the cameras. How does a camera work? Photography in the modern world

Now it is hard to imagine that a few years ago a digital camera was an elite and inaccessible technique. Now people are more often surprised if a photographer uses a “film” camera. The transition from “film” to “digital”, and then from the elitism of the latter to the mass character, happened quickly. One of the main reasons for this is simple: the developers have seriously taken up the improvement of digital camera technology, which has reduced their cost. Moreover, the development of shooting technologies continues to go forward by leaps and bounds. In this article, we will look at current developments in this area.

Appearance

The first digital cameras were very expensive and bulky. The cost was explained, first of all, by the lack of experience in the production of photosensitive matrices of sufficient quality and resolution. Naturally, while the resolution of the sensors was not high, the main attention of manufacturers and consumers of cameras was focused precisely on the technologies for the production of sensors and their resolution. Do you remember how until quite recently many considered the sensor installed in the camera to be one of the main criteria when choosing a camera? Today, the sensor itself and its resolution are no longer so important for the mass consumer.

An important step in the production of digital cameras was the miniaturization electronic components and the creation of light, but at the same time durable cases. A modern camera is incomparably more comfortable to hold and use than its predecessors. An invaluable improvement is the display in the entire back panel, sometimes even with touch controls. Naturally, the progress was not limited to the growth of resolution and screen sizes.

History and modernity of image stabilization systems

The quality of the images was primarily affected by such an innovation as image stabilization systems. The principle of operation of the stabilizer is theoretically simple: gyroscopic sensors in the vertical and horizontal planes detect lens shake, then the control mechanism moves the group of lenses inside the lens, thus preventing the optical axis from shifting. However, in practice, creating such a system for a camera turned out to be not easy. The first lenses for cameras with optical stabilization appeared in the first models of digital compact cameras. They “migrated” to cameras from camcorders, where optical and electronic stabilization systems began to be used earlier, but were very bulky, and therefore were not suitable for cameras. The first image stabilization system was installed in the lenses of Canon and Nikon SLR cameras - Canon's Image Stabilizer (IS) and Nikon's Vibration Reduction (VR). Then optical image stabilization systems according to the same scheme appeared from other manufacturers:

Panasonic - MEGA Optical Image Stabilization (MEGA O.I.S.)
Sony Super SteadyShot.

Konica-Minolta created the Anti-shake system, in which camera shake was compensated by moving the sensor itself. Pentax has developed a Shake Reduction system (SR) with a moving matrix.

Then came the digital cameras with powerful zoom lenses, equipped with stabilization systems.
In the compact cameras that are ubiquitous today, Panasonic pioneered the use of optical Image Stabilizer.

In addition to optical stabilization in cameras, electronic stabilization is not uncommon (with different names from different manufacturers). When shooting with a camera, electronic stabilization is based on a scheme already tested on video cameras: the camera processor monitors the image shift along the matrix field. Moreover, in the photography mode, the algorithm is simpler: as a rule, higher ISO values \u200b\u200bare used, which, under the same illumination, makes it possible to reduce the shutter speed, thus saving the user from “shaking”.

The second version of optical stabilization, which appeared later, is the so-called CCD-Shift. The technology is based on matrix shift. It was first used by Konica Minolta, which abandoned the production of cameras and transferred its developments to Sony. With this technology, it does not matter at all what kind of optics is in the lens: expensive or cheap. Even the simplest lens with a matrix shift demonstrates excellent image quality.

Photos without red-eye

One of the most requested developments for users of compact cameras has been the ability to remove red-eye without the help of a computer. Until recently, to eliminate red-eye, a digital image had to be processed using specialized programs such as Adobe Photoshop, which is not easy and convenient for all photographers.

Today, most new models of digital compacts do a good job of this task on their own, even in automatic mode. Also today there are models that are equipped with an image editor built into the camera. This innovation allows not only to eliminate red eyes, but also to change the brightness, contrast of the image, crop or frame the picture without accessing a computer.

Improvement of focusing systems

To minimize the need for post-processing of photographic images, manufacturers have created a number of technologies to improve the quality of shots during shooting. These technologies are based on the growth of the processing power of processors built into the camera. One of the most common mistakes novice photographers make is inaccurate focusing. A slight inaccuracy in the autofocus often leads to the fact that the main subject is blurry, and the sharpness is concentrated in a completely unnecessary place. In the cells latest generation Facial recognition systems have emerged to solve this problem. The algorithms by which the camera selects a face in the frame differ for each manufacturer. But in practice, for users, the difference is absolutely imperceptible.

