French experience. The experience of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France malyugina, anastasia alexandrovna State support for small and medium-sized businesses in France

Currently, about 3 million small and medium-sized enterprises are registered in France. Of these, 1.5 million work in the service sector, 780 thousand in trade, 350 thousand in construction, and 303 thousand in industry. Every year, about 250 thousand small enterprises are opened in the country, and 50 thousand go bankrupt. At the same time, 40-50% of new jobs created in France fall on small enterprises. Of the 3 million small enterprises, about 1.5 million belong to individual or family businesses and do without hired personnel at all, and 1,200 enterprises employ less than 10 people. The income of firms and small businesses do not have clear and legal restrictions.

The following can be noted as state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France.

Over the past quarter century, the country has created an impressive state system stimulating small and medium businesses. New small businesses are tax exempt for two years joint-stock companies and from local taxes. For them, income tax and tax on the invested part of the profit are reduced. The state shows special loyalty to those who decide to open their business in economically depressed areas. Discounts and cancellations of payments to funds apply to such entrepreneurs social security(health, pension fund, fund for multi-family, to the unemployment fund). For the unemployed who decide to create own business developed its own support system. They are exempted from taxes not for two, but for three years and for a year from obligatory social payments to social insurance funds. The unemployed who have become entrepreneurs are given special books, with tear-off checks from which you can pay for management, jurisprudence, accounting and so on. Virtually all small business owners can expect to receive soft loans, loans and subsidies.

Encouraging and creating enterprises and preventing their bankruptcy is one of the key areas of cooperation between the state and business. This is done by a special institution - the National Agency for the Creation of Enterprises (ANSE), which not only promotes future private entrepreneurs, but also seeks possible purchases of enterprises in the event of a threat of bankruptcy.

Also, state assistance in the creation of enterprises is provided by bodies of ministries for the development of territories, chambers of commerce and industry, elected bodies local government-- regional and general councils, as well as private foundations created by large corporations, which in turn receive targeted tax benefits.

The leading organization created to lobby the business community is the Movement of French Entrepreneurs. Owners of small enterprises quite tough and resolutely defend their rights in dialogue with the state, especially when it comes to taxes and contributions to various funds.

In the context of the global financial crisis, French President Nicolas Sarkozy announced the creation of a fund of 2 billion euros, the funds of which will be directed to investments and loans to small and medium-sized businesses. It also provided for a reduction in the social tax rate for small and medium-sized enterprises and a number of other tax breaks.

In general, we can conclude that the conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in France are quite favorable, as in Spain. State support for such enterprises is at a high level, as in the United States.

In France, where small and medium-sized industries have historically played an important role in economic system, and the support infrastructure was formed in the course of their development, changed following their needs, the role of the state is high, which traditionally plays a large role in the country's economy and its regulation.

As one of the largest economies in the European Union, France, in the course of its economic development, has developed many means and methods to create the legal, economic, financial and organizational conditions for the successful functioning of SMEs in a highly competitive market environment. The infrastructure to support this sector of the economy has been built in France for decades and has many strengths.

Since Russia has not yet developed a unified concept for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, it is of particular relevance to study the experience of the developed countries of the European Union in the formation of an infrastructure to support SMEs. From this point of view, the experience of France is indicative and typical, a country where the infrastructure for supporting small businesses includes both state-owned companies that provide financial support and various private companies that provide various services, including educational, consulting, etc. Moreover, comprehensive support is provided to SMEs both in the domestic and foreign markets.

Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy an important place in the French economy, even if we consider only their number (more than 99% of the total, with micro-enterprises and individual entrepreneurs accounting for 93.55%). At the same time, we note that the small and medium business in France has changed significantly over the past 20-30 years. Previously small manufacturing enterprises represented a rather archaic segment of the market, since their owners could afford to purchase either obsolete or cheap equipment. Since then, the situation has qualitatively changed. Modern small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the manufacturing sector, use high technology. French SMEs make a significant contribution to R&D, although they are inferior to large enterprises.

However, the lack of activity of French SMEs abroad can be noted, although comparative studies conducted in France of exporting enterprises and enterprises that sell their goods only in the domestic market show that the former are larger and more productive and profitable.

Thus, the policy of supporting small and medium-sized enterprises is focused on solving social or economic problems France, namely: reducing unemployment by creating new enterprises, improving the competitiveness of the economy by increasing the size and weight of SMEs, and so on.

The French government and business community are aware of the importance of moving from state aid to small businesses to a policy of creating an enabling environment for entrepreneurship. And the SME support policy should ensure the sharing of risks (especially financial ones) not only during the establishment of the enterprise, but also during its development, as well as limiting complex administrative procedures.

The main government body responsible for promoting the development of small enterprises is the Directorate of Commercial, Craft and Service Enterprises (Direction des Entreprises commerciales, artisanales et de services), which is part of the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry (Ministere de l " Economie, des Finances et de l "Industrie). But the activities of the French state in support of small businesses are complemented by the involvement of other partners and agencies, both public and with a mixed structure, which makes it possible to reach a larger number of enterprises and find an intermediary for them that is most adapted to specific problems.

Since France is a member of the World trade organization, the French state cannot support small businesses in the form of direct subsidies, and is forced to resort to indirect methods. For these purposes, two organizations were created: OSEO and Coface.

OSEO is a government organization formed in 2005 after the merger of the Bank for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises (BDPME - la Banque de Développement des PME), the National Research Support Agency (Anvar - l "Agence nationale de valorisation de la recherche), the Agency for Industrial innovation (AII - l "Agence de l" innovation industrielle) and the French Society for Financing Guarantees for Small and Medium Enterprises (Sofaris - la Societe francaise de garantie des financements des PME). Its purpose is to finance and support small and medium-sized businesses. Since the official there is no decoding of the name of this organization, in the text of the dissertation we will leave original name: OSEO. In 2010, OSEO supported over 80,000 businesses. To accomplish this task, OSEO operates in three complementary ways:

- support for innovation;
- financing of investments and operational cycle (together with banking institutions;
- guarantees of bank financing.

To facilitate the access of small enterprises to bank loans, OSEO is ready to share the risks of loans issued for the creation of an enterprise with banks, guaranteeing a certain amount (40 or 70%) of the repayment of financing or lending to enterprises jointly with banks. OSEO's financing and guarantee activities cover three types of needs of small businesses and their partners: long-term lending and co-financing with banks, short-term financing, various types of guarantees.

On the one hand, it is difficult to overestimate the activities of OSEO, since, for example, without the guarantee of this institution, almost no bank in France will provide a loan for the creation of a new enterprise. On the other hand, in the forums and articles, one can find dozens of opinions of entrepreneurs who believe that they were "cheated" by the banks that issued loans for the creation of their enterprises, OSEO, which did not inform them enough, and the system as a whole, which contains deliberate ambiguity. Of course, we are not talking about deceit, but rather that the products provided by OSEO are not simple and unambiguous, and those entrepreneurs who, during the economic growth phase, did not understand, for example, the conditions for submitting OSEO guarantees, or were misled by employees banks suffered during the crisis when their businesses went bankrupt.

OSEO provides support not only in the domestic market, but also to enterprises wishing to enter world markets, however, the main company that guarantees export risks in France is Сoface (Compagnie francaise d "assurance pour le commerce exterieur - French guarantee company for international trade), established in 1946. Coface is mainly engaged in credit insurance, which warns and covers non-payments of any exporting enterprises (not only small and medium ones). It can be noted that, on the one hand, the tools offered by French governmental and non-governmental organizations to support the activities of SMEs abroad are extremely diverse, but on the other hand, they are quite difficult to apply, especially for small enterprises, where there is often a shortage of staff familiar with the intricacies their use.

