Social networks are used today for dating and flirting, discussing sensitive topics, and doing business. For many, the Internet has replaced real communication. Virtual life proceeds according to its canons, which must be observed. Most of the rules of communication in social networks are aimed at improving the interaction between people, making it safer and more enjoyable.
virtual communication
Social interaction is learned from childhood. Network communication is subject to the same laws. You can make a good impression on virtual interlocutors only by remaining tactful, polite, and friendly. We have formulated a few tips on the topic: "How to communicate in social networks." These recommendations will help you create the reputation of a person who is pleasant in all respects.
Never do not behave intrusively, asking friends and subscribers for reposts and likes. Such requests cause irritation, a desire to limit communication. When posting information on your page on a social network provided by outsiders, try to check its relevance. Perhaps the photo of the child who got lost was posted five years ago. During this time, the baby managed to be found. Why draw people's attention to an alarming, but long-gone event.
Try not to make your personal life public. Stories about relationship problems can be told to a very limited circle of people. It is hardly worth posting messages about events from your personal life on your wall in social networks. Problems will end sooner or later, but the impression of you as a person who does not know how to control himself will remain. In addition, there may be attackers who want to take advantage of the situation to ingratiate themselves.
How to have a private conversation
Through personal messages on social networks, you can chat with friends or classmates who live in other cities and countries. But such correspondence has its own characteristics. Therefore, if a person did not respond to the message immediately, do not rush to be offended by him or accuse him of being slow. Perhaps a friend is "offline" or simply forgot to leave the page, distracted by other things.
When starting a conversation, always greet the interlocutor in detail. A short "Hello" or "Hello" sounds a bit dismissive. Better use expressions like "Good afternoon." Addressing the interlocutor by name creates an atmosphere of friendly communication, setting the person in a positive way. This is especially important if your plans go beyond the usual online correspondence.
Literacy never hurt anyone
If you want your words to be listened to, learn to write meaningfully and competently, especially since it is not difficult to do this now. User errors made by him in the printed text are checked by the Word program, which underlines all typos and typos. You just have to pay attention to the tips and use them. Multiple errors in the text are annoying, suggesting that a person lacks a basic education. Agree, it is unlikely that such an opinion about you will serve to create a good reputation.
Modern Internet slang is replete with many abbreviations, deliberately distorted funny words. Network jargon, of course, has the right to life, but do not forget that the main goal of communication is to be understood. Therefore, you can use slang to shorten correspondence only where it is accepted. Shine on the forums with knowledge of abbreviations like “IMHO” (“In my humble opinion” - “In my humble opinion”), “NFC” (“Near Field Communication” - “near contactless communication”) or “LOL” (very funny) no need. In addition, many of the meaning of these abbreviations is simply unknown.
Strengthening the written language
An oral story carries an emotional coloring, as it is accompanied by gestures or a change in intonation. It is much more difficult to convey your feelings through a short text. You can express your attitude to what is happening with the help of special icons - emoticons. However, they should not be abused. Pictures should not replace words so that the interlocutor does not decide that you are just too lazy to type text.
Sometimes the emotionality of the discussion goes off scale and people begin to use techniques to enhance written speech. If this is observed, there is nothing wrong with using capacious epithets and apt comparisons. But here a large number of exclamation and question marks, as well as writing words in capital letters, are perceived by interlocutors as an increase in tone in a normal conversation. On most forums, by the way, the use of "CAPS" (caps lock button) is prohibited.
Communication culture
If you don't want to be seen as an ill-mannered brute, never do not use profanity. Swear words look unattractive, even when they are just spoken. But the text posted on the network will be read by hundreds of people participating in the discussion or visiting the page. Do I need to say that when communicating with subscribers or virtual friends You can only touch on decent topics. The reputation of a cynical, cheeky person will adorn few people.
Having started a personal correspondence, preferably don't delay replying to a message. Waiting is annoying, negating all the charm of the conversation. If you were not the initiator of the correspondence, try to respond to the message within 24 hours. The culture of interpersonal communication involves polite manners. If you contact a person with a request or for clarification of information, always say "Thank you!" after you have been answered.
What not to post online
Personal information on social networks
You need to be careful when sharing your personal information, especially your phone number. No one can guarantee that a new acquaintance will be an adequate person. Changing a SIM card due to intrusive nightly calls or SMS is a troublesome task. Always remember that there are also many scammers on the net, just like in real life. Don't give your number to anyone bank card or a control code from it. When paying for services, delete data, otherwise they may become the property of intruders.
Photos
On their Internet pages, beauties intensively demonstrate their own charms: the result of the work of cosmetologists, hairdressers, and nail art specialists. Such behavior suggests that young ladies are too fixated on the perception of themselves in the eyes of others. If you do not aim to create an image of a silly person dependent on someone else's opinion, limit yourself to a small number of frames good quality. You should not publish your candid photos on the Internet, even hiding them with privacy settings. If intimate footage becomes public, it is unlikely that your loved ones will like it.