In this regard, it is worth noting the latest development of Refocus Imaging - a technology that allows you to focus on an already captured digital frame. Now you will be able to choose the object on which it is better to focus on the picture and adjust the focus, achieving the desired sharpness and blur in any place. True, in cameras such opportunities have not yet been implemented. It is known that Adobe Systems Corporation is now engaged in similar developments.

Exposure compensation

No less important for good shot and good exposure. Manufacturers of modern cameras and in this matter are in a hurry to help amateur photographers.

Canon has approached this issue most comprehensively. In the Digic III processor, in addition to face recognition technology and a red-eye removal mechanism, iSAPS technology (Intelligent Scene Analysis based on Photographic Space) is implemented. Based on the focal length of the lens, the focusing distance and the nature of the illumination of fragments of the frame, the image you photograph is compared with the built-in database, which contains information about pictures taken in various shooting conditions. Based on the results of this comparison, the camera adjusts the exposure and white balance settings for the best result.

Nikon offers a different solution. The D-Lighting technology used in the devices of this manufacturer allows you to "stretch" underexposed parts of the frame, restoring detail and contrast to them. A similar D (Dynamic) Range Optimizer technology is implemented by Sony in the BIONZ processor.

What about tomorrow?

It should be noted that much attention is paid to the ease of use of cameras. In particular, self-cleaning systems for cameras already exist. Since manual cleaning of optical systems is troublesome, manufacturers decided to entrust it to automation.

Some time ago, in new models of cameras, it began to be possible to get a print or transfer a picture to a computer using WiFi and BlueTooth. So far, wireless technologies have not received mass distribution, but, for sure, a massive transition to wireless interfaces is only a matter of time.

Of course, we have provided only a short list. modern technologies photography. Moreover, developments in this area continue.

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on the topic: "Modern cameras"

4th year AF students

Khachukaeva F. S.

During its existence, photography has penetrated literally into all areas of human activity. For some people it is a profession, for others it is just entertainment, for others it is a faithful assistant in work. Photography has had a huge impact on the development of modern culture, science and technology. At present, photography is one of the rapidly developing modern information technologies. Photo products include cameras, photosensitive materials, photo accessories.

A modern camera is an electronic optical-mechanical device for creating an optical (light) image of an object on the surface of a photosensitive material (photographic film or image converter). The main structural components of the camera are the body, lens, diaphragm, shutter, viewfinder, focusing and exposure meter, electronic flash lamp, indicator device, frame counter.

Photographic film is used to record and store a light image in film cameras. In digital cameras, an image intensifier tube (a matrix consisting of a large number of light-sensitive elements, pixels) is used to register an image, and flash memory (a non-volatile storage device for digitized images) is used to store image information.

A pixel is the smallest element of a digital image. A million pixels is called a megapixel. Pixels react to light and create an electric charge, the magnitude of which is proportional to the amount of light that enters. To form signals about a color image, microscopic elements (pixels) of the photosensitive matrix are covered with microfilters of red, green and blue colors and combined into groups, which makes it possible to obtain an electronic copy of a color image. Electrical signals are read from the pixels, converted in an analog-to-digital converter into binary digital data, and written to flash memory. Image intensifier tube (IOC) is characterized by resolution (in megapixels) and diagonal size (in inches). Resolution is determined by the product of the number of pixels horizontally and vertically. For example, the designation 2048 x 1536 pixels corresponds to a resolution of 3.2 megapixels. The most common matrices with a diagonal of 1/2; 1/3; 1/4 in.

The housing is the supporting part of the camera, in which all components and mechanisms of the camera are mounted and photosensitive material is placed. There is a lens on the front of the case. The lens can be fixed to the body rigidly or be removable. In the latter case, the lens mount can be threaded or bayonet. Behind the lens of a film camera, on the side of the rear panel of the case, there is a frame frame, the gap in which is called the frame window. The frame window defines the dimensions of the image field (frame format) on the photosensitive material.

The lens is a system of optical lenses enclosed in a common frame and designed to form a light image of the subject and project it onto the surface of a photosensitive material. The quality of the resulting image largely depends on the properties of the lens, as well as the photosensitive material. Aperture, focusing mechanisms and focal length changes are introduced into the lens barrel. Aperture is designed to change the size of the light aperture of the lens.

The device and principle of operation of the diaphragm

With the help of the diaphragm, the illumination of the photosensitive material is adjusted and the depth of field of the imaged space is changed. The aperture opening is formed by several crescent-shaped petals (lamellae) arranged symmetrically around the optical axis of the lens. In cameras, manual and automatic control diaphragm.

