The Ural region is quite large, consists of five regions: Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Komi-Perm autonomous region and two republics - Bashkortostan and Udmurtia. The Urals is the forge of Russia, the richest in natural resources and the most industrialized region of our country. Large industrial centers of the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Perm, Magnitogorsk, Ufa, Izhevsk, Orsk. These large cities are leaders in the amount of harmful industrial emissions in environment. Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil, polluting cities, forests and fields. Near the enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mining industry, the content of heavy metals in the soil exceeds the MPC from 50 to 2000 times. Minerals have been mined in the region for many years, chemical and petrochemical enterprises operate, which pollute the environment with oil, benzene, oxides of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, phenols, etc.
The increase in industrial and domestic effluents affected the quality of water in the region, the rivers of the Sverdlovsk region are most significantly polluted. Groundwater pollution has also been found around most of the industrial centers of the Urals, including those used for water supply.
East Ural radioactive trace, which was formed as a result of an accidental release of radioactive substances into Lake Karachay and the Techa River defense enterprise"Mayak" in September 1957, had a special impact on the ecology of the Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region, in the city of Karabash, where the Mayak plant is located, there is an ecological disaster zone, the area of \u200b\u200bthis territory is 30 km2. Pollution in this area has reached dangerous levels. Thus, the overall incidence of the population in this area is much higher than the average for Russia.
Waste from metallurgical enterprises, waste rock dumps, ash dumps of thermal power plants occupy tens of thousands of hectares of land. Quite often, toxic waste ends up in landfills, at best stored in abandoned quarries or on the territory of enterprises. Udmurtia is not in the best position, it inherited from the Soviet Union the problem of destruction and storage of chemical weapons, more than 25% of the total stock of toxic chemicals in the Russian Federation is located in the republic.
Environmental problems of the Urals
1) Deforestation 2) Air pollution 3) Landfills 4) Water pollution 5) Soil pollution and erosion 6) Radiation pollution Plan
The modern Ural is a place of industrial production, agricultural land and mining enterprises. This is the reason for a large number of environmental problems in the Urals. Modern Ural
The city of Karabash, located in the Southern Urals, 90 km northwest of Chelyabinsk, has been declared an ecological disaster zone. Near the Karabash copper smelter, the content of lead in soils reached 30-220 MPC, copper - 10 MPC and more. The total weight of emissions from the smelter over the full period of operation amounted to more than 14 million tons.
Mining open way, the creation of new industrial enterprises leads to the destruction and systematic deforestation Deforestation
The most important perspective problem is the improvement of the ecological situation in the Urals. There are microdistricts that are zones of ecological disaster, especially in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions. The development of a special federal target program economic development Ural. Air pollution
The relatively high density of the urban population contributes to the emergence of numerous landfills Landfills
The widespread development of industrial production in the Urals leads to pollution of water bodies with sewage Water pollution
Solid and liquid particles released into the atmosphere settle on the soil. In the vicinity of mining enterprises, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy heavy metals in soils exceeds MPC (maximum permissible concentrations) by 50-2000 times. Soil erosion is an acute problem in steppe and forest-steppe regions Soil change
As a result of a major accident at the Mayak association near Chelyabinsk in 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. A radioactive cloud covered an area of 23 thousand km 2 with a population of 450 thousand people and spread to the northeast in the form of a stripes. radiation pollution
A serious danger to the ecology of the Kurgan region and Udmurtia is the chemical weapons stored here, part of which are potent toxic substances. The threat is growing day by day as metal containers and ammunition containing toxic substances corrode over time, increasing the risk of leaking poisonous substances. Chemical pollution of the Urals
1) Improvement of technologies for the exploitation of natural resources 2) Construction of treatment facilities at plants and factories 3) Creation of nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries 4) Complete (if possible) waste disposal How to deal with this
Alexander Simakov worked on the presentation (grade 8a)
Ecological problems Southern Urals
Problems of the Miass River
This reduces the quality drinking water by microbiological indicators by 3.6%.
These are standard indicators
And according to sanitary and chemical indicators by 0.4%
These are standard indicators
- Main causes of pollution
- Pollutants
- Sources of pollution
- Decontamination methods Wastewater
- Other steps to improve the eco-situation
- Conclusion
- Bibliographic list
The main causes of pollution:
- anthropogenic pollution of surface and ground waters,
- high content of iron and manganese,
- inappropriate sanitary and technical condition of water supply networks and water treatment facilities,
- lack of sanitary protection at water sources and water pipes.
Pollutants:
- sulfates,
- chlorides,
- phosphates
- suspended matter,
- dry matter,
- BOD- the amount of oxygen consumed for aerobic biochemical oxidation under the action of microorganisms and the decomposition of unstable organic compounds contained in the water under study.