Established in 2004, Young Innovative Enterprise (JIE) status entitles those who obtain it to tax cuts and extrabudgetary contributions from highly qualified positions such as engineers and researchers. To qualify for this status, businesses must meet all five of the following criteria:

a) be an SME;
b) be created less than 8 years ago;
c) research expenses incurred during the operation of the enterprise must be more than 15% of the total expenses;
d) more than 50% owned by individuals or another SME, which in turn is more than 50% owned by individuals, companies regional development, societies for the financing of technological research, the introduction and use of inventions, etc.;
e) not be created as a result of a merger, restructuring, resumption of activities.

Thus, we can conclude that in modern France there is a strong political will to increase the amount of resources allocated to R&D. Indeed, there is a particular emphasis on expanding private R&D by strengthening the innovative behavior of companies, especially SMEs. All support measures correspond to the main priorities and contribute to strengthening the trend of increasing spending on the creation of new innovative technologies and overcoming the backlog of France in the creation of innovative products and technologies.

Thus, one of the most successful anti-crisis measures was the creation of the post of "credit intermediary." The intermediary can be approached by enterprises experiencing difficulties in accessing credit funds, since its tasks include:

- State support they receive;
- it faced a problem of financing;
- offer specific solutions in each possible case;
- consider the applications of enterprises in the field;
- report to the government on all serious unresolved problems.

Appealing to an intermediary allows two out of three enterprises (63%) to find financing after the initial refusal. A survey conducted by the Bank of France showed that the absolute majority of enterprises (89%) that successfully passed through credit intermediation were able to overcome the crisis, while almost a third of companies that could not be helped were declared insolvent within the next year.

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Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher vocational education

"STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT"

Institute of Management in Industry, Energy and Construction

Department of Innovation Management in the Real Sector of the Economy

ABSTRACT

by discipline: Infrastructure of small innovative business

on the topic: Support for small innovative businesses in France

Moscow - 2014

Introduction

In foreign countries, support for small business by the state is one of the most important functions, since small businesses form a significant share of tax revenues to the budget, support the creation of a significant part of jobs. At the same time, in developed countries the state sets its task not to support small businesses at any cost or to transfer financial, material and other resources to them, but to create legal, economic and organizational conditions for their functioning in a highly competitive market environment.

Small and medium-sized enterprises are becoming a particularly important key link in the structure of the social reproduction process, without which it is impossible to ensure the successful socio-economic development of society and the growth of production efficiency. The development of small business meets global trends towards the formation of a flexible mixed economy that combines different forms of ownership and an adequate business model, in which a synthesis of a competitive and market mechanism and state regulation of large, medium and small production is implemented.

Over the past decades, it is clearly seen that small business is actively being introduced into the innovation process. In addition, small business contributes to the formation of the middle class, which makes up a significant part of the economically active population in the world economic system. It is with the development of the functions of small and medium-sized businesses that the growth of its role in the economy of the leading Western countries is associated.

Since it is the innovative economy, the core of which is made up of competitive small and medium-sized businesses, that ensures economic development and a worthy representation of the country in world markets, in developed countries Special attention is given to the support infrastructure, which should be able to provide qualified assistance to all those enterprises that can successfully innovate and operate in international markets.

Entrepreneurship in France

So, for example, in France, where small-scale production historically occupies the most important place in the economic system, and the support infrastructure was formed in the course of their development and changed following their needs, the role of the state is high, which traditionally plays a large role in the country's economy and its regulation.

Being one of the most progressive countries of the European Union, France, in the course of its economic development, has developed many means and methods of creating legal, economic, financial and organizational conditions for the successful functioning of small businesses in a highly competitive market environment. The infrastructure to support this sector of the economy has been built in France for decades and has many strengths.

In France, about half of the enterprises are small businesses. In total, there are currently more than 3 million small enterprises in the country. Small businesses in France are characterized by strong ties with large companies. Once upon a time, divisions were separated from diversified firms, which were transformed into subsidiaries or independent small businesses. Now, many small companies continue to group around large ones as subcontractors: suppliers of components, technical, repair services.

The association of French enterprises MEDEF (Mouvement des Entreprises de France) was created in 1998 in order to protect the interests of enterprises belonging to various sectors of industry, trade and services at the national level. Currently, MEDEF is the most influential business organization in France. It includes, among other things, the General Confederation of Small and Medium Enterprises of France CGPME, which, in turn, includes 820 thousand entrepreneurs. A separate division of MEDEF - MEDEF International coordinates, represents and promotes the interests of French entrepreneurs in foreign markets. Since 2005, MEDEF has been led by Laurence Parisot, who is considered one of the most powerful women in France.

An important role in supporting small businesses is played by the state organization OSEO, which in 2005 united the French National Innovation Agency ANVAR, the BDPME Small and Medium Business Development Bank and the French Capital Insurance Society Sofaris. OSEO funds small innovative projects. The organization also acts as a guarantor for loans issued to small and medium-sized enterprises by partner banks. In this case, banks also bear certain risks for the granted loan, since the guarantee covers only part of it - about 40%. The guarantee can reach up to 70% of the loan amount, if we are talking about a very risky stage in the life of a small business - the moment of its creation. The system of state support has been working effectively in France for 25 years, bringing the state income in the form of taxes from successfully developing small businesses and a growing number of jobs provided by them.

Also in France, the Association for the Promotion of Industry Development (APRODI), created under the Ministry of Industry and Trade, has a special significant role and is engaged in supporting and training employees of small enterprises. At the same time, the state tries to take on all the costs of education related to the training of personnel. There is also a special card file where small businesses can apply and enlist the support of a found partner.

Since small businesses play a particularly key role in creating new jobs, supporting small businesses is one of the priorities of the French Government. The state policy to stimulate small businesses includes the provision of tax incentives, a loan guarantee system, the creation of business incubators, the minimization of bureaucratic procedures, and the provision of an accessible system of training and advanced training for entrepreneurs.

French tax legislation provides for the application of a regime of simplified and imputed taxes for small businesses. Small businesses that have legal personality and are owned by individuals pay income tax at a rate of 19%, as opposed to the standard rate of 33%. These enterprises pay VAT, but not monthly, like the rest, but quarterly. Newly created small enterprises are exempted from joint stock companies tax and local taxes for 2 years. Entrepreneurs pay a reduced rate of income tax and tax on the invested part of the profits. Entrepreneurs who decide to open their business in subsidized regions are subject to benefits, up to exemption from payments to social security funds. Small innovative enterprises during the first 2 years of operation are completely exempt from income tax, and only starting from the 6th year of existence, they pay this tax in full. If an unemployed person decides to open his own business in France, then the bonus system is even more significant. The exemption from taxes is extended for three years instead of two, and consultations of specialists in accounting, management, and legal issues are also provided free of charge. Soft loans and subsidies are issued to buy ready business in France. For enterprises that are threatened with bankruptcy, a system of measures has been developed to prevent it. For this, a special agency has even been created, which provides consulting services to businessmen, or buys out a company into state ownership. In each region of France there are free economic zones in which the conditions for doing business are optimal. In addition, municipal and private funds are engaged in comprehensive support for small businesses, and receive tax benefits for this.

In France, banks have an obligation to the state to report all major transfers outside the country and real estate transactions. In case of violation of the law, criminal control is carried out, the purpose of which is to identify financial fraud. Penalties provided for especially malicious violators of the law, who have underpaid significant amounts of taxes to the budget, are a severe punishment and amount to 40 thousand euros and imprisonment for a period of 5 years.

Government program supporting private business in France, has led to a rapid growth in the number of private firms. Moreover, small business provides fairly competitive services, production is equipped with modern equipment, Newest technologies and materials. For comparison, even 20-30 years ago, only a few could open their own business, while there was no talk of buying new equipment. The maximum that the owner of a small enterprise could afford was decommissioned obsolete machines. Combined service enterprises are now widespread. So a small private store may have a bakery and cafe, a gas station includes a small shop. Now to buy a business in France means to be a respected person, especially in the outback, where the unemployment rate is highest. The authority of the owners of small shops, gas stations or hairdressers is so high that they can influence the opinions and preferences of residents during elections.