Manual aperture control is carried out by a ring located on the outer surface of the lens barrel, on which a scale of aperture numbers is applied. A number of diaphragm values are normalized by numbers: 1; 1.4; 2; 2.8; 4; 5.6; 8; eleven; 16; 22. The transition from one aperture value to the next changes the amount of light passing through the lens by half - in proportion to the change in the area of the light hole.

Automatic aperture control is carried out by the exposure meter of the camera, depending on the shooting conditions (brightness of the object being shot, film speed) and shutter speed.

The focusing device of the lens is designed to match the optical image created by the lens with the plane of the photosensitive material at different distances to the subject. Focusing the lens (focusing) is carried out by moving the lens or any part of it along its optical axis. IN modern cameras focusing of the lens is possible within the range from photographic infinity to a certain minimum distance, called the near limit of focusing. The near focus limit depends on the amount of maximum extension of the lens.

Cameras can use manual and automated focusing systems. In some of the simplest compact cameras, lenses do not have a focusing mechanism. These lenses, called fixed-focus lenses, have a large depth of field and are focused at some constant distance. The mechanism for changing the focal length of the lens allows you to change the angle of the lens field of view and the image scale on the photosensitive material by changing the focal length of the lens. The mechanism for changing the focal length is equipped with lenses of expensive cameras of medium and high class.

The shutter is a camera mechanism that automatically transmits light rays to photosensitive material for a specified period of time (exposure) when the shutter button is pressed. A number of numerical values of shutter speeds automatically set by the shutter are normalized by the following numbers (in seconds): 1/4000; 1/2000; 1/1000; 1/500; 1/250; 1/125; 1/60; 1/30; 1/15; 1/8; 1/4; 1/2; 1; 2; 3; 4. There are models of cameras with constant, manual and automatic exposure settings. According to the principle of operation, the shutters used in modern cameras are divided into electronic-mechanical, electronic and electro-optical. The electronic-mechanical shutter consists of light shutters that block the light flux, an electronic time relay that fulfills the set exposure time, and an electromagnetic drive that ensures the movement of the light shutters. Electromechanical shutters include central and slotted shutters. In the central shutters, light shutters in the form of thin metal petals open the light aperture of the lens from the center (from the optical axis) to the edges, and close it in the opposite direction, like a diaphragm.

Scheme of the device and the action of the central shutter

optical lens aperture frame

Central shutters are located, as a rule, between the lenses of the objective or directly behind the lens and are used in compact film and digital cameras with a rigidly built-in non-removable lens. A special group of central shutters are diaphragm shutters, in which the functions of the shutter and diaphragm are combined in one mechanism with the regulation of the size and duration of the opening of the light hole. They are capable of working out shutter speeds up to 1/500 s.
Slot shutters pass the light flux to the photosensitive material through a slot formed by two light shutters in the form of fabric curtains or metal lamellas. When the shutter is fired, the curtains (or two groups of slats) move one after the other, with a certain time interval, along or across the frame window. One of the light shutters opens the frame window, and the other closes it. The shutter speed depends on the width of the slit. Slit shutters are capable of working out faster shutter speeds (1/1000 s and shorter) and are used in cameras with a removable lens.

Diagram of slotted shutter device

The electronic shutter is used in digital cameras. It is an electronic switch that turns on (or off) the image intensifier tube at a certain point in time while reading the recorded electronic information. The electronic shutter is capable of working out shutter speeds of 1/4000 and even 1/8000 s. The electronic shutter operates silently and vibration-free. In some digital cameras, along with an electronic one, an electronic-mechanical or electro-optical shutter is used.

An electro-optical (liquid crystal) shutter is a liquid crystal located between two parallel glass polarized plates, through which light passes to an electron-optical converter (IOC). When voltage is applied through a thin transparent electrically conductive coating to the inner surface of the glass plates, an electric field arises that changes the plane of polarization of the liquid crystal by 90° and, accordingly, ensures its maximum opacity. Thus, by applying voltage, the liquid crystal shutter closes, and when there is no voltage (turned off), it opens. The electronic shutter is simple and reliable because there are no mechanical components.

The viewfinder is used to visually compose the frame. For the correct determination of the frame boundaries, it is necessary that the angular field of view of the viewfinder correspond to the angular field of view of the shooting lens, and the optical axis of the viewfinder coincides with the optical axis of the shooting lens. If the optical axis of the viewfinder does not coincide with the optical axis of the shooting lens, the boundaries of the image observed in the viewfinder do not coincide with the frame boundaries on the photosensitive material (parallax phenomenon). When photographing distant objects, parallax is not noticeable, but increases as the shooting distance decreases.

