In fact, the production of water by the pipeline is much greater than the useful supply of water by its consumer.
The amount of water taken from a water source per year is determined by the formula:
Qyear=Qmax.day*D, thousand m3 (30)
where Qmax.days – water raised by pumps (1.25+1591.2=1989m3/day)
D - number calendar days per year
Qyear=1989*365+726.0 thousand m3
5.3 Definition of year
new operating costs (costs)
The cost of water supply services is valuation used in the process of production and sale of services of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, fixed assets, labor resources, as well as other costs for their production and sale.
The total cost of supplied (consumed) water includes the costs of:
Electricity;
materials;
Fuel;
payroll;
Contribution to social needs;
depreciation;
Repair and Maintenance(repair fund);
shop expenses;
General operating (general) expenses;
non-operating expenses.
5.3.1 Energy cost calculation
The calculation of costs for this cost item is based on data on the specific consumption of electricity per unit cubic meter of water, the volume of water and the tariff for 1 kWh. electricity.
The volume of electricity consumed by all electrical consumers for technological needs is determined by the formula: AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
For pumps:
WkW=Ni*Q*H, kWh, (31)
where Ni is the specific power consumption for lifting 100m3 per 1m of lifting;
Q is the amount of water pumped per year, thousand m3.
H is the average annual height of water lift by pumps, m.
Wrms kW=5.98*726*88.17=382788.3
W sharpW \u003d 4.43 * 580.8 * 48.11 \u003d 123784.3
For bactericidal installations for groundwater disinfection.
WkW=20*726=14520 kWh
The cost of electricity for auxiliary needs (lighting, ventilation, heating, lifting mechanisms, etc.) is determined in the amount of 10% of the total electricity consumption.
Wext.m.kW=(382788.3+123784.3+14520)*0.1=5210.3
Electricity losses in electrical networks and power transformers are determined in the amount of 6% of the total electricity consumption
Wu=(521092.6+52109.3)*0.06=34392.1
Technical characteristics of electrical consumers and the results of calculations are entered in the table.
Table 8 - Electricity consumption
|
Total power of electrical consumers, kW |
|||||
|
1. Pumps 1 ETsV6-16-110G | |||||
|
2. Pumps K 45-55 | |||||
|
3. Bactericidal unit UDV 50/70 | |||||
|
4. Electricity costs for auxiliary needs, 10% | |||||
|
5. Electricity losses in power grids and power transformers, 6% | |||||
The amount of electricity costs is determined by the formula:
Sal \u003d Tel * WkWh, thousand rubles (32)
Where Tel is the tariff rate for consumed energy, rub./kWh, differentiated by the ranges of the annual number of hours of use (from 7000 and above for low voltage - 223 kom.
Sal \u003d 2.23 * 607594.0 \u003d 1354.9 thousand rubles.
5.3.2 Material cost calculation
The consumption of materials per year is determined by the formula
Pi=0.298*365=108.8kg (33)
Annual costs in monetary terms for materials we determine
Cm(p)=Σ Pi*Ji, thousand rubles
where Ji is the price per unit of measurement, rub.
Sulfuric acid
Sm(r)=108.8*0.583=63.4=0.06t.r.
Lamps \u003d 1 * 30 \u003d 30 thousand rubles.
Total = 30.06 thousand rubles.
5.3.3 Calculation of labor costs
The initial data for calculating labor costs are the standards for the number of personnel, tariff rates, bonuses and additional payments for working conditions, working conditions, etc.
The norms for the number of water supply workers provide for:
For managers, specialists and employees - payroll;
For workers - attendance.
Tariffication of works (workers) is carried out in accordance with ETKS.
Tariff rates and official salaries of employees of the enterprise are set according to the ETS.
The number of personnel is given in the table.
5.3.3.1 The salary of workers and employees consists of the basic and additional wages, as well as payment for unworked time (vacation).
The basic wage fund consists of the wages of workers, calculated at monthly tariff rates and their number.
FZPmovr \u003d ΣORyai * Hsi * 12, thousand rubles
where ORяi is the monthly tariff rate of the corresponding tariff category, rub.
Nci - the number of workers in the corresponding tariff group, people.
FZPmnupovr \u003d 4485 * 5 * 12 \u003d 269.1
Further calculation of the tariff wage fund is made in the table.
The fund of additional wages consists of additional payments and allowances paid at the expense of the cost price.
a) the amount of additional payments for work at night is determined.