Instability and Uncertainty in the Perception of Russia by French Business

Small French business is represented in Russia mainly in the service sector. It is difficult for small businesses to enter the Russian market on their own, so at the initial stage there is coordination with large companies such as Auchan, Renault, Decathlon. This way they will be able to take advantage of the authority, administrative connections, and experience gained by larger partners during their presence in Russia.

Investors do not like uncertainty, situations in which the rules of the game change dramatically, which, unfortunately, is typical of Russia. Instability is the main reason why French entrepreneurs prefer to do business in Moscow, St. Petersburg and avoid cooperation with the regions. “Investors have concerns when, for example, in Yekaterinburg, Volgograd, governors who have been in office for more than 10 years leave their posts. They are replaced not just by another person, but by a whole new generation. At the same time, in order to assess the level of influence of the governor on the investment climate , we must talk not only about the administration of the governor, but also about all kinds of services around: water supply, housing and communal services, firefighters - the conditions for doing business in the region depend on them, "explains the head of the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

"Or let's take the Olimpstroy corporation, which is responsible for construction in preparation for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Since its inception, the corporation has already changed its head three times. In such a situation, it is not clear who is responsible for what, what are the prerogatives of Olimpstroy itself, governor Krasnodar Territory, Sochi Chamber of Commerce and Industry", - P. Shinsky gives an example.

2010 - the year of France in Russia, the year of Russia in France

2010 was declared "The Year of France in Russia and Russia in France". About 300 events were held within the framework of this project. In particular, a seminar on energy issues was held in France. Energy and energy efficiency are one of the key points in the dialogue between Russia and France. A national Russian exhibition was also organized at the Grand Palais, which was opened on June 12, 2010 by Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.

Among the events planned in Russia, the conference on space issues, which took place in March 2010 at the Russian Academy of Sciences, was especially highlighted in its significance. A round table dedicated to the pharmaceutical industry (Servier), one of the priority sectors of the French industry, was also successfully held.

In addition, the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry annually holds various events together with the RSPP and MEDEF: these are mainly bilateral round tables during major economic forums. For several years now, representatives of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry have been participating in the annual business seminar held in the French Senate, where they talk about the specifics Russian market for French entrepreneurs.

innovative small business france

Conclusion

Since Russia has not yet developed a unified concept for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, it is of particular relevance to study the experience of the developed countries of the European Union in the formation of an infrastructure to support small businesses. From this point of view, the experience of France is indicative and typical, a country where the infrastructure for supporting small businesses includes both state-owned companies providing financial support and various private companies providing various types of services,

Unlike France, where small industries are traditionally respected, and the infrastructure was formed in the course of their development, gradually changing following scientific and technological shifts in the economy, in Russia small enterprises are still underdeveloped and need constant support from both state and public.

Based on the experience of state support for small businesses in France, the following recommendations should be considered for implementation in Russian small businesses.

First, to speed up the process of interaction between small companies and large ones. In Russia, the process of integration is very slow. The behavior of small firms is characterized by disruption of contracts, disappearance with an advance received, low quality products, etc. For large enterprises, they impose high prices for their products on small enterprises and include additional enslaving conditions in contracts. To ensure the reliability of technological and financial operations, large enterprises prefer to independently organize their own small divisions. As a result, the scale of franchising with the participation of independent small businesses in Russia is small, and this situation is fundamentally different from the experience in France.

Secondly, it is necessary to create state organizations that would provide support and protection to small businesses. In France, for example, such organizations are MEDEF, OSEO, APRODI.

Further, in France, taxes are abolished if the enterprise exists for less than two years, and free consulting services are provided, which differs significantly from Russia. This stimulates the creation of new innovative enterprises and the expansion of business in France.

Bibliography

1. Article "INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE: French entrepreneurs seek to unite, in France it is difficult to achieve something from the state alone", author Natalia Prokina, 2010

2. Malyugina A.A. Experience in supporting small and medium innovative enterprises in France, A.A. Malyugin "Banking services." - 2011. - No. 4. S.23-26.

3. http://yobiz.ru/view_post_bo. php? id=143

4. Analytical Center "SME Bank", p.44.

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I. A. Usenkov Legal regulation and state support of small business in France // "Concept". - 2018. - No. 7 (July). - 0.3 p. l. - URL: http://e-kon-cept.ru/2018/183035.htm.

ART 183035 DOI 10.24422/MS1T0.2018.7.14930 UDC 34.05

Usenkov Ivan Alekseevich,

undergraduate FGBOU VO "Volgograd State University”, Volgograd [email protected]

Legal regulation and government support for small businesses

in France

Annotation. The article discusses some features of regulation and state support for small businesses in the French Republic. The key aspects that determine the success of the development of small and medium-sized businesses in France are highlighted. The most significant of them are discussed in more detail. Key words: small business, lending, credit intermediary, taxation, innovative entrepreneurship.

Section: (03) philosophy; sociology; political science; jurisprudence; science of science.

The French Republic is a state with a very strong democratic tradition, a deep respect for legal institutions. France belongs to the Romano-Germanic legal family, being one of the most prominent representatives of the Roman (Roman) law group. The French economy organically combines both industrial development and Agriculture, thanks to which the country is one of the world leaders in terms of GDP. In addition, the French Republic is a state in which the consolidation of its secular nature in the country's main regulations is not an empty phrase, the majority of the population does not identify themselves with any religion, and Catholicism prevails in the remaining share.

Small business plays a crucial role for the French economy, but let us make a reservation that, despite the similarity of some institutions with Russian ones, the differences in regulation and support are so significant that it is necessary to understand not only the essence of the existing institutions themselves, but also the causes and conditions for their emergence.

Small and medium-sized enterprises in France today account for 99% of the total, provide more than 50% of the country's GDP, and are also widely involved in the activities of large companies that subcontract a fairly large number of their own tasks to small businesses.

At the same time, we will immediately make a reservation that it is not typical for French legislation to adopt separate laws for specific sub-sectors or institutions, most of the aspects of state support that we studied are reflected in codified acts (civil, tax codes, code of intellectual property). Direct support for small businesses is generally non-state, which means that regulations are not available in this area.

In our opinion, it is worth highlighting several key areas of regulation and state support for small businesses in France:

1. Direct state assistance to the development of small enterprises.

2. Support for innovative small businesses.

3. Protection of the rights of entrepreneurs, including protection against unfair competition.

4. Stimulating small businesses through special regimes taxation.

Over the past decades state regulation the segment under study made it possible to change the role of small enterprises from an institution that allowed

scientific and methodological electronic journal

ISSN 2E04-120X

scientific and methodical electronic journal

solve the problem of unemployment, on a highly efficient and innovative sector of the economy. In many respects, this became possible due to the fact that the French government ensured a systematic transition from state support for small businesses to the creation of a favorable environment for its functioning, as well as assistance not only in the creation of an enterprise, but also in its development.

The Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, represented by the Department of Trade, Craft and Service Enterprises, which is part of it, is the main state structure that develops directions and implements specific measures to support small businesses.

At the same time, state structures closely cooperate with other partners and agents. In addition, the membership of the French Republic in the WTO makes it impossible to directly subsidize small enterprises, in connection with which organizations such as OSEO and Coface have been created.

The first of these, created in 2005 and left without an official transcript, is a state-owned one, providing support for innovation, financing investments and guaranteeing financing from banks for small businesses. Thus, it shares the risks of bank loans with small businesses, guaranteeing a return of 40 to 70% of bank financing.