Modern cameras may have a telescopic, reflex (periscopic) viewfinder or liquid crystal panel. Compact cameras are equipped with a telescopic viewfinder, which is located in the camera body next to the lens. An identification feature of cameras with a telescopic viewfinder is the presence of a viewfinder window on the front panel of the camera body. In reflex viewfinders, the shooting lens is also the viewfinder lens. This viewfinder design provides parallax-free sighting. The optical image of the subject, seen in the eyepiece of the viewfinder and obtained on the photosensitive material, are identical to each other.

Cameras with a reflex viewfinder are called SLR (Single Lens Reflex). The identification feature of a single-lens reflex camera (viewfinder) is the absence of a viewfinder window on the front panel of the camera body and the prismatic shape of the top panel of the body. The exposure meter in modern cameras provides automatic or semi-automatic determination and setting of exposure parameters - shutter speed and aperture value, depending on the film speed and illumination (brightness) of the subject.

The exposure meter consists of a light receiver, an electronic control system, an indicator, and executive bodies, which control the operation of the shutter, the aperture of the lens and coordinate the operation of the shutter and the flash lamp. Silicon photodiodes are used as a light receiver in most modern cameras. In compact cameras, the light receiver of the exposure meter is located on the front of the body, next to the lens. IN SLR cameras a high-class light receiver is placed inside the camera body, behind the lens, which allows you to automatically take into account the real light transmission of the lens (the real illumination of the photosensitive material). Cameras with light metering inside the body behind the shooting lens have the international designation TTL or TEE.

The film transport mechanism is used to move the film one frame, accurately place it in front of the lens, and rewind the film into the cassette after exposure. The film transport mechanism is linked to a frame counter that counts exposed or unexposed frames.

The flash is intended for short-term illumination of the subject when photographing in conditions of insufficient natural light, shooting the subject against the light, as well as highlighting the shadow areas of the subject in bright sunlight.

The indicator device is used to indicate the shooting modes and control the operation of the camera. As indicator devices in cameras, liquid crystal displays (LCD - indicators), light-emitting diodes and arrow indicators are used.

It was complete information about the description of modern cameras, without which it is impossible to imagine human life in this era, the era of modernization and the use of new technologies.

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HOW DOES THE CAMERA WORK?

Everyone knows what a camera is for. But how does it work? Knowing how the camera works will help you always get high-quality pictures. It's the same as with a car: in order to drive a car well, you need to have at least a little idea of how it works.

A simple diagram will help you understand the process of photography.

Light is the most important thing in photography. Everything starts with him. The word “photography” itself can be translated as “drawing with light”, “light painting”. Light begins its journey from a source, such as the sun.
Light falls on everything around us. This is very important to remember: the camera does not capture the objects themselves, but the light reflected from them. It is light and the ability to work with it that is the key to good shots.
The light reflected from the object passes through the lens of the camera.
It is projected onto a light-sensitive sensor - a matrix. Before, when there was no digital cameras, photographic film was used instead of the matrix.

Camera matrix

The matrix consists of millions of photosensitive elements. They capture light and transmit information about it already in in electronic format to the camera processor. The processor processes the received data and saves it as a file.

Nikon Expeed 3 Processor

The file is written to the memory card.

All modern digital cameras work on this principle, differing only in some details.

CAMERA MATRIX

The matrix is the heart of the modern camera. The quality of the photos will largely depend on its quality. The matrix has two main characteristics, information about which is available to the consumer: resolution and physical size.

Let's deal with resolution first. The resolution of a matrix is the number of its light-sensitive elements, pixels. The more of them, the more dots will make up the final photo. Today, the average resolution of matrices is from 16 to 36 million pixels.

However, it may be that there are a lot of megapixels on the matrix, but the image quality is still not high: it is not sharp, not contrasty, immersed in digital noise- interference. Image quality depends not only on the resolution in megapixels, but also on the physical size of the matrix itself.

A fragment of a picture taken on a smartphone with a camera of 8 megapixels

A fragment of a frame with a resolution of 8 megapixels, taken on a SLR camera.

Both pictures were taken at the same resolution. As you can see, the frame shot on mobile phone, loses a lot in quality: it is not so contrasting, small details are not preserved in the picture, for example, veins on a leaflet. But it is precisely for small details that the high resolution of the matrix should be responsible.

Matrices of various sizes are installed in different types of cameras. The largest in this diagram is a full-frame matrix. Its size corresponds to a frame with a familiar “135” or simply “35 mm” format film - 36x24 mm. Matrices of this size allow you to get images of very high quality. But the larger the physical size of the matrix, the more expensive it is. Therefore, large matrices are found only in fairly expensive devices. For amateur DSLRs, the APS-C format is typical. The cheaper the device, the smaller the matrix installed in it.