- manganese
Main sources of pollution:
- JSC "Miassvodokanal"
Wastewater disinfection methods:
- chlorination
Other actions that can improve the environmental situation:
- replacement of aeration systems,
- carrying out repair flushing works of internal networks of sewage pipelines.
Conclusion
These and many other steps can significantly improve the situation with the water quality of the Miass River for the better, lead to the rational use of its water resources, and reduce the concentration of pollutants in wastewater discharged into water from water supply and sewerage treatment facilities.
CONCLUSION: Thus, the ecological situation of the Miass River, associated with high pollution with organic substances, is very difficult. But at present, measures are being taken to improve the quality of water.
Bibliographic list:
- 1. The Miass River turns into a sewer // Industry and Ecology of the North - Ekaterinburg, 2012. No. 10 (29). S. 7.
- 2. Shevlyakova M.I. Comparative analysis State reports "On the state and protection of the environment" for the Sverdlovsk region. and Moscow for 2010 // Scientific work of youth - the forest complex of Russia: Sat. Materials of the IX All-Russian. sci.-tech. conf. - Ekaterinburg: FGBOU VPO "Ural.state. forest engineering un-t”, 2013. Part 1. P. 134-138.
- 3. https://yandex.ru/images/
- 4. http://www.scienceforum.ru
slide 2
1. The largest economic and industrial region of Russia The Ural economic region is located at the junction of the territories of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The Ural Federal District (UFD) is a territory with a colossal natural resource, industrial and scientific potential. The territory of the UER is extended in the meridian direction for more than 2 thousand kilometers. The area of the district is 824 thousand km2, or 4.8% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Ural economic region (Sverdlovsk, Perm, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Udmurt Republic) is almost entirely within the Urals and the flat Cis-Urals (Fig. 1). Modern natural complexes of the Urals and the Urals arose in the Neogene-Quaternary time and belong to the Russian Plain, the Urals and the West Siberian Plain. Ural is a region of very sharp economic, natural and social contrasts. Urals junction: 1.two parts of the world 2.different parts of the earth's crust 3.diverse landforms 4.basins of large river systems 5.climatic zones and regions 6.several natural zones 7.economic macroregions of Russia
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slide 4
The Urals is one of the largest old industrial regions in the world. In 1990, the old problems of the region became aggravated and new problems arose. Among them is the problem of marketing finished products, unemployment, supplying factories with raw materials, updating technologies and environmental pollution. All the environmental problems of Russia converged here. The original appearance of the taiga Urals, Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural steppes and forest-steppes has changed beyond recognition. The Middle and South Urals are an anthropogenic and natural region with a predominance of mining forestry, pasture and arable landscapes. On the site of the mountains of Magnetic, High and Grace, gigantic quarries arose. In the 1930s, the creation of a large-scale Ural metallurgy, the development of mechanical engineering, chemical, paper and timber industries began in the Urals. Great work was carried out to create a fuel and energy base. To supply electricity to the industry of the Urals, the Chelyabinsk, Yegorshinskaya, Kizelovskaya and other power plants were built on the basis of local fuel, and later the Beloyarskaya NPP, Reftinskaya, Permskaya, Iriklinskaya GRES, etc.
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Branches of market specialization of industry. The leading branch of market specialization of the Urals is ferrous metallurgy. Ural is the main metallurgical base of Russia. More than 80% of the metal is produced by factories and plants - Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky. Of the old reconstructed factories, the most significant are the Zlatoust, Verkh-Isetsky, Lysvensky, Chusovsky, and Beloyarsky factories. Full cycle plants work partly for local iron ores, ores of KMA and neighboring Kazakhstan and imported coking coal from Kuzbass.
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Non-ferrous metallurgy is of national importance. The copper-smelting industry belongs to the old branches of non-ferrous metallurgy. In copper smelting, the district belongs to one of the leading places in the country. Copper smelters are located near copper deposits on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.
Slide 7
The branches of market specialization of the Urals are also mechanical engineering and metalworking. Among them are such giants as the Ural Heavy Engineering Plant in Yekaterinburg (Uralmash), the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Yekaterinburg electrical apparatus plant, Chelyabinsk abrasive plant and a number of others. Old factories have also been reconstructed, including the Zlatoust Tool Plant, the Chelyabinsk Plant of Agricultural Engineering, the Miass Plant, and others. At present, the leading industries are heavy, power and transport engineering. Ural factories produce equipment for the metallurgical and mining industries, turbines, generators, railway cars, cars, trams, motorcycles, buses, river boats, etc. major centers mechanical engineering steel Orenburg, Orsk, Izhevsk and Kurgan.