Night=Tsrh*Fnight*Knoch*Chnoch, thousand rubles (34)
where Tsrchas is the average hourly tariff rate, rub. Fnoch - night time fund, hour (2920). Knoch - coefficient of additional payments to tariff rate for each hour of night time, Knoch=0.5. Night - the number of workers simultaneously working at night, people.
losses drinking water during its production and transportation. The results of the analysis of the total water balance of the supply and sale of water are given in Table. 2.3.1.1.
Tab. 2.3.1.1. Results of the analysis of the overall water balance of water supply and sale
|
No. p.p. |
Expenditure |
Unit |
Meaning |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
Volume of raised water |
thousand m 3 |
9,52 |
|
2 |
Supply volume to the network |
thousand m 3 |
9,52 |
|
3 |
HPW loss volume |
thousand m 3 |
1,43 |
|
4 |
HPW loss volume |
% |
15,00 |
|
5 |
|
thousand m 3 |
8,09 |
Based on the analysis carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The sales volume of cold water in 2013 amounted to 8.09 thousand m 3 . The volume of water losses during the sale amounted to 1.43 thousand m 3 . The volume of water intake from underground sources is actually dictated by the need for water volumes for sale (useful supply) and water consumption for own and technological needs, water losses in the network.
Over the past years, there has been a trend towards rational and economical consumption of cold water and, consequently, a decrease in sales volumes by all categories of cold water consumers and, accordingly, the amount of water disposal.
To reduce and eliminate unproductive costs and water losses, the structure is analyzed monthly, the amount of water losses in water supply systems is determined, the volumes of useful water consumption are estimated, and the planned value of objectively unavoidable water losses is set.
As a result of the analysis, unaccounted for and unavoidable costs and losses from the water supply networks of the municipality "Manzherok rural settlement" can be divided into:
Useful costs:
expenses for technological needs of water supply networks, including:
tank cleaning;
flushing dead-end networks;
for disinfection, washing after the elimination of accidents, scheduled replacements;
expenses for annual preventive maintenance, flushing;
flushing of sewer networks;
extinguishing fires;
testing fire hydrants.
organizational and accounting expenses, including:
not registered by measuring instruments;
not taken into account due to the error of measuring instruments for subscribers;
not registered by means of measuring apartment water meters;
losses from water supply networks as a result of accidents;
hidden leaks from water supply networks;
leaks from the seal of network fittings;
expenses for natural loss when supplying water through pipelines;
leaks as a result of accidents on water supply networks, which are on the balance of subscribers up to water metering units.
2.3.2. Territorial balance of drinking water supply by technological zones of water supply (annual and per day of maximum water consumption)
Actual water consumption amounted to 8.09 thousand m 3 /year, on average 0.022 thousand m 3 /day, per day of maximum water consumption 0.029 thousand m 3 /day.drinking water consumption
|
No. p.p. |
|
Actual water consumption thousand m 3 /year |
Average water consumption thousand m 3 / day |
|
|
1 |
With. Manzherok |
4,93 |
0,014 |
0,018 |
|
2 |
With. lake |
3,16 |
0,009 |
0,011 |
2.3.10. Forecast of the distribution of water consumption for water supply by types of subscribers, including for water supply of residential buildings, public and business facilities, industrial facilities, based on the actual consumption of drinking, technical water, taking into account data on the prospective consumption of drinking, technical water by subscribers
The results of the analysis of the forecast for the distribution of water costs for water supply by types of subscribers are given in Table. 2.3.10.1Tab. 2.3.10.1. Analysis results
water distribution
|
№ p.p. |
Year |
Water supply |
||
|
Population |
Budget |
Other |
||
|
thousand m 3 /year |
thousand m 3 /year |
thousand m 3 /year |
||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
2013 |
4,90 |
3,19 |
0,00 |
|
2 |
2020 |
44,38 |
28,89 |
0,00 |
|
3 |
2024 |
68,45 |
44,56 |
0,00 |
Forecast water consumption balances of the Manzherok Rural Settlement Municipality were calculated in accordance with SNiP 2.04.02-84 “Water supply. External networks and structures”.
2.3.11. Information on actual and planned losses of drinking, technical water during its transportation (annual, average daily values)
The analysis of information on the losses of drinking water during its transportation led to the conclusion that in 2013, water losses in the water supply networks amounted to 1.43 thousand m 3, or 15% of the total amount of water raised at the water storage facility. The losses are related to the wear and tear of water supply networks, in connection with which, it is proposed to carry out measures to repair the water supply system of the municipality "Manzherok rural settlement".The introduction of a set of measures for energy saving and water saving, such as the organization of a dispatching system, reconstruction of existing pipelines, with the installation of flow sensors, pressure sensors at the main main interchanges (wells) will reduce water losses, reduce water consumption, reduce the load on waterworks, improving the quality of their work, and expand the service area in housing construction.