Large matrices give a gain not only in detail, but also in image quality when shooting at high sensitivity values, in poor lighting conditions. The fact is that on a large-area sensor, it is possible to realize a larger size of the light-sensitive elements themselves - pixels. For comparison: one photosensitive element of the matrix of a modern full-frame camera has an average size of 4.9-8.3 microns. The size of one pixel of a compact camera or smartphone is about 1-3 microns.

FEATURES OF LARGE AND SMALL MATRIXES

The advantages of large sensors - full-frame and APS-C - are obvious: they provide better image quality. At the same time, working with them has several nuances. The laws of optics are such that when working with big matrix we get a shallow depth of field in the photo. On the one hand, we can beautifully blur the background in our pictures. But at the same time, difficulties will arise if we want to make everything sharp in the picture - both the foreground and the background. When shooting on a SLR camera, it is not always possible to achieve a large depth of field.

At the same time, small sensors allow you to shoot with an almost infinite depth of field. The smaller the matrix, the easier it is to get a frame with a large depth of field. That is why, when shooting on a smartphone or a compact device, it is difficult to blur the background in the picture: the depth of field is too large, everything in the picture becomes clear. Let's compare two frames taken with the same shooting parameters, but on cameras with sensors of different sizes.

A shot taken with a compact device with a small 2/3" sensor. Almost all the figures fell into the depth of field.

A frame taken with an APS-C sensor SLR camera. The depth of field is less. Only the front figurine got into it.

If you like blurred background in photographs, if you are shooting portraits, then most likely you will need a camera with a large matrix - APS-C format or even 24x36 mm.

When using a camera with a large sensor, it will be easier to blur the background in the picture.

In addition, the size of the camera itself and the lenses for it directly depend on the size of the matrix. Moreover, if the size of the body of the device can still be made more or less compact even when using a full-frame matrix, then it will not work to reduce the size of the lens: the laws of optics will not allow. Therefore, when buying a full-frame camera with interchangeable lenses, be prepared for the fact that a good lens will have a solid size and weight. If you want to use a full-frame camera and at the same time have a compact lens, you will have to be content with not the most versatile and not the most fast lenses. But in cameras that use smaller sensors, it is quite possible to use lenses that are lighter, more compact. Compare yourself.

Nikon D750 full-frame camera with a versatile lens in the hands of a photographer.

The Nikon 1 family camera has a 1-inch sensor. This made it very compact.

At the same time, it is equipped with the same compact interchangeable lenses.

TYPES OF CAMERA. THEIR PLUSES AND MINUSES.

With the heart of a digital camera, the matrix, we figured it out. Now let's figure out what types modern cameras are divided into.

MOBILE CAMERA. CAMERA IN THE PHONE

Today, a built-in camera can be found in many devices. In smartphones, a camera (and sometimes not even one, but two - the main one and the front one) has become an indispensable element. Probably every reader has the experience of taking pictures on the phone. In pursuit of compactness, such cameras are equipped with tiny matrices and simple lenses. We all know that phone shots do not pretend to be of high quality, but such shooting does not require special skills, and the phone is always at hand. However, if you are planning to do photography more or less seriously, you should think about a more advanced creative tool that provides higher quality images and manual settings for shooting.

COMPACT CAMERAS

Perhaps this type of camera is also familiar to everyone. There is a compact camera in almost every home. Their main advantage is their small size, low price, ease of use and sometimes a great zoom.

Small and medium matrices with a diagonal of 1/2.3”, 1/1.7”, 1” are usually placed in cameras of this type. This provides these devices with compactness and a very affordable price. Of course, there are rare models of compacts with large matrices, even full-frame ones. But these are quite specific and expensive devices.

Compact cameras have a fixed lens. As a rule, such cameras are equipped with a universal lens that allows you to shoot both with a wide viewing angle and take pictures close-up objects removed from us. Again, thanks to the use of small-sized matrices, it turns out to make the lens small in size.

Nikon Coolpix S30 - compact camera

Most compact cameras are geared towards shooting in automatic modes to make taking pictures as easy as possible. In English, they are called “Point-and-shoot”, which can be translated into Russian as “point-and-shoot”. Indeed, to shoot with such a device, it is enough to press only one button, the rest will be done by automation. But these devices are not always designed for shooting with manual settings. Sometimes not all settings can be configured manually, and if it is possible, then you have to look for them somewhere in the device's menu, which slows down the process.