At the same time, opinions about the activities of OSEO are rather ambiguous. Despite the fact that by its existence it provides small businesses with loans from banks that would otherwise be unavailable, a large number of entrepreneurs consider themselves deceived by this structure. However, the point here is rather not that OSEO really deceives entrepreneurs, but rather the complexity and not always high transparency of the guarantees provided and the distribution of risks, in connection with which many entrepreneurs who took loans during the economic recovery and relied on OSEO as a panacea for possible crisis, in a recession of the economy went bankrupt and went bankrupt.

Coface (French Company for Guarantees for International Trade, 1946) was created as an organization to solve the existing problem of French small businesses entering the world market. The main tool used by Coface is credit insurance, which is designed to cover the debts and non-payments of French companies in the international market, although in general the toolkit is much wider. However, as in the case discussed above, an obstacle for small and medium-sized enterprises to use all the possibilities of interaction with Coface is the complexity and intricacy of the mechanisms, especially if there are no specialists at the enterprise who are familiar with their intricacies.

The second direction of state support for small businesses in France is to support the development of innovation. Despite the fact that the position of France in the field of innovation is not critical (although the state is not a European leader in this area, it retains its position right after the group of leaders), early XXI V. the authorities are concerned about the problem of introducing innovations, including in the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises.

In 2004, the status of a Young Innovative Enterprise was legally established. By observing a number of the following criteria:

1) reference to small or medium enterprises;

2) existence for no more than 8 years;

3) more than 15% of research expenses in the total amount of expenses;

4) belonging to individuals by more than 50%;

5) be a newly established enterprise,

scientific and methodical electronic journal

Usenkov I. A. Legal regulation and state support of small business in France // Scientific and methodological electronic journal "Concept". - 2018. - No. 7 (July). - 0.3 p. l. - URL: http://e-kon-cept.ru/2018/183035.htm.

the enterprise acquires this status and the opportunity to reduce taxes and contributions to various funds from positions requiring high qualifications (engineers, researchers, and others). The resulting savings average about 10% of the payroll fund.

In 2008, the Law on the Modernization of the Economy was adopted, which adopted the experience of regulating innovative entrepreneurship in the United States. It allows innovative entrepreneurs to pay tax only as individual avoiding double taxation, as well as providing direct access to public procurement, allowing innovative small and medium-sized businesses to receive purchases from public institutions up to 15% of their R&D budget.

The research tax credit was introduced into French law as early as 1983, but its application reached its peak in 2011, when the Budget Law approved the possibility of financing up to 40% of the costs of small and medium-sized enterprises with its help. In addition, it was established that the enterprise has the right to deduct its amounts from the income tax base.

These measures have allowed France to make a qualitative breakthrough in science-intensive production, small and medium-sized enterprises are actively hiring highly qualified specialists and investing in the latest developments. In the current decade, the French Republic has become competitive with the United States in terms of research and development, and a number of Silicon Valley enterprises prefer to invest in hiring French rather than domestic engineers. In such a situation, the emergence of France as a leading European country in the field of innovation is only a matter of time, but most of all it inspires respect for the fact that this result was achieved not by directing public funding to specific large enterprises, but by the consistent implementation of the political will aimed at developing small innovations. business.

Small business, which quickly adapts to changing conditions of reality, is most vulnerable to pressure from both other market participants and the state. In order to protect entrepreneurs in France, a rather extensive system has been created to protect their rights. So, since 1997, in addition to defense in the courts in France, opportunities have appeared to protect the rights of small businesses in administrative bodies, which allow:

1) fight bureaucracy;

2) to regulate the market in order to protect citizens;

3) perform information and communication functions;

4) carry out the prevention of violations.

Such bodies are the Higher Council of Agence France-Presse, the Competition Council, the Banking Commission, many other commissions: for the control of insurance, consumer safety and others, as well as the position of a credit intermediary.

The latter institution is extremely successful and significant for the French economy in general, and for small businesses in particular. The functions of a credit intermediary are to monitor compliance with agreements between banks and the state in terms of their compliance with business lending obligations, help in developing options for an enterprise in case of a loan refusal, contact with the government about the most serious unresolved problems.

Statistics show that in two-thirds of the cases, an enterprise applying to an intermediary finds financing after a refusal. At the same time, 90% of successfully interacting with the intermediary enterprises were eventually able to overcome the crisis,

ISSN 2E04-120X

scientific and methodical electronic journal

while those that, even after applying to him, could not receive financing, went bankrupt within a year.

The success of the institution of mediation is usually attributed to the following factors:

1) professionalism of specialists, since these positions are usually selected for those who already have experience in various departments, are familiar with the banking community, the principles of work of credit organizations and the problems of small business;

2) guarantees provided by OSEO, allowing intermediaries to conduct their activities not from the position of petitioners, but from a position of strength;

3) understanding by society of the importance of this institution, the initial hostility towards it on the part of banks and the distrust of the society were replaced by respect for the competence and reasonableness of the actions of intermediaries.

The last significant aspect of the regulation and support of small businesses in France is taxation. Small businesses with a turnover of up to 80,000 euros per year are exempt from VAT. Enterprises with a turnover of up to 231,000 euros per year can switch to a simplified taxation regime, in which only the balance sheet, profit and loss statement are submitted. The corporate tax in France is progressive. Companies with an annual profit of up to 38,120 euros are subject to it at a rate of 15%, if the profit exceeds the specified amount, the rate can increase to 33.3%. At the same time, enterprises created for the first time in depressed regions are exempt from this tax in the first two years of their existence.

Also for individual entrepreneurs and partners of the partnership, subject to a number of conditions (attribution to certain types of business, limitation on annual income), there is a micro-enterprise regime, using which an enterprise can calculate income tax according to a simplified scheme: 71% of revenue, and at the same time not pay other taxes.

Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that the key factor in the development of small business is the interest of the state in its formation as one of the key segments of the economy, its driving force. Despite the aforementioned trend of transition from the support of the French state to small and medium-sized enterprises to the creation of a favorable environment for their formation and development, a large number of administrative resources still function today (for example, the extremely successful institution of a “credit intermediary”), organizations that directly support small businesses , legislation on unfair competition has been elaborated in detail, and tax incentives have been established.

Under such conditions, small business in the French Republic has not only a stable present, but also bright prospects for the future, catching up with the leading European countries in the development of small business and innovative entrepreneurship. The key institution, which proved to be extremely effective in France, is the institution of a credit intermediary. And yet, despite all its attractiveness, it is worth cautioning against the reckless implementation of this institution in Russian legislation. Its successful existence in the French Republic is due to a number of historical and social factors, which are unlikely to be repeated with accuracy in the Russian Federation. The status of credit intermediaries is also unique: in fact, not being civil servants and not possessing powers of authority, they, with the support of non-governmental organizations, have the opportunity to talk from a position of equal (and sometimes from a position of strength) even with the largest banking organizations. Reproduction of the institution of a credit intermediary in Russian realities may face a number of obstacles (starting with the banal mistrust on the part of entrepreneurs and ending with the uncertainty of status and power).

scientific and methodical electronic journal

1. Malyugina A. A. Experience of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences. - M., 2012. - S. 130.

2. Malyugina A. A. Experience in supporting small and medium-sized innovative enterprises in France // Banking services. - 2011. - No. 4. - S. 24.

3. Anisimova Yu. M. Entrepreneurship in Russia and France. Issues of the effectiveness of the protection of their rights // Bulletin of the Magistracy. - 2016. - No. 5-4 (56). - S. 127.

4. Epinina V. S. Foreign experience of state support of small business // Facets of knowledge. - 2016. - No. 4(47). - S. 5.

5. Danilkevich M. A. Small business: criteria and tax benefits // Academy of Budget and Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of Russia. Financial magazine. - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 124.