After the implementation of all the above measures, the planned water losses in the TOVP networks in 2024 will amount to 5.95 thousand m 3 or 5%.
2.3.12. Perspective balances of water supply and sanitation (general - balance of supply and sale of drinking, technical water, territorial - balance of supply of drinking, technical water by technological zones of water supply, structural - balance of sales of drinking, technical water by groups of subscribers)
The results of the analysis of the general, territorial and structural water balance for the supply and sale of water for 2024 are given in Table. 2.3.12.1, 2.3.12.2, 2.3.12.3.Tab. 2.3.12.1. The overall balance of supply and
sales of drinking water
|
No. p.p. |
Expenditure |
Unit |
Meaning |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
Volume of raised water |
thousand m 3 |
118,96 |
|
2 |
Supply volume to the network |
thousand m 3 |
118,96 |
|
3 |
HPW loss volume |
thousand m 3 |
5,95 |
|
4 |
HPW loss volume |
% |
5,00 |
|
5 |
The volume of productive supply of HPV to consumers |
thousand m 3 |
113,01 |
Tab. 2.3.12.2. Territorial
balance of drinking water supply
|
No. p.p. |
Name of settlements |
Estimated water consumption thousand m 3 / year |
|
Maximum water consumption, thousand m 3 / day |
|
1 |
With. Manzherok |
68,83 |
0,19 |
0,25 |
|
2 |
With. lake |
44,18 |
0,12 |
0,16 |
Tab. 2.3.12.3 Structural balance
sales of drinking water
|
No. p.p. |
Name of consumers |
Estimated water consumption, thousand m 3 / year |
Average water consumption, thousand m 3 / day |
Maximum water consumption, thousand m 3 / day |
|
1 |
Population |
68,450 |
0,188 |
0,244 |
|
2 |
Budget |
44,563 |
0,122 |
0,159 |
|
3 |
Other |
0,000 |
0,000 |
0,000 |
2.3.13. Calculation of the required capacity of water intake and treatment facilities based on data on the prospective consumption of drinking, industrial water and the amount of losses of drinking, industrial water during its transportation, indicating the required volumes of supply and consumption of drinking, industrial water, deficit (reserve) of capacities by technological zones, broken down by years
Based on the result of the analysis of the loads planned for connection, it can be seen that the maximum water consumption falls on 2024, therefore, the calculation of the required capacity of the VDU equipment (water intake units) was made for the following estimated water consumption corresponding to this period:
the volume of supply to the network from the VZU is: 118960 m 3;
the estimated productivity of the VDU is: 118960 /365*1.3 = 423.7 t/day;
existing capacity of VDU: 269 t/day;
VZU performance margin: (1-423.7 / 269) * 100 = -57.5%.
2.3.14. The name of the organization that is endowed with the status of a guaranteeing organization
An analysis of the situation in the rural settlement showed that at the moment not a single organization on the territory of the Manzherok Rural Settlement has the status of a guaranteeing organization.
Thus, having considered the basis for the formation of tariffs for communal resources and their approval, let's move on to a detailed study of the procedure for calculating tariffs.
Industry-specific features of the formation of volumes of sales of communal resources
The first and probably the most important stage in the formation of the production program utility company, which serves as the basis for calculating tariffs, is planning the volume of products to be produced and sold.
Regardless of the field of activity of the utility company: heat supply, water supply, electricity supply, gas supply, one can single out a strictly regulated sequence of technological stages that are aimed at obtaining communal resources in the required quantities with the required quality. Such technological stages include the production (extraction) of a communal resource, giving this resource the necessary properties (qualities), transportation of this resource to consumers. For the provision of wastewater services, all the same production stages are preserved, but following each other in reverse order.
Consider the indicators of the production program using the example of a water utility and a heating system.
Indicators water utility production program can be represented by the following volumes:
Volume of water demand, total:
including
the volume of lifting (intake) of water (Q pr.);
the volume of water purchases (Q running);
The volume of water supplied for cleaning (Q clear);
The volume of water for own needs of water supply (Q tech.);
The volume of water supply to the network (Q network.);
Volume of industrial and drinking water losses (Q losses);
The volume of useful water supply, total (Q full supply):
including:
the volume of water supply for the needs of the company's divisions (Q pot.podr.);
the volume of sales of drinking water to consumers, total (Q sold.drinks.):
including: the population,
organizations;
the volume of sales to consumers of technical water (Q realiz.tech.).