The so-called “hyperzooms” (“superzooms”, “ultrazooms”) stand apart in the class of compacts. Hyperzoom is a compact camera equipped with a lens with a very high zoom ratio. It can shoot both with a wide viewing angle and take close-ups of very distant objects. Lenses with such a large zoom are relatively large, due to which the camera loses its compactness and is comparable in size, and often in price, with more advanced camera classes.

Nikon Coolpix P600 - hyperzoom. Its lens has a 60x optical zoom, which is fantastic for any other class of camera. The focal length of the lens in 35mm equivalent is 24-1440mm.

Who are compact cameras and hyperzooms suitable for?

First of all, for those for whom photography is neither a hobby nor a profession. For those who just shoot as a keepsake and don't want to load their heads with some complicated settings. These cameras are perfect for traveling light. They always have automatic modes, which will allow even a beginner to cope with them. Professional photographers sometimes choose a compact as a second, auxiliary camera.

SLR CAMERAS

The next type of cameras are SLRs or DSLRs. How class of equipment they have rich history. The first DSLRs appeared in the first half of the last century. Then they used film. For more than half a century, their design has been brought to almost perfection, and only in the 21st century did the digital matrix replace the film.

SLR devices are so named because their design has a system of a mirror and a special reflective prism (pentaprism), which allows you to see exactly the picture that the lens “sees”. And, without any electronics.

The mirror has a movable design: when it is lowered, light enters the viewfinder. When a picture is taken, the mirror is raised and the light hits the sensor. Used with SLR cameras interchangeable lenses . You can choose any lens from a wide range for your device, focusing on the type of shooting you want to do. Thus, in any situation, you can get the perfect tool for perfect image quality.

SLR cameras are called system cameras for a reason. When choosing a DSLR of one or another manufacturer, we choose system from the camera, lenses and accessories (such as flashes). This is actively used by all professional photographers and advanced amateurs.

SLR cameras always use large sensors. APS-C format or even full frame. And as mentioned above, a large matrix is one of the components of a high-quality image.

Nikon D5300 is a typical SLR camera.

The speed of operation is the next advantage of SLR cameras. A photographer who has switched from a compact to a DSLR may be simply shocked by the speed of its work. Fast autofocus and instant response to all the photographer's manipulations are the property of any DSLR.

The reflex camera is very operative in management. Manufacturers pay great attention to their design, because this is a professional tool. The device is comfortable to hold in your hands, and almost any setting can be adjusted with one or two buttons without getting into the menu.

Another advantage worth noting is the long battery life. It is relatively rare to charge the battery of such a camera. Since the matrix (together with the display of the device - the main consumer of energy) in a DSLR is not always under load, but only directly during the shooting of a frame, the battery allows you to take about 500-1000 shots on a single charge, depending on the camera model. This is an almost unattainable figure for other types of cameras. Long battery life of the camera is a very important thing when traveling, trips, long walks.

Of the minuses of SLR cameras, perhaps it is worth noting their large weight and size. However, many photographers, on the contrary, like to walk around with a large camera and look like a professional. Modern DSLRs are both very expensive, designed for professional use, and very affordable. Today almost everyone can afford a SLR camera.

Who is a DSLR for?

Anyone who is more or less seriously involved in photography and is not afraid of the relatively large size of the camera. For those who want to learn how to photograph professionally, to make photography their profession, a SLR camera is the best choice.

COMPACT CAMERAS WITH INTERCHANGEABLE LENS OR MIRRORLESS CAMERAS

This is a relatively recent type of camera and the most actively developing. Manufacturers reasonably decided that if you equip a conventional compact camera interchangeable lenses and a high-quality matrix, you get a very interesting thing. Without reflex cameras combine most of the advantages of DSLRs and compacts. As already mentioned, "mirrorless" have interchangeable lenses and compact dimensions. This allows you to take pictures of very high quality. After all, they are equipped with matrices of relatively large sizes.

Mirrorless cameras are generally pretty fast in operation. However, due to their miniature size, their ergonomics suffered a little. The camera no longer lies in the hand as comfortably and thoroughly as a DSLR. And many photographers do not like the lack of an optical viewfinder. Of the other disadvantages of mirrorless cameras, it is worth noting the rather short battery life.

Manufacturers in this class of cameras draw Special attention on style. In contrast to the strict black DSLRs aimed at advanced photographers, there are a lot of beautiful, stylish, “image” models among mirrorless cameras.

Nikon 1 V3 mirrorless camera

Who is a mirrorless camera for?

For those who want to get high-quality photos, but at the same time do not want to carry a bulky SLR camera with them. This camera is great for taking on trips. However, if you're planning a trip without the ability to charge your camera, it's a good idea to bring a set of spare batteries with you.