Graduate Student, Volgograd State University, Volgograd

[email protected]

Legal regulation and state support of small business in France

abstract. The article deals with some peculiarities of regulation and state support of small business in French

republic. The key aspects that determine the success of small and medium-sized enterprises in France are

highlighted. The most significant of them are considered in more detail.

Key words: small business, crediting, credit intermediary, taxation, innovative business.

1. Malyugina, A. A. (2012). Opyt gosudarstvennoj podderzhki malogo i srednego biznesa vo Francii: dis.... kand. ehkon. science, Moscow, p. 130 (in Russian).

2. Malyugina, A. A. (2011). "Opyt podderzhki malyh i srednih innovacionnyh predpriyatij po Francii", Bankov-skie uslugi, no. 4, p. 24 (in Russian).

3. Anisimova, Yu. M. (2016). "Predprinimatel" stvo v Rossii i Francii. Voprosy ehffektivnosti zashchity ih prav", Vestnik magistratury, no. 5-4 (56), p. 127 (in Russian).

4. Epinina, V. S. (2016). "Zarubezhnyj opyt gosudarstvennoj podderzhki malogo predprinimatel"stva", Grani poznaniya, No. 4(47), p. 5 (in Russian).

5. Danil "kevich, M. A. (2010). "Malyj biznes: kriterii i nalogovye l" goty ", Akademiya byudzheta ikaznachejstva Minfina Rossii. Finansovyj zhurnal, No. 4, p. 124 (in Russian).

Utemov V.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences; Gorev P. M., candidate of pedagogical sciences, editor-in-chief of the magazine "Concept"

Received a positive review 05/21/18 Received a positive review 05/21/18

Accepted for publication Accepted for publication 05/21/18 Published 07/29/18

www.e-koncept.ru

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) © Concept, scientific and methodological electronic journal, 2018 © Usenkov I. A., 2018

It can also be found in other sections. , and this archive is also a candidate's dissertation, therefore it is also presented in the section of all dissertations for the degree of candidate of economic sciences.

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As a manuscriptMalyugina Anastasia AlexandrovnaEXPERIENCE OF STATE SUPPORT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM sized BUSINESS IN FRANCE08.00.14 – World economy Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences Moscow, 2012 The work was done at the Department of World Economy and international Business» at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. Supervisor: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor Marina Borisovna Medvedeva Official opponents: Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Zakharova Natalya Vasilievna, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian State Trade and Economic University", Professor of the Department of World Economy, Candidate of Economic Sciences , ProfessorSudaryanto Yanto Priyono, Autonomous non-profit organization of Higher Professional Education of the Center of the Union of the Russian Federation "Russian University of Cooperation", Professor of the Department of "World Economy" Leading organization: OUP VPO "Academy of Labor and Social Relations"

at 4:00 pm at a meeting of the dissertation council D 505.001.01 on the basis of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, aud. 214, 125993 Moscow. 203, Moscow, 125993. The abstract was sent out November 02, 2012. Announcement of the defense of the dissertation and abstract of the dissertation "02" November 2012. posted on the official website of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation at http://vak.ed.gov.ru and on the official website of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation: http://www.fa.ru. Academic Secretary Council D 505.001.01, Candidate of Economics, Professor M.B.

Medvedeva 2I. General characteristics of the work Relevance of the study. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are becoming an integral part in the structure of the social reproduction process, without which it is impossible to ensure the successful socio-economic development of society and the growth of production efficiency. The development of small business corresponds to global trends towards the formation of a flexible mixed economy that combines different forms of ownership and an adequate business model, in which a synthesis of a competitive and market mechanism and state regulationlarge, medium and small production.

At the same time, the high dynamism of the formation and retirement of small enterprises serves as a kind of compensatory mechanism that softens sharp fluctuations in the situation for the national economy as a whole, preventing more destructive consequences of such fluctuations. The place of failing small firms is occupied by new ones, which proves the ability of small business to reproduce. In recent decades, small business has been actively introduced into the innovation process. In addition, small business contributes to the formation of the middle class, which makes up a significant economically active population in the world economic system. It is precisely with the development of the functions of small and medium-sized businesses that its role in the economies of leading Western countries is growing. Under the conditions of the outbreak of the global financial and economic crisis, small enterprises, on the one hand, have demonstrated flexibility and dynamism in their development, on the other hand, a strong dependence on the effectiveness of the existing support and development infrastructure.

That is, to a large extent, the strengthening of the positions of small and medium-sized businesses is predetermined by the relevant policy of the state.3 The experience of countries with developed economies indicates that small and medium-sized businesses are successfully developing with the direct participation of government controlled in the development and implementation of policies to support small businesses. Of particular importance is the support of small and medium-sized innovative businesses as the most risky and, due to their characteristics, the most sensitive to changes. external environment.Because an innovative economy, the core of which is a competitive small and medium-sized business, ensures economic development and a worthy representation of the country in world markets, in developed countries, special attention is paid to the support infrastructure, which should be able to provide qualified assistance to all those enterprises that can successfully innovate and operate in international markets. In France, where small and medium-sized industries historically occupy an important place in the economic system, and the support infrastructure was formed in the course of their development, changed following their needs, the role of the state is high, which traditionally plays a large role in the country's economy and its regulation. Being one of the largest economies in the European Union, France is in the process of its economic development has developed many means and methods of creating legal, economic, financial and organizational conditions for the successful functioning of SMEs in a highly competitive market environment. The infrastructure to support this sector of the economy has been created in France for decades and has many strengths. The need for small businesses for a balanced development of the economy is also evident in Russia.

In this regard, in the medium term, it is planned to increase the share of SMEs to 40-50% in GDP (while in recent years the contribution of the sector of small and medium-sized companies in Russia to GDP has fluctuated within 20-25%). The planned increase in the role of SMEs in the country's economy will allow Russia to approach the indicators of developed countries. 4 Since Russia has not yet developed a unified concept for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, it is of particular relevance to study the experience of developed countries of the European Union in building an infrastructure to support SMEs. From this point of view, the experience of France is indicative and typical, a country where the infrastructure for supporting small businesses includes both state-owned companies that provide financial support and various private companies that provide various kinds of services, including educational, consulting, etc.

Moreover, comprehensive support for SMEs is carried out both in the domestic and foreign markets. Noting the importance of previous studies, it should be emphasized that the study of the French experience in the formation of an SME support infrastructure is practically not covered in the scientific literature. In view of the insufficient effectiveness of institutions for supporting and developing SMEs in Russia, it seems relevant to analyze the experience of France, where a powerful institutional and financial infrastructure has been built to support small and medium-sized businesses through the allocation of significant amounts of funds from the state budget. Moreover, the funds are directed not to support non-competitive SMEs, but to create an environment that is most favorable for the further development of SMEs and increasing their contribution to the competitiveness of the national economy in the context of globalization. The degree of development of the problem. The study of the problems associated with the formation of an infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses is of growing interest as modern entrepreneurship develops in Russia. V.I., Bondarenko V.A., Bragina E.A., Vilensky A.V., Ibadova L.T., Ioffe A.D., Nagikh V.N., Platonova N.A., Tretyakova E. V., Shpynova A.I. 5 Separate aspects of the place and role of small and medium-sized businesses in the French economy, as well as the forms of its state support, are revealed in the works of Belova V.B., Govorova N.V., Dufil F., Zinago S., Klinova M. V., Crozet M., Lester-Bomevielle E., Mezhan I., Pavo J., Pasco S., Pigano L., Rubinsky Yu.I. complex analysis essential features of the infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses in France, one of the most developed countries - members of the European Union.