Indicators production program of the heat supply enterprise can be represented by the following volumes:
The volume of production of thermal energy (Q etc.);
Technological needs of boiler houses (Q tech.);
The volume of released thermal energy in heating network(Q leave);
The volume of purchases of thermal energy from third-party manufacturers (Q purchases);
Losses of thermal energy in thermal networks (Q losses.);
The volume of useful supply of thermal energy, total (Q full supply):
including:
the volume of heat energy supply for the needs of the company's divisions (Q pot.podr.);
volume of sales to consumers of thermal energy, total (Q realized):
including: the population,
organizations;
Regardless of the field of activity of the utility company - water supply, heat supply, electricity supply, gas supply exist features of the formation of the production program inherent in every enterprise.
The first feature of the production program is balance method of its preparation. The term balance itself implies the balance or comparability of the indicators of any system. That is, all indicators of the production program are interconnected and cannot exist on their own. In general, they constitute single system, each of which is subordinate to the other indicators. In addition, the balance method implies comparability of indicators not only in structure, but also in dynamics. That is, the planned indicators should be comparable with the actual ones and vice versa.
The second feature of the preparation of the production program is the order of its development. The formation of the production program begins with the final indicators, that is, with sales volumes. Further, as if rising up, the volumes of consumption of thermal energy are added, electrical energy, water, sewage disposal, gas by own divisions of the enterprise, losses in networks, technological needs, receiving in the end production volumes.
That is, the calculation of production indicators should be based on the following sequence:
1. Q real.drinks. + Q pot. = Q holiday
2. Q half vacation. + Q losses. = Q purchase + Q leave
3. Q vacation + Q tech. = Q pr.
The third feature of the formation of production and sales volumes by an enterprise is that production volumes can be part of one or more programs subject to the following conditions:
the composition of the technological stages of the process of production of thermal energy, electricity, water, gas, wastewater disposal, the result of which is the sale of services to consumers or their transfer between divisions of the enterprise;
type of systems: for example, for water supply - centralized and decentralized, for heat supply - a closed or open water intake system;
way of connecting consumers to a centralized engineering system. For example, for water supply, direct or remote (supply of water, water pumps, removal of liquid sewage);
the type of products sold to consumers and transferred between structural divisions of the enterprise: for example, for water supply, drinking or industrial water, for heat supply, depending on the type of heat carrier - hot water or steam.
Each of the above conditions predetermines the preparation of a separate program for the formation of production volumes and the implementation of the corresponding one of the conditions. The initial indicators of production and sales volumes for each of these programs should be indicators of the enterprise's summary program of production and sales volumes, which indicates the total production and sales volumes for the enterprise.
Let's pass to consideration of an order of formation of each element of the production program.
The specifics of the formation of sales volumes of communal resources
sales volumes can be determined in one of the following ways:
by metering devices;
according to consumption standards;
calculated on the basis of the physical parameters of consumer objects.
Determination of sales volumes on the basis of metering devices does not cause much difficulty and consists in periodic readings (once a month, quarter, year). Thus, for those consumers who have metering devices installed, the planned sales volume is calculated based on meter readings for the reporting period, taking into account changes in consumption volumes planned by consumers. Planned changes in sales volumes usually mean such changes as:
Revision of the contractual volumes of water consumption in the planning period;
The trend in the volume of water consumption, determined on the basis of statistical data for 5 reporting periods preceding the period in which tariffs are calculated for the planned period, using statistical forecasting methods 1 .
In cases where the buyers of utility products are legal entities that purchase electricity, heat, water, gas under a contract and receive wastewater for domestic consumption by the population, a change in the contractual purchase volumes may be caused by the demolition of dilapidated and the commissioning of new residential buildings, migration of the population and other conditions.
In the absence of metering devices for such a group of consumers as the population, when calculating sales volumes, they usually use consumption standards.
In the absence of metering devices for legal entities, often used calculation methods determination of sales volumes. In this case, planned or actual indicators of the operation of the technological equipment of the consumer enterprise, the physical parameters of buildings, the number of employees and technical and economic indicators are used.
Volumes of resources used for own needs
The volume of resources used for own needs can be divided into two parts, which at the beginning of the section were designated as Q tech. (technological needs of production) and Q pot.podr. (need for communal resources of the main production units producing other products, auxiliary units, office building).