MEDIUM FORMAT CAMERAS AND DIGITAL BACKS

There are cameras in which the matrix is even larger in size than that of full-frame DSLRs. For example, its size may be 44 x 33 mm, 53.9 x 40.4. The resolution of such large matrices is also rather big: several tens of megapixels.

Cameras of this type are called "medium format". This name has remained since the days of film photography. In the film era, wide film was used in such cameras, much wider than usual. Such cameras were then and are still used by some professional photographers to take very high quality photographs. Prints with a diagonal of about one meter are not the limit for these cameras. Some of these cameras are equipped with interchangeable modules in which the matrix and electronic filling are installed directly. Such modules are called digital backs. Medium format cameras are mainly used when shooting in a photo studio due to their large size and not very high efficiency in work. Another disadvantage of medium format cameras is the price comparable to the price of a new foreign car.

Who should use a medium format camera?

First of all professional photographers that need to print images in very large formats. For amateur, reportage and any outdoor photography, such cameras are not entirely suitable. However, it’s worth saying here that some modern full-frame SLR cameras are already “stepping on the heels” of medium format cameras: for example, Nikon D800, Nikon D800E, Nikon D810 are quite comparable to medium format cameras in terms of image quality. And their price is much lower.

A couple of decades ago, people could not use the camera in everyday life. To capture the bright and amazing moments of life, a person had to visit a photo studio and various photo salons, or invite a photographer to his house. It was an expensive pleasure, so they rarely used such services.

At present, the situation has changed. The camera is now present in almost every home. At first they used ordinary film cameras, and now high-tech digital ones. Few people are able to imagine their daily life without this amazing device. Going to any important event, we always take a camera with us. The camera is an amazing invention of mankind. Not only are photographs a memory, looking at them we feel the atmosphere of some grandiose event, it is also a device with which we can color our mood and get positive emotions. It's so great just to go outside with a camera and capture nature or various flowers and trees.
The first cameras appeared only in the thirties of the twentieth century. But they were released in very small numbers. By the sixties of the last century, about forty-five models of these devices were produced, but few people were able to purchase a camera for themselves. Digital devices are very much superior to earlier models in all parameters and image quality. The leading position here is undoubtedly occupied by Digital camera samsung which proved to be excellent when photographing. Currently, you can immediately see the result, rather than taking the film to specialized organizations and waiting for a long time. Pictures taken with a modern camera can be immediately seen on the built-in display or on the monitor of a conventional desktop computer. Cameras come in a variety of designs, colors, and various specifications and functions. Nowadays, the process has gone so far that these wonderful devices are everywhere. They are built into cell phones, computers and tablet laptops. Sometimes it seems that every day is similar to others and there is basically nothing to photograph. In fact, this is not true at all. You can do this experience. Take your camera and take one picture every day for one year. Capture the most interesting moments that you had to see during this day. And after a year has passed, mount a photo report. Believe me, in five or ten years you will be extremely interested in seeing these pictures.
In addition to the usual digital cameras There are also professional devices. With the help of such a camera, people can not only photograph joyful moments, but also earn decent money. IN modern world there are special schools that teach proper use cameras. A person with professional photography skills can shoot various celebrations.
good camera just necessary in a house where there are children. After all, babies change almost every week and it is very important to fix his growth.
Cameras have firmly entered our daily life, and it is difficult for us to imagine it without them.

About modern cameras - short review, types of equipment

Modern SLR digital cameras are different high quality images and an excellent level of technical development, so an amateur photographer can buy almost any model of a SLR camera with a whale lens and still not make any serious mistake in choosing. The vast majority of cameras are really high-quality and allow you to take high-quality pictures. But each brand of photographic equipment has its own pros and cons, which you should know about before buying, so that you don’t regret your choice later.

Canon PowerShot is a line of digital cameras manufactured by Canon since 1995. Depending on the price category, and, accordingly, target audience, models are usually divided into the following series: A, G, S / SX and Pro.

There are two types of optics in Canon - full-frame (EF) and crop factor 1.6 (EF-S). Moreover, there are completely unique lenses that other manufacturers simply do not have. All Canon optics have an internal autofocus drive, a high-speed ultrasonic drive is indicated in the camera label as USM. The line of full-frame optics has a professional series, which is easily recognizable by the red stripe on the lens and the letter L in the designation.

The main advantages of Canon photographic equipment include:

A very wide selection of cameras, flashes, optics and accessories.

Acceptable prices.

Fast autofocus.

The brand is available even in remote regions.