Young people would like to be reminded that girls are impressed by a sharp mind, a good upbringing, and a sense of humor. But a photograph against the background of someone else's expensive car will only cause a condescending smile. Posting photos from parties where you drink alcohol or fool around is also not worth it.
Posting photos of food today is considered bad manners. Pictures of homemade dishes are good on a food blog, but not on an Instagram page. Your menu is of little interest to virtual and real friends.
About other people
Before posting photos from a joint party, ask your friends if they want their images to get into the network. Perhaps what seems to you a harmless fun, for another person will become a serious compromising evidence. Never tag people in a photo without their permission. If you know online friends in real life, don't share any information about them. A person will tell about himself when he considers it necessary.
About your location
Keep your vacation plans secret and do not rush to publish photos from the sea coast if the apartment is left unattended at this time. Information can be used by apartment thieves who seek out victims through social networks. For the same reasons, you should not post your schedule for the day or voice your plans for the weekend.
About kids
Every parent wants to brag about their child in front of others. However, for the safety of children, do not report their movements or activities outside the home on social networks. 2-3 photos with discreet comments will be enough. If the child is no longer small, respect his personal space. You should not post photos of a teenager on the Internet without his permission, all the more unnecessary to publish his pictures at an earlier age, even if they seem very funny to you.
What can damage your reputation
It proceeds according to special rules. Particularly heated battles unfold in political discussions. Each of us has his own opinion on this or that problem, but not everyone is able to defend it with restraint. It is difficult for many to restrain themselves, especially when they are sure that the interlocutor is wrong or poorly informed. However, even with such communication, keep up appearances. There are several rules that will allow you to defend your own point of view without spoiling the mood for yourself and others:
- do not troll people in the discussion, provoking negative emotions;
- do not blame or slander the interlocutor, by doing this you will only show your bad character;
- calmly argue your point of view;
- challenge the opinion of the interlocutor without getting personal;
- do not offend those who argue with you, they have the right to their own point of view.
If you understand that the discussion is beyond the bounds of decency, calmly explain to the interlocutor that you do not intend to continue communication on such a wave. It is unnecessary to stoop to the level of an ill-mannered person, because hundreds of people on the Internet will see the general discussion, among which may be your good friends.
Do not correspond with drunk so as not to say too much. After drinking alcohol, it is better not to look at social networks so that later you don’t explain to your friends that yesterday’s stupid statuses were written not by you, but by five glasses of Martini. Keep in mind that people with whom you intersect in real life can become witnesses of your inappropriate behavior: friends, relatives, bosses.
If offline life intersects with online
Make it a rule to decide important questions in real communication, especially if we are talking about relationships with the opposite sex. Don't report breakups online. A person once close to you undoubtedly deserves an explanation of what happened. Talk about the motives for your act, looking into the eyes of an ex-boyfriend or girlfriend.
After the first date with a virtual acquaintance, it is also better to immediately announce your decision. If you do not plan to meet with a guy or a girl further, tell about it during parting. Be sure to thank for the meeting and wish you a successful search for the second half. There is no need to force a person to wait for messages or expect a meeting.
Meeting offline with virtual friends
Today, people of all ages are fond of virtual dating on the Internet. To communicate with the opposite sex, while remaining at home at the monitor screen, most seem very attractive. But when the correspondence goes beyond the usual online flirting, the question arises of meeting in real life. Communication via the Internet creates a deceptive feeling of intimacy. But in practice, often virtual acquaintances that have flowed into the “offline” mode turn into criminal stories. Therefore, do not rush to invite a new acquaintance home. Choose crowded places where you feel safe.
The simple rules given here will allow you to successfully communicate on social networks, creating a pleasant impression with virtual acquaintances. Keep in mind that careless statements on sensitive topics or playful photos on the Internet can damage your business reputation irreversible damage. Remember that in addition to the rules of etiquette, there are legal norms. Avoid information that could be seen as promoting violence or calling for riots.
Today, almost everyone has access to the Internet. And it's very unpleasant to run into people who don't knowing the rules etiquette. No matter how strange it may sound, you need to be educated everywhere - both on the street and in virtual communication with people. But how to properly demonstrate your upbringing where there is no visual contact? In correspondence, people do not see each other, their chatting can be recognized solely thanks to emoticons and the style of writing, address. If you want to please an unfamiliar girl whose profile you saw on the Internet, you should place special emphasis on your upbringing, since many representatives of the weaker sex pay significant attention to this. Now girls have become much bolder than before, and they can independently understand that you sympathize with her if you constantly visit her page, write comments or click "Like" under her photos. Friends can also do it - this is also a manifestation of good breeding and observance of the rules of etiquette.
Internet etiquette rules
Depending on who you communicate with, you should always remain cultural. That is, you should not stoop to the level of insults and switch to profanity. If you are provoked to this, it is better to simply close the dialogue, or write that on this moment you have no desire to correspond with a person in this state. It hurts the eye very much when a person uses large print when communicating. To many, this is perceived as a conversation in raised tones. It is best to start the appeal with a banal "Hello", written with capital letter. Also, do not forget to address the person by name, this puts the interlocutor to you.