Technology Needs of a utility company in its own production does not occupy a significant amount in the total amount of electricity produced, thermal energy, water, gas, wastewater intake, but unlike many other indicators, along with losses and leaks, the efficiency of the utility company is determined.
1) Technological needs in water supply can be water for disinfection and flushing of water supply systems (including water supply networks), the needs of pumping stations, sampling, analysis and preparation of reagents, and household and drinking needs of employees of the enterprise engaged in water supply.
2) In the production of thermal energy, technological needs include blowing steam boilers, fuel oil heating, technological needs of chemical water treatment, heating and household needs of the boiler house.
The calculation of the need for own products for technological needs is carried out on the basis of industry methods, the results of operational and adjustment tests, the technical parameters of the installed equipment and the production plan. Very often, the amount of consumed communal resources of own production is taken as a percentage of the total output. Such a settlement procedure is possible with a fairly stable operation of the enterprise with an insignificant consumption of the produced communal resource for its own needs.
Release of communal resources to divisions of the enterprise in more Connected with their consumption for household needs: heating of buildings, lighting, operation of shower screens and sanitary facilities.
Losses and their types
Losses- the most important indicator of the efficiency of the work of a utility company, a clear indicator of the state of the accounting system, the effectiveness of the marketing activities of the organization.
All losses are usually divided into 2 large groups:
Technical losses – losses due to the physical processes of transmission and distribution of electrical energy, thermal energy, water, gas and wastewater reception are determined by calculation.
Commercial losses– losses defined as the difference between absolute and technical losses.
Formation of the cost of selling communal resources
Cost price are the costs of production and sale of products expressed in cash .
From the general definition of cost, we can distinguish production cost And cost of sales.
Then production cost can be denoted as the sum of the costs of the enterprise for the production of products, which is formed in the shops of the main and auxiliary production. Cost of sales denote as the sum of the enterprise's expenses for the production and sale of products, formed from the cost of production and general business expenses.
Main production shops these are the departments of the enterprise involved. There is one common feature of costing that can be applied to any utility company. It lies in the fact that the cost is formed by processes consisting of both separate technological stages and several technological stages.
Example.
For water supply, the following stages of costing can be distinguished:The rise of water. Water purification. Water transportation .
In cases where a utility company dispenses a homogeneous product (for example, dispenses only drinking water) and it does not have other activities, then all stages of production are combined into a single process.
Abstract >> Economics
... [edit] Literature John Daley Effective pricing - the basis competitive advantage= Pricing for Profitability ... . Milgram S. Avoid superficial approaches to basics pricing//Economic sciences. 1988. No. 1. S. 138-142 ...
Theoretical basics pricing
Abstract >> Economics...)" SUMMARY on the course "Economics" Theoretical basics pricing Completed by: Kuznetsova D.A. gr.85-SO... and profitability. References Gerasimenko V.V. " Pricing»- M., 2005. Kotler F. " Basics marketing - St. Petersburg: Brief...
Pricing. Lecture notes
Synopsis >> Economic theoryIntroduction 4 Topic 1. Theoretical and methodological basics pricing 5 Economic content prices 5 Price functions... price improvements and pricing. Topic 1. Theoretical and methodological basics pricing The economic content of the price...
FEATURES OF ENERGY SAVING IN THE WATER SERVICE OF CITIES
Municipal enterprise "PTP "Voda"", Kharkiv, Ukraine
Introduction
Municipal water management (WSS) is the life support system of society, the largest sector of the economy in terms of the amount of processed and transported product, and one of the main consumers of electricity. In the urban infrastructure of large metropolitan areas, its energy intensity is comparable to that of rail transport and the subway, and sometimes even exceeds them.
Thus, the annual consumption of electricity by enterprises of the water supply and sewerage sector in Ukraine is about 8 billion kWh, which is equivalent to the production of electricity by almost the entire cascade of the Dnieper hydroelectric power plants. Therefore, energy saving is essential element to ensure conditions for the uninterrupted functioning of water supply systems.
The use of energy resources in the sphere of water supply and wastewater treatment cannot currently be considered rational. And the main reason for the high costs, as in general in the field of housing and communal services, is low energy efficiency. The main means of production (pipelines, pumps, etc.) for the most part have served for a considerable period of time, are obsolete and technically worn out.
A quarter of the water supply facilities and networks of Ukraine (in monetary terms) have worked out the depreciation period and almost 40% of the pumping equipment in operation is physically worn out, as a result of which at least 10% of the consumed electricity is lost. In addition, an additional 12% of electricity is spent on overcoming the hydraulic resistance of networks due to a decrease in their bandwidth.