Problems of finding the most effective forms and methods of financial support for small and medium-sized businesses, including support in foreign markets, special measures to support innovative entrepreneurship and, finally, studying the experience of anti-crisis measures taken by the French government during the global financial and economic crisis and the debt crisis, need to be specially developed. in the euro area. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the research topic, as well as the insufficient development of these problems predetermined the choice of the dissertation topic, as well as the formulation of its goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to identify strong and weaknesses the system of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France and to determine the possibility of using French experience in this area in Russian conditions. The objectives of the study: - to clarify entrepreneurship; European integration; - analyze measures to support innovative small and medium-sized businesses, as one of the important factors in the competitiveness of the French economy; and medium-sized businesses. The object of the study is small and medium-sized businesses. The subject of the study is a set of scientific provisions that reveal the patterns of development of the institution of state support for SMEs in France in the context of the globalization of the world economy and overcoming the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis, as well as the eurozone debt crisis. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study. practical matters functioning of small and medium-sized businesses and state support for small and medium-sized businesses, presented in Russian and foreign literature. general scientific methods analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of economic research: economic and statistical groupings and systematization. The dissertation work was carried out in accordance with the Passport of the specialty 08.00.14 - World Economy (Economic Sciences). Russian official bodies (Rosstat, Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia); analytical and statistical materials of French official bodies and organizations (INSEE; OSEO); current publications of foreign and Russian economists in periodicals, as well as resources global network Internet.7 The scientific novelty of the study lies in the disclosure of the main trends and patterns of formation and functioning of the institution of state support for small and medium-sized businesses (including innovative ones) in France, as one of the most successful EU member countries in this area. The following scientific provisions are new: - the concept "Small and Medium Business Support Infrastructure", which includes not only SMEs themselves, but also institutions that provide support to SMEs in various forms on a preferential or non-reimbursable basis; - trends in the evolution of small businesses in the French economy were identified, namely: increasing the role of SMEs in foreign trade, seriously strengthening the positions of small innovative industries, modernizing the technological foundations of SMEs, reducing specific gravity traditional SMEs in small retail trade, service industries, but the increase in the number of SMEs in the IT sector, the provision of intermediary services, including information, etc.; - it is shown that the negative impact of the global and debt crisis of the eurozone on SMEs in France, in exacerbating the problems of access to financing for small and medium-sized enterprises, however, it did not turn out to be destructive for this sector of the economy due to the timely adoption of such anti-crisis measures as the provision of direct financial and organizational assistance from the state, targeted allocation of budget funds, the adoption and implementation of the state anti-crisis plan; support structure for small and medium-sized businesses in France, consisting of organizations such as OSEO, Regional Directorates for Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, chambers of commerce and industry, etc.

MECHANISMS OF STATE SUPPORT FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

E. I. LEVINA

The article explores Foreign experience state support for small and medium-sized businesses in the largest foreign countries. Similar mechanisms for stimulating the development of small and medium-sized businesses have been identified, which have proven their effectiveness in practice.

Key words state support, small and medium business, experience of foreign countries.

The state should ensure the development of a long-term policy to achieve the strategic goals of the socio-economic development of society and make appropriate decisions to involve in this work the most massive and initiative part of the population, formed in the sector of small and medium-sized businesses. In this regard, the state is taking a number of legal, organizational and other measures that stimulate comprehensive support and development of entrepreneurship in areas that are in the interests of society. At the same time, the variability of measures, mechanisms and support tools, a variety of organizational forms of the infrastructure for supporting and developing entrepreneurship are used. In this connection, the dissertation provides a structure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses in countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, France, India, and Italy.

Thus, in the United States, the state strategy for the development of entrepreneurship is defined by the Law "On Small Business" as a comprehensive support by all government organizations of the small business sector in cooperation with the Small Business Administration in the following areas:

Increase in export opportunities;

Assistance in technology transfer;

Increasing the ability to compete effectively with imports;

Improving access to long-term loans for reconstruction, purchase of equipment and production of new competitive goods and services;

Dissemination of information about various public, regional and private

programs aimed at increasing the competitiveness of SE;

Ensuring that SE interests are taken into account and represented in all trade negotiations.

The highest state body that implements policy and is responsible for the development of the small business sector is the Small Business Administration, established in 1953, accountable only to the President and the Congress of the country. Organizationally, the structure of the Small Business Administration includes the Advocacy and the General Inspectorate, but their activities do not depend on the management of the Small Business Administration. This enables the Bar Association and the General Inspectorate to carry out independent evaluation the state of small and medium-sized businesses, determine the effectiveness of the activities of the Small Business Administration and propose constructive measures to improve methods and programs for supporting and developing small and medium-sized businesses. The structure of state support for small businesses in the US is shown in Figure 1.

Share of small business in gross domestic product The United States accounts for 52%, in total employment - 50.1% (more than 70 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 97.6% (more than 23 million enterprises).

In the US, there are about 40 different government programs aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses. These are technical programs aimed at training and consulting, financial support programs, assistance in placing contracts, innovative programs, administrative programs.

US President US Congress

advocacy

Research and analysis Draft laws Development strategy Projects of state programs Lobbying Protecting the interests of SE Representation

Small Business Administration (SBA)

Implementation of state programs Licensing of powers Allocation of resources Coordination of work Information and communication Development of infrastructure International cooperation

General

inspection

Activity control Cost optimization Examination of projects Investigative actions Security of SBA Participation in courts Personnel service

Central office

Regional offices

Authorized organizations

Rice. 1. The structure of state support for small businesses in the United States

Effective implementation of state support measures for small and medium-sized businesses is impossible without a developed support infrastructure. There are more than 100 Regional Small Business Administration offices in all US states and major cities. Technoparks and business incubators have been created in large cities, industrial and scientific centers. Consulting centers for small and medium-sized businesses bring together more than ten thousand consultants for various types of activities, in addition, information centers have been established that provide a range of information and communication services. Entrepreneurship Development Centers provide training and consulting, technical assistance and information, and one-stop services. More than seven thousand authorized private banks and investment companies are participants in programs to support small and medium-sized businesses.

In Canada, the state business support policy is aimed at the efficient use of resources for the development of the small and medium-sized business sector with a focus on informatization, the use of scientific knowledge and high technologies. Support for small and medium-sized businesses is aimed at developing underdeveloped or new segments.

cops of the market and to achieve the highest productivity, economic efficiency and competitiveness at the world level. The infrastructure for supporting and developing small and medium-sized businesses in the country is diversified between federal, regional and industry organizations. Industry Canada develops a support policy and strategy, oversees the work of the Canadian Business Services Network, coordinating it with the activities of all government and partner organizations in accordance with the national innovation program. The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in Canada is shown in Figure 2.

The share of small businesses in Canada's gross domestic product is 43%, in total employment - 47% (more than 6.4 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 99.8% (more than 2.6 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs).

Canada's state strategy in the field of entrepreneurship is designed to ensure the sustainable development of entrepreneurship in the face of critical changes in the domestic and global markets, based on the interaction of federal and regional governments with political, public and private organizations in the following areas:

Rice. 2. The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in Canada

Improving the national infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, capable of providing customers with the most complete range of services that allow them to quickly respond to changes in the external environment;

Priority development of highly intellectual fields of activity;

Improving access to information products and services;

Strengthening ties between entrepreneurs, regional governments, members of the Coordinating Council, partner organizations and stakeholders;

Increasing knowledge about the activities of financial markets in order to expand access to financial resources and their more efficient use;

Raising the qualifications of employees and improving the personnel management system.

In Canada, there are 290 government programs aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses. These are technical programs aimed at training and con-

counseling, financial support programs, e-business programs, innovation and Aboriginal programs. The support infrastructure is represented by regional offices and partner organizations, authorized financial institutions, technology parks and business incubators (150 business incubators, 36 information technology clusters), socially oriented entrepreneurship centers (support for entrepreneurship among natives, women, immigrants), national information network with websites for all business matters. Canada has a developed system of support and lobbying for the interests of small and medium-sized businesses through a network of chambers of commerce, industry associations and international organizations. In addition, there are more than 100 consulting centers represented by technology and consulting firms.