Email Etiquette Rules
Often communication by e-mail occurs between relatives who are far from each other, or for conversations at work. To communicate with business partners, it is important to create a so-called signature, which is automatically generated when sending a letter. In such a signature, it is desirable to indicate: "Respectfully" and your name, position. You can also add contact information there, it inspires confidence. Business by e-mail means by itself a statement of the essence exclusively on the case.
Rules of etiquette on the Internet
If you just communicate with friends, it is advised to use emoticons to show friendliness, since at the moment they are used great amount. Just use these mini-pictures also with caution. If you just want to be friendly, a standard smile is enough. An excess of emoticons can also create a certain impression about you and not a very positive one. It is not necessary to write the name of the interlocutor with a small letter when conducting correspondence, this is a manifestation of disrespect. Similarly, writing yourself with a capital letter, that is, "I" - people perceive that you put yourself above them, and arrogance has never been welcomed by anyone. Internet etiquette also includes how much text you write to your interlocutor. Many do not like the redundancy of posts, or vice versa - entire paragraphs of text that do not make much sense. Constantly sending a message one letter at a time prevents the interlocutor from concentrating on reading, and excessively large texts, especially those with negative content, are perceived as a "burden" that the person is trying to shift onto your shoulders. Internet etiquette can help you show that you're busy. If a person constantly writes, seeing that you are online, and at that time you simply cannot answer, then it is better to either close the chat or write in the status about your employment.
The Internet may seem like a zone where everything is allowed. But this is far from true. And if you and I do not follow these simple rules, they will simply not communicate with us. You will have to come up with new nicknames, select new avatars, re-register on the sites. In short, as in life, as you treat people, so they treat you. And although you and I, thanks to life experience, intuitively understand how to behave online? It makes sense to use one of the laws of psychology:
When we often think about something, it becomes part of our life.
The more often we think about the rules of behavior, the more correctly we will behave!
So... let's brush up on the ten basic rules of netiquette:
Rule 1: Remember that you are talking to a person. One of the most obvious and yet the most frequently violated rule on the web. Many people forget that their interlocutor is not a computer, that a living person is hiding behind the letters on the screen, who is easy to offend, and whose location, once lost, can be very difficult to return.
You communicate with people on the Internet and behave like a person.
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior as in real life. The Internet creates a feeling of anonymity, it seems to you that no one will do anything to you, thereby leading to the misconception that the rules of conduct are not so strict on the Internet. It is necessary to observe the ethics of communication, as well as to remain within the law, both in real and virtual space.
Rule 3: Remember where you are in cyberspace. If you lead an active online life - visit several chats and forums, it is especially important for you to remember what communication style your interlocutors adhere to. If during the day you are a responsible bank employee, and in the evenings you sit on the forums of Michael Schumacher fans, ... Most long-established network teams have their own written or unwritten rules, which they will gladly share with a beginner. Universal is the advice to sit in a corner for the first time, look and listen.
Maintain friendly communication.
Rule 5: Save face. Reputation on the Internet means no less than in real life. Of course, the entire Internet audience will not recognize you, but brothers in interests and sites may know you as a full-fledged person. Even if at the first stage of acquaintance with the Internet there are several nicknames, over time one of them will become the main one, the one in which you feel calm and reliable, perhaps even more reliable than in a passport name. Is it worth it to stain him with a reputation as a brawler? Upstarts? Ignorant? Bores?
Maintain a reputation as a good person, not a brawler and a scoundrel.
Rule 6: Help others where you can. The web is the largest library and repository of all possible knowledge. Do you believe in it? This is not true. Only information that is at least slightly beneficial to the author appears on the Internet. This may raise questions that are not answered on the web. It is the people we meet on the Web that can help you. If you see a question and you can answer it, answer it. If you accidentally find that something you know well is missing on the Internet, write about it. If a newcomer asks you for help - help, as they once helped you. If no one ever answered your questions, didn’t tell you something you needed, or didn’t help, continue to answer, tell and help. The world becomes a better place when we help others and we ourselves are happier.
Help people and they will help you.
Rule 7: Do not get involved in conflicts and do not allow them. As a rule, you will recognize a person who has been living on the Web for a long time not by inflamed red eyes and reflex trembling of fingers, no. A person who has been living on the Web for a long time is distinguished by strong nerves. If you seriously think that you can surprise some Internet aksakal with a famously twisted obscene bend inserted into a conversation about high gothic, then think a little more. The desire to excel betrays a newcomer in you much more accurately than the nickname "I'm new here." Those who have been online for a long time recognize the future scandal in the bud and try to move away from it to a safe distance. And this despite the fact that they themselves can provoke such a scandal with a clearly outrageous message. But splashing saliva, proving in 300 messages that the interlocutor does