The inclusion in the tariffs of the necessary investment component for the modernization of water supply systems is constrained by the growth of social tension.
Various energy saving programs adopted and implemented in recent years are extremely important. However, for water supply systems that have their own distinctive features, they must be filled with a qualitatively new content under the general thesis: from energy saving to energy efficiency. Such an approach in modern economic conditions should be considered not just integral part, but a fundamental component of the reform of the WSS and the foundation for the financial recovery of municipal water management enterprises.
Features of energy saving in KVH
Energy saving provides for activities aimed at the rational use and economical use of primary and converted energy and natural energy resources in the national economy and is implemented using organizational, scientific, production, technical, economic, legal and information measures. The term "energy saving" basically means reducing the absolute consumption of energy resources. In principle, you can save in different ways, probably even in any way and, paradoxically, with any cost - especially when benchmarks are strictly regulated.
Strange as it may seem at first glance, but due to the specifics and social significance of centralized water supply, a separate reduction in the electricity used in such systems is not a paramount task. Conceptually, in the foreground is the saving of financial resources for the purchase of energy resources and the introduction of energy-saving technologies while performing the main socially important function of providing water to the population and industries. And this is far from the same thing, which causes different conceptual approaches to energy saving policy in the field of the municipal drinking water supply industry.
The use of electricity can be identified as efficient if and only if its real savings are obtained, and the basic requirements are met for subscribers:
water as a material product and commodity meets state standards and sanitary legislation in terms of standardized quality indicators;
the population is provided drinking water within the boundaries of scientifically based drinking water supply standards - to meet physiological and sanitary and hygienic needs;
water supply for fire-fighting needs was provided, and other consumers were supplied with water in accordance with the terms of the contracts;
the stability of the water supply system according to the established water supply modes has been preserved.
If these conditions are violated, energy saving cannot be recognized as either rational or effective. The ideal result of water supply should be considered the full (lossless) use of primary energy to supply water of standard quality to the areas of economic and industrial human activity. In other words, saving water, we actually save electricity. The main thing here is the resource itself and the product made from it (drinking water), when, unlike other goods, we are not able to change either its volumetric or weight characteristics, but we can influence the consumption parameters of consumption itself. This is a very important premise.
Specific signs of CVH
The characteristic features of the KVH, which distinguish it from enterprises of other specialization profiles, include the following:
Relative stability of the quantitative parameters of the product (water), with the exception of general trends towards a decrease or increase in the specific costs of water use.
The inseparability of output by stages of the energy flow with the extraction, processing, transportation, redistribution, delivery and release of water. Operators and forms of process control may change at different stages of water supply, but the general essence and sequence of operations remains unchanged. The accumulation stage in the centralized water supply is not required, as well as warehouses for finished products, except for tanks clean water designed to compensate for the daily unevenness of water consumption.
Weak influence of changes in product quality on the variability of energy consumption. The main dominant in this case remains the transfer of volumes of water resources in the economic link of the water cycle.
Compliance necessary conditions the fundamental viability of water supply: the presence and minimum performance of the main parts of the system, the through passage of energy (water) through all its elements and the coordination of the frequency of work for all components of the system.
An artificial reduction in water supply, for example, by introducing limiting schedules, can easily be mistaken for energy savings. However, the corresponding performance indicators for water supply organizations are deteriorating. And not only this. The comfort of living and the quality of human life are violated, which, in turn, through other criteria and assessments, aggravates the economy of water supply enterprises: additional non-payments, litigation, penalties, etc.
The main energy saving measures are absolute units (kWh), that is, the best idealized option and indicator of the most effective solution is a complete cessation of electricity consumption with the shutdown of all pumping and other technological equipment.
Energy efficiency of water supply
Energy efficiency (EF) refers to the efficiency of using energy resources or a characteristic of the effect achieved from the use of a unit of energy. E efficiency (lat.effectivus ) as performance (efficiency) shows how effective is the consumption of electricity and the implementation of energy saving measures.
Definition. Energy efficiency of centralized water supply - socially and economically justified efficiency of energy saving in the field of drinking water water supply (with the current level of development of technology and technology and compliance with the requirements for environmental protection).
In the social context - guaranteed satisfaction of the population and other consumers with water of standard quality at prices (tariffs) acceptable to society. In the economic aspect - reducing the total cost of purchasing electricity. Achieved through reducing the use of water by the population as a material resource (bringing it to the level of developed European countries, as well as the introduction of energy-saving technologies and equipment at water supply facilities.