Nikon cameras are considered the second most popular brand after Canon. They are considered professional photo reporter equipment, and even entry-level cameras carry certain features of reporter equipment. For its D3 and D700 cameras, Nikon has developed and produces a 12 megapixel full-frame sensor, for all other cameras of the company, Sony sensors are used.

Today, Nikon produces five lines of cameras - D60, D90, D300, D700, D3, from amateur to professional. There are two types of optics in Nikon: full-frame (FX) and crop factor 1.5 (DX). In addition, Nikon optics can be motorized internally (AF-S) or in-camera (AF). Professional optics has no special designations.

The main advantages of Nikon photographic equipment include:

Large selection of cameras, optics, flashes and all kinds of accessories.

Availability of the brand in the regions.

There are full-frame SLR cameras.

All cameras have accurate and fast autofocus.

Entry level lenses give good quality Images.

Mounted photographic equipment is compatible with old Soviet optics with H mount and Nikon F optics.

Previously, Sony produced 6 megapixel CCD matrices for such well-known manufacturers of photographic equipment as Pentax, Nikon and Konica Minolta. Sony fully entered the photographic equipment market in 2006 by purchasing the Konica Minolta division. Why Sony DSLRs? inherited the Minolta hot shoe and the Minolta A mount.

The company emphasizes that it produces photographic equipment for amateurs, but it has two quite professional lines - A700 (reportage) and full-frame A900. Amateur cameras are presented in the A200/A300/A350 line.

Optics are available in two types - full-frame and with a crop factor of 1.5 (DT). The abbreviation SSM denotes the presence of an internal motor in the optics.

The main advantages of Sony photographic equipment include:

Widespread brand.

Compatible with flashes and older Minolta cameras.

Fast autofocus.

There are full frame cameras.

swivel screen and live mode View with phase focus in the A300/A350 cameras.

There is image stabilization directly in the camera.

On this moment Pentax has collaborated to produce three lines of K-m/K200D/K20D cameras ranging from entry-level to semi-professional. Samsung is represented by the GX-10 and GX-20 models, which are essentially complete clones of the K10D and K20D models.

Optics are divided into the following types:

Beginner and intermediate level DA-L, DA.

High quality FA Limited and DA Limited series lenses.

Professional optics with full dust and moisture protection DA *.

Macro lenses are full frame D-FA and 1.5 DA crop factor.

The main advantages of Samsung photo equipment include:

Quality optics.

Unique. The unparalleled line of DA Limited lenses.

Compatible with old optics, starting with M42 (adapter required).

The viewfinder, even in entry-level cameras, is one of the best on the market.

The cameras have image stabilization.

Starting with amateur-level cameras, good dust and moisture protection.

There are models of cameras that run on AA batteries.

The value for money is very decent.

Today, you can choose exactly the Fujifilm model that will suit you according to all criteria. For this, you need to familiarize yourself with technical specifications cameras, decide what you are buying a model for, and then enjoy shooting.

The main advantages of Fujifilm photographic equipment include:

Quite a large number of plot programs.

The presence of modes that use the technology of merging several frames.

Auto switch to macro.

Good burst shooting capabilities.

The presence of a very wide angle (from 24 eq. mm).

Optical image stabilizer.

Face recognition.

Rich filtering options for images by various criteria.

A fairly well-known manufacturer of filters, flashes and alternative optics for SLR cameras. The main feature of the cameras of this manufacturer is the Foveon X3 sensor, on which the image is formed differently, completely different than on cameras with a Bayer color filter, which are already considered traditional. In cameras with a Foveon X3 sensor, the principle of layered color perception by cells is used, as a result, literally every pixel carries information about color and brightness.

The main advantages of Sigma photographic equipment include:

Proprietary Foveon X3 sensor.

Relatively low cost.

4/3 (Four Thirds System) - Olympus/Panasonic/Leica

4/3 is the standard of Olympus, Kodak, Leica, Fujifilm, Panasonic, Sanyo, Sigma companies for SLR digital cameras, which implies the conformity of lenses, cameras and other photographic equipment from different manufacturers.

The 4/3 standard assumes that the sensor has an aspect ratio of 3:4, the sensor area is less than the area of a 35 mm frame by about 4 times, the crop factor for recalculation focal lengths in a 35mm frame standard is 2.0.

Optics for 4/3 standard systems are produced under the brands Olympus Zuiko Digital, Leica and Sigma.

The main advantages of 4/3 standard systems include:

High quality optics.

Compact and lightweight systems.

Affordable entry level cameras.

Voltage stabilization in the chamber.

Shorter than other DSLRs, working segment.

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