The public policy of Great Britain is aimed at creating the best conditions in the world for

development of the small and medium-sized business sector as the most dynamic means to improve the socio-economic welfare of the country and ensure its competitiveness in world markets. To unite disparate support structures for small and medium-sized enterprises and improve their efficiency, in 2000 a national agency “Small Business Services” (SMB) was established under the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). OMB determines the strategy for the development of entrepreneurship, interacts with all levels of government and government of the country, coordinates the activities of the entire state infrastructure to support small and medium-sized businesses and actively cooperates with partner and public organizations.

The Government Strategy for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises in the UK is aimed at achieving the following main goals:

Increasing the culture of entrepreneurship and business relations;

Activation of the processes of emergence of new enterprises, creation of conditions for their accelerated development and further growth;

Improving access to financial resources;

Entrepreneurship development in depressed areas and in some social groups(women, national minorities, disabled people, etc.);

Attracting entrepreneurs to active use public services(information, marketing, government orders, financing, exports, etc.);

Developing more effective public policies and regulations entrepreneurial activity facilitating the development of entrepreneurship;

Raising the level of research on the market of small and medium-sized businesses and assessing its condition.

The structure of support for small and medium-sized businesses in the UK is shown in Figure 3.

Prime Minister

Interaction with state, regional and local authorities and administrations

^Informational ^

agencies Credit organizations Guarantee funds

Venture funds Investment

companies

Ministry of Trade and Industry (DTI)

OMB Strategic Council

Policy and strategy Implementation control Approval of plans Approval of reports

OMB Agency

Assessment of the state of SMEs Coordination of work Information and communication Protecting the interests of SMEs

Public

Lobbying Legal due diligence

Offers Group interests

Regional offices and partner organizations

Subordinate and authorized organizations

Territorial infrastructure

In the UK, there are 28 government programs aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses. These are technical programs aimed at training and consulting, assistance programs in placing contracts, financial support, and innovative programs. The support infrastructure is represented by regional offices and partner organizations, authorized financial institutions, technology parks and business incubators (220 business incubators, 154 clusters, 97 technology parks and research centers), socially oriented entrepreneurship centers (support for entrepreneurship among women, national minorities), national information network specialized in the subject and related to regional centers.

The government policy on small and medium enterprises in Japan was revised after the 1990 crisis, the Law on Small and Medium Enterprises was amended, and the size of enterprises and statutory funds were increased. The main goals were: increasing the sustainability and competitiveness of enterprises, improving access to resources, enhancing innovation activities, accelerating the creation of new enterprises, expanding mutual assistance in the business environment. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry remains the highest state body responsible for the development strategy of small and medium-sized businesses. It formed the "Council for Policy on Small and Medium Enterprises", and in 2001, in order to improve the coordination of the work of the entire state structure for supporting entrepreneurship, the "Agency for Small and Medium Enterprises" was established as part of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.

The State Strategy for the Development of Entrepreneurship, since 2000, is aimed at slowing down the ongoing recession in the economy, reducing the number of enterprises (up to 2% per year) and reducing business activity small and medium business sectors. In mid-2002, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan adopted new strategy economic recovery and development of the country, as well as the following measures in relation to small and medium-sized businesses:

Introduction of a flexible economic management system;

Strengthening support for innovation;

Strengthening resilience and systems development economic security;

Improving working conditions and social security in the sector;

Write-off of outstanding loans;

Increasing the mobility of labor resources in the service sector;

Facilitating access to financial resources and equity capital;

Increasing interaction between support and development structures.

The state policy is aimed at creating the best conditions in the world for the development of the small and medium-sized business sector, as the most dynamic means for improving the socio-economic well-being of the country and ensuring its competitiveness in world markets. In order to unite disparate business support structures and improve their efficiency, in 2000, the national agency “Small Business Services” was established under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, which determines the strategy for the development of entrepreneurship, interacts with all levels of government and government of the country, and coordinates the activities of the entire state infrastructure support and actively cooperates with partner and public organizations.

In Japan, there are about 30 government programs aimed at supporting small and medium-sized businesses. These are information, training, consulting programs, financial support programs, innovative programs and assistance programs in placing contracts. Entrepreneurial organizations interact with the public council under the Ministry of Commerce and a group of independent experts who develop recommendations for the government on economic deregulation. The network of information centers is subject-specific and linked to regional offices, partner organizations and regional development agencies. In Japan, there are 47 women's business centers and 51 centers for national minorities. More than 60 export support agencies are located in major cities, ports and industrial centers. Entrepreneurship is supported by about 500 clusters, business incubators, technology parks. More than 10 authorized

private credit organizations have branches in large cities, industrial and agricultural centers. Entrepreneurship Development Centers provide services on a one-stop basis, providing training and consulting

ing, providing information and technical support.

The structure of state support for small businesses in Japan is shown in Figure 4.

Prime Minister

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (MTI)

SME Agency

SME Business Environment Department

Research and Analysis Policy Development Legal Due Diligence International Relations Access to Finance

SME Support Department

Support structures Work coordination Technology research

Information and communication Partnerships

Authorized credit institutions

Lending, guarantees, expertise, investments, local structures

Japan SME Corporation

Financing, credit insurance, modernization, research, pension assistance, guarantee funds, innovation and R&D

Support public organizations

Rice. 4. The structure of state support for small businesses in Japan

The share of small business in Japan's gross domestic product is 51.6%, in total employment - 69.5% (more than 31 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 99.2% (more than 6 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs).

In France, the state policy is aimed at the creation and growth of new small and medium-sized enterprises, the economic development of the regions and the increase in employment, and at the intensification of innovative activities.

development of e-business and improvement of the business service system in order to increase economic stability and high competitiveness in world markets. This policy is reflected in the five-year plans and programs agreed by the government with the regions and financed by them in equal shares, with the involvement of funds from EU funds and private capital. Programs are implemented by state and authorized partner organizations. Ministry of Finance,

economy and industry solves complex issues of implementation of national economic and technical policy. For this purpose, the “Bank for the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses” was established and the “Department for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses, Handicrafts, individual entrepreneurship and consumer relations.

The share of small businesses in the gross domestic product of France is 49.8%, in total employment - 56.6% (more than 13 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 97.6% (2.9 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs).

The State Strategy for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises is aimed at increasing the flexibility, sustainability and competitiveness of enterprises in the context of the globalization of the economy and is focused on the following tasks:

Improving the system of training and retraining of specialists; stimulation of innovation activity, assistance in the transfer of new and high technologies to increase export opportunities;

Improving the interaction of state institutions, partner and public organizations in order to effectively implement national and European support and development programs;

Deregulation of the economy and minimization of bureaucratic procedures in business, leading to a loss of up to 9 billion euros annually;

All-round development of information technologies and electronic business as the most dynamically developing areas of activity.

The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in France is shown in Figure 5.

Council for Socio-Economic Development

Analysis and assessment of the situation Development of proposals Assessment of the state of SMEs Protection of the interests of SMEs Interaction with state and public organizations

Ministry of Finance

Policy implementation Resourcing Research and analysis Engagement Control

SME Development Bank

Department of SMEs

Organization of work Evaluation of the situation Legal environment Research Informatization Control of programs

France has 44 basic government programs, including EU programs, financial support, contract placements, special innovation programs, training and consulting programs. In all regions of the country, there are 256 regional offices of the Department for Small and Medium Enterprises, Handicrafts, Individual Entrepreneurship and Consumer Relations. Some 600 business development and advisory centers provide training, consulting, technical assistance and information services. There are more than 800 structures of public support and protection of the interests of entrepreneurship: industrial associations, consumer associations, trading confederations, chambers of commerce and industry. In all regions, large cities, industrial and scientific centers there are business incubators, technology parks, innovation centers, export agencies. Socially-oriented centers have been created

entrepreneurship for veterans, disabled people.