Improving the efficiency of energy use can be seen as identifying and implementing measures and tools with the aim of providing the most complete water supply services at the lowest cost of the required energy. However, this does not exclude the simultaneous implementation of the strategic direction - the reduction of water consumption by the population in various interconnected combinations of direct water and electricity savings. And to express the achieved effect should be in relative units. The saved kilowatts are less representative here, although they are essential for the numerical assessment of the reduction in the energy component in the cost of water.
Estimated indicators of energy efficiency of water supply systems
According to GOST R, an indicator of energy efficiency is an absolute, specific or relative value of consumption or loss of energy resources for products of any purpose or technological process.
There are no generally accepted ESP indicators for water supply systems. Implicitly, they are characterized by the share of commercial water losses, the amount of water consumed by an average resident according to standards or metering devices, and the consumption of electricity for lifting or pumping water. In addition, regional energy saving programs contain well-defined indirect criteria: savings in electrical energy (% per year), the cost of saved electricity, the total cost of energy saving, etc. Such evaluation characteristics are important in themselves, for example, when analyzing and monitoring the implementation of resource-saving technologies. However, this is not enough - it is necessary to enter ESP parameters to assess the dynamics of electricity use in the entire water supply system in the complex and at its various levels (Fig. 1).
Thus, an increase in the efficiency of pumping equipment may not lead to the expected increase in EF due to large water losses in distribution networks, and the planned savings in electrical energy can be easily achieved by artificially reducing the water supply.
Drinking water is the main commercial product produced in KVH. Therefore, similar to the energy intensity of the gross domestic product to assess the rational use of electricity in water supply, it is advisable to use such a technical and economic indicator as the specific electricity consumption (SEC) per meter of cubic water (produced, supplied, pumped), kWh/m3. This parameter at the present time serves as the main and only indicator characterizing the energy efficiency of the WSS management in general and its structural divisions or the state of the equipment in particular.
However, in practice, this parameter in itself is not very informative and is not representative for comparing water supply systems in different cities, and even in one city, too, if there are several water supply sources. And although it is measured in relative units of water consumption, it is difficult to compare with each other the degree of technical improvement of individual elements of the system - the same pumping stations. Therefore, it seems quite natural to move from the SER to an assessment of its relative change in dimensionless quantities or percentages, which corresponds to general rules determining the efficiency of production processes.
The main indicator of the energy efficiency of water supply is the relative specific consumption of electricity consumed per 1 m3 of water.
Let, https://pandia.ru/text/78/001/images/image003_27.gif" width="293" height="73">
The basic value w0 in the above formulas can be chosen and some industry indicator. Then the ratio of the relative power consumption of different water supply systems will serve as a criterion when comparing their development and the efficiency of using electricity.
Water flow parameters for energy efficiency assessment
The intake of water from a water supply source is not informative enough here, since it is possible to withdraw water from water body and spend it entirely on your own needs. In addition, wastewater treatment plants usually use non-pressure gravity schemes with a small share of electricity consumption.
The main consumption characteristics of centralized water supply are:
Q n - water supply, calculated from pumping stations of the second lift (after water intake from water bodies and its purification at air conditioning facilities);
Q p - sale or useful supply of water to consumers;
Q sweat - water losses, technological and unaccounted expenses in the system of water supply and distribution, taking into account its use for domestic needs and auxiliary facilities of the water supply and sewerage system, starting from the outputs of the supply pumping stations of the 2nd lift.
The sale or useful release of water is a relatively subjective value. It depends, in particular, on water consumption standards - some calculated values \u200b\u200bapproved by local authorities. In addition, with the mass installation of water meters, the implementation has a general tendency to decrease, both due to a decrease in real water consumption, and all kinds of ways to manipulate devices and the actual theft of water. Unfortunately, falsification resources exist, since the meter is quite complicated in terms of device, operation algorithms, installation and operation. In practice, simultaneously with the introduction of individual measuring instruments, the imbalance between the results of accounting for supply and consumption is growing, and such tricks with devices are forced to be attributed to water losses in distribution networks.
Water loss
It is necessary to distinguish between physical water losses (leaks, technological costs for flushing water networks, leakage through the wetted surface of clean water tanks, etc.) and losses as a kind of collective image. At the physical level, losses depend on the laws of fluid motion (hydraulics, hydrodynamics), the laws of queuing systems, and the patterns of "aging" of complex multicomponent systems. On the other hand, unaccounted expenses include water theft and underestimation. It is practically impossible to determine the total amount of losses and the ratio of its components on the basis of reported data, since so far only an insignificant part of the water used is taken into account.