Slide 8
An important branch of market specialization is the chemical industry. Its main products are mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and products of organic synthesis. The potash industry stands out in particular, represented by the largest potash plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki. Centers chemical industry also became cities in which the metallurgical industry is developed. Here, the production of sulfuric acid is based on waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Oil production is carried out in Bashkortostan (Ishimbay and others), Perm and Orenburg regions, the oil refining industry is developed in Ufa, Sterlitamak, Orsk, Perm and Krasnokamsk. A new large gas production and processing area has been created in the Orenburg Region.
Slide 9
The branches of market specialization also include the forestry, woodworking and wood-chemical industries. The main forest wealth of the region is located in the north, within the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions. The main centers of sawmilling are Ivdel, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The wood-chemical and pulp and paper industries have been developed. In the inter-district division of social labor, the Urals is also distinguished by a developed industry building materials, which works on local non-metallic raw materials. Cement plants are located in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nevyansk, Katav-Ivanovsk, Novotroitsk, Yemanzhelinsk, etc. Ural is the main producer of asbestos and products from it, as well as refractory bricks, facing and other materials
Slide 10
Transport and economic ties. The most important role among the modes of transport in the Urals belongs to the railways. The basis of the railway network is formed by latitudinal and meridional lines intersecting almost at right angles. Of the latitudinal highways, the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok is of the greatest importance. Latitudinal highways cross the Urals at the latitude of Chelyabinsk and Orenburg, Orsk. Meridional roads at the same time act as distributors of goods arriving in the Urals in the order of inter-district exchange. The network of meridional roads on the Eastern slope of the Urals is better developed. The line Polunochnoe - Orsk is highlighted; the road Serov - Chelyabinsk runs parallel to it. On the Western slope of the Urals Railway Solikamsk - Glass. A railway was also built to the Tyumen region Ivdel - Ob. Pipeline transport has been developed. The main oil and gas pipelines from Western Siberia to the European regions of Russia and the countries of Eastern and Western Europe pass through the territory of the Urals.
Slide 11
Agriculture. The agriculture of the Urals specializes in the production of livestock products, grain and potatoes. In the north-west of the region, in the Perm region and Udmurtia, crops of rye, fodder crops, flax and potatoes predominate; animal husbandry has a dairy and meat direction.
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The special pain of the Urals is radiation pollution. Long before Chernobyl, the people of Urals felt the formidable breath of nuclear death. 100 km from Chelyabinsk there is an association "Mayak", (Chelyabinsk-65) since 1949 produces nuclear fuel(plutonium). In 1957, half of the Chernobyl dose of radiation was released into the air. The radioactive cloud covered an area of 23 thousand km2: cities, villages and villages with a population of 450 thousand people. As a result of a major accident at the Mayak nuclear fuel cycle facility, the East Ural radioactive trace (EURT) was formed.
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Protection of the Urals from ecological disaster: shaping efficient structure government controlled environmental protection; development of methods economic evaluation negative environmental consequences, improvement of the licensing system for emissions, discharges of pollutants, waste disposal; stimulating the development and implementation of effective environmental management systems at enterprises; improvement of economic and financial mechanisms environmental protection, development of the market for works and services for environmental purposes; improving the efficiency of state environmental expertise, environmental impact assessment procedures and a number of others.
Slide 14
law Russian Federation“On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991, defines the following types of specially protected natural areas. 1. State natural reserves - natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna), forever withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as standards of the natural environment , typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of plants and animals. 2. State natural reserves - natural complexes intended for the conservation and reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources. 3.National natural parks - natural complexes that have ecological, genetic, scientific, ecological and educational, recreational value as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, education of the population. 4. Natural monuments are unique natural objects and natural complexes of relic, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and in need of state protection. 5. Resort and health-improving zones - specially protected areas and areas of water space with natural healing properties, mineral springs, climatic and other conditions favorable for the treatment and prevention of diseases. 6. Green zones - territories around cities and industrial settlements that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary and hygienic and recreational functions allocated to suburban green zones, including forest park protective belts.
slide 15
Oh, man! Listen to the planet! Listen to the pulse and heart of the Earth. She is sick and groans like the wind, And asks us: "Save and save!".
The presentation was developed to study the most acute and urgent environmental problems of the Ural region. With the help of the project, the teacher provides information about the threats under which the ecology of the Urals is located, and what assistance can be provided to the native land to get rid of it.
In the presentation "Ecological problems of the Urals" the main characteristics of the Ural economic region are given, all its advantages, which are important for the whole of Russia, are given. Information is given about its climatic conditions, minerals of the district, which makes the Urals one of the largest and most famous old industrial regions of the world. Additionally, a map is presented, which shows the boundaries of the Ural region. The main branches are presented, in which ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and many others are mainly distinguished. All types of such activities are in the first place due to causing huge damage to nature. Therefore, in the conclusion of the presentation, a law is given that prescribes the protection of the environment.
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