The state policy of Germany in the field of entrepreneurship support is carried out within the framework of the structural reforms "Agenda 2010", aimed at accelerating the exit of the German economy from stagnation and strengthening the

small and medium-sized enterprises, increasing their competitiveness and ensuring their further growth. Priority areas for supporting innovation, the development of high technologies, training and advanced training, the development of export opportunities, the creation of new enterprises and the promotion of self-employment (especially in the lands of the former GDR). Financial support is allocated in equal shares at the federal and land levels, mainly in the form of guarantees and guarantees of special state financial institutions to promote small and medium-sized businesses. Significant EU funds are allocated for the same purposes and private investments can be attracted. The coordination of the activities of all state and partner organizations for the implementation of this policy is entrusted to the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, in which all operational issues regarding small and medium-sized businesses, handicrafts, services, individual labor and vocational education to support entrepreneurship are handled by the "General Directorate - VIII" .

The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in Germany is shown in Figure 6.

Parliamentary Commission on Entrepreneurship

Draft laws Legal due diligence Interaction with state and public organizations Protecting the interests of SMEs

Authorized public and private partner organizations (banks, funds, insurance companies, research institutes, etc.)

Federal Ministry of Economics and Labor

General Directorate VIII

Situation assessment Proposals Legal environment SME research Policy implementation Program control Coordination of activities

Land

ministries

Affiliate

organizations

Territorial Support Infrastructure

The State Strategy for the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises within the framework of the program of structural reforms up to 2010 is aimed at achieving the following major goals:

Providing conditions for the development and growth of the "middle class";

Increasing the interest of young people in entrepreneurial activities;

Creation of an educational base at higher and secondary educational institutions for training and practical training of young people for active entrepreneurial activity;

Strengthening financial assistance and technical assistance to start-up enterprises to ensure their sustainable development and further growth;

Reducing bureaucratic barriers, facilitating access to resources and new technologies;

Stimulation of the business and innovative potential of the SME sector in the field of R&D, through the predominant use of indirect support measures.

The share of small business in Germany's gross domestic product is 57%, in total employment - 69.3% (20 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 99.3% (3.2 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs).

Germany has a developed business support infrastructure. There are more than 40 different state support programs: technical, financial and investment support, support for start-up enterprises, self-employment, women's and youth entrepreneurship. There are regional offices and partner organizations of the DG in all Länder and major cities.

The Italian public policy towards entrepreneurship has been constantly improved with the growing awareness of the socio-economic significance of the small and medium-sized business sector, as evidenced by the succession of the adoption of certain legal acts aimed at expanding opportunities for growth and development of the entrepreneurial sector:

1952 - "On the establishment of a central service for lending to SMEs (Mediocredito Centrale)";

1965 - "On assistance in the acquisition of new equipment";

1977 - "On crediting and export insurance";

1981 - "On the creation of export consortiums of SMEs";

1982 - "On the establishment of the Fund for Technological Innovations and the Fund for Handicraft Projects";

1990 - "On the establishment of joint ventures abroad with the participation of Italian SMEs";

1994 - "On helping start-up enterprises and stimulating the reinvestment of profits."

Since 2000, the competence of the regions has gradually been significantly expanded both in terms of legal support for entrepreneurship, and in the creation, development and management of support infrastructure (training and information centers, business incubators, technology parks, etc.), taken out of the direct control of the relevant ministries.

The state strategy for the development of small and medium-sized businesses is determined by a number of legal acts aimed at implementing the following measures:

Promoting the economic development of the regions (especially the southern ones);

Support for R&D development and transfer of new technologies;

Increasing the competitiveness of SME products in world markets;

Development of production and technological cooperation within the territorial production complexes with a large number of SMEs;

Promoting the internationalization of Italian SMEs;

Help in the formation start-up capital for young businesses.

The share of small businesses in Italy's gross domestic product is 55%, in total employment - 71% (15.3 million employees), in the number of all enterprises - 99.2% (3.6 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs).

In Italy, there are small business support programs initiated by the European Union in conjunction with state, regional and local programs aimed at helping to develop exports, financial support, special and innovative programs. There are about 500 structures of public support and protection of the interests of small and medium businesses.

The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in Italy is shown in Figure 7.

National Council for Economics and Employment

Parliament

Prime Minister

Ministry of Economy and Finance

Ministry

industrial

Ministry of Innovation and Technology

Other ministries and committees

Lobbying the interests of SMEs

Entrepreneurial, professional and sectoral public organizations

Coordinated activities of specialized structures:

agencies, companies, funds and financial institutions (innovation, technology, informatization, handicraft, loans, insurance, export, training, etc.)

Rice. 7. The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses

In India, the state policy of the country's socio-economic development is based on industrialization and employment growth associated with the expansion and strengthening of the small and medium business sector. To this end, the efforts of all governmental, institutional and private partners are combined to attract investment in the development of market infrastructure and provide the necessary legal, financial, technical and organizational support to this sector. Due to the vastness of the territory and the underdevelopment of many regions, in 2001 the following were organized: the Ministry of Small Industry for the development of industrial small and medium-sized enterprises, and the Ministry of Rural Industry for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural and remote areas of the country.

The state strategy for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country is associated with comprehensive support by all authorities for the activities of entrepreneurs in the following main areas:

Increasing the competitiveness of Indian small and medium-sized enterprises through increased public and private investment in the development of market infrastructure;

Facilitating access to world markets by coordinating the efforts of all government structures, institutional partners and the private sector;

Stimulation of innovative processes, provision of financial and technological support for the development of exports of products and services based on scientific developments And high technologies(pharmacology, biotechnology, information Technology, software and etc.);

Development regional associations small enterprises in the form of clusters while strengthening links between small and large enterprises;

Development of industry in rural and remote areas of the country with the simultaneous expansion of civil construction in them.

The share of small businesses in the gross domestic product of India is 6.9%, in total employment - 4.5% (20 million employees), in the amount industrial enterprises-97.6% (3.6 million enterprises and individual entrepreneurs) .

The structure of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in India is shown in Figure 8.

National Enterprise Council

10-year planning Goals and priorities Coordination of efforts Restructuring Resourcing

Parliament

SME Coordinating Council

Interaction of state, partner and public organizations. Lobbying the interests of SMEs SME development strategy Examination of legal acts Recommendations to the Government

Ministry of Small Industry (MMP)

Implementation of public policy

SME infrastructure Resourcing Research and analysis

Ministry of Rural Industry (MSI)

State

organizations

Access to finance Technical assistance Information and communication

Subcontracting Partnerships

Regional divisions and partner organizations

Territorial Support Infrastructure

Rice. 8. The structure of state support for small and medium enterprises in India

Thus, having studied the foreign experience of the largest countries, it is possible to identify similar mechanisms for stimulating the development of small and medium-sized businesses that have already proven their effectiveness in practice. In Russia, the entrepreneurship support infrastructure is just beginning to develop. For its successful formation, it is necessary to study and apply in practice the experience of countries successfully implementing programs to support small and medium-sized businesses.

Literature

1. June: www.ovsem.com

2. June: www.nalog.ru

3. June: www.isse.ru

4. June: www.rcsine.ru

5. June: www.giac.ru

6. BR: www.regadm.tambov.ru

MECHANISMS OF THE STATE SUPPORT

OF SMALL AND AVERAGE BUSINESS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

In article foreign experience of the state support of small and average business of the largest foreign countries is investigated. Similar mechanisms of stimulation of development of the small and medium business, proved the efficiency in practice are revealed.

Key words: the state support, small and medium business, experience of foreign countries.