In other words, everything that is not realized and underestimated is also shifted to the total losses. Q sweat, the value of which in the KWH is already prohibitively high. At the same time, the water itself does not flow out through damage to the networks and can be reasonably used, but for Vodokanals it is considered lost. Losses of water during transportation also increase due to the aging of pipelines and are included in industry standards for the use of drinking water, as well as unaccounted for water consumption at metering devices.
Thus, for the water supply system, the main consumption characteristics in calculating the EF should be considered the supply of water, controlled by meters, and the sale of water, which, although somewhat approximately, but characterizes the level of real water consumption. The optimal result under these conditions is the full (lossless) use of electrical energy for the preparation of drinking water of standard quality and its “bringing to the tap” of the consumer (also without losses) in the required amount according to the established mode of its supply.
As an example, estimates of the EF for the centralized water supply of Kharkov were calculated: separately for the supply of water from two surface remote sources and in general for the group water supply system - for the sale or useful supply of water (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Energy efficiency by years in the group water supply system of Kharkov: for the sale and supply of drinking water from remote sources
The starting point for comparing electricity consumption was 2002, which was considered “unsuccessful” in terms of the rational use of energy resources in relative consumption units of water. Characteristically, after the implementation of a set of measures in 2003, including the optimization of the work of 3 lifts, the performance of the EF immediately improved. In 2004, despite a slight decrease in the EF for the main supply facilities, the EF for the sale of water increased, which shows the effectiveness of administrative measures and the work of the subscriber service.
In 2007 energy efficiency nf for head supply facilities and for the sale of water (taking into account the imbalance in heat supply organizations) slightly decreased. To some extent, this is due to the installation of apartment water meters, especially during the period of utility tariff increases, but in general it is a warning symptom for the economic security of the water utility.
In this regard, one cannot fail to note the widespread belief that market mechanisms automatically provide an increase in the efficiency of energy use. In real life, this is not entirely true, since the market focuses mainly on current situation and weakly takes into account development prospects and national interests, which is in the sphere of state administration. The role of organs executive power is to ensure the interest in increasing the EF of all subjects of the urban communal market, including the water sector. And we are talking mainly about the radical modernization of the KVH at the national system level, since the measures to introduce modern management and production technologies are complex.
conclusions
The specificity of energy saving in centralized water supply consists in different combinations of saving water itself and electricity for its supply to consumers. This creates the prerequisites for the calculation of energy efficiency indicators to be based on the relative change in the specific consumption of electricity per 1 m3 of water - compared to some basic estimated value. This approach makes it possible to differentiate the structure of electricity consumption, evaluate the efficiency of its use by individual elements and the system as a whole, tracking the dynamics, for the formation and implementation of management tasks. Saving resources is possible both at the stage of production and transportation of water, and in the process of its consumption, when water, electricity and money for their purchase are simultaneously saved.
The cost resource of water is constantly increasing, therefore, the solution of energy saving problems in the WSS has a long-term economic basis and is an ideal field for investment and return on investment on a compensatory basis.
At the heart of the problems of energy saving in the field of water supply that have not been solved for years are artificial false prerequisites for the apparent cheapness of water, subjectively presented as objective. If they are authentically comprehended by society, over time they will be resolved fairly quickly, based on high profitability and fast financial turnover in the drinking industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Isaev V. N. (2004). On the issue of managing water supply systems // Sanitary engineering, p. 2–5.
2. (2005). The current state and problems of reforming enterprises of the water supply and sewerage state of Ukraine // Ecology and human health / Sat. scientific tr. ХІІІ International. scientific-practical. conf. - Kharkov: UkrVODGEO, p. 469–479.
3. (2004). From energy saving to energy efficiency of housing and communal services // ESCO, No. 1.
4. Altshuller G. S. (2004). Creativity as an exact science / 2nd ed. - Petrozavodsk: Scandinavia, 208 p.
5. GOST R. Energy saving.
6. E., Tsarinnik O. Yu. (2003). Short-term water supply for the population - a priority route until the change in water costs // Sat. report intl. congress "ETEVK-2003". - Yalta, p. 98–102.
7. (2005). Estimated indicators of energy efficiency of centralized water supply systems // Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, No. 3, p. 89–94.
8., Lupey A. G. (2003). On some methods of "economy" in the conduct of commercial accounting of water and heat // Energy saving, no. 6, p. 46–51.
9. John McGowan (2004). Combined water and energy efficiency projects // ESCO, no. 10.
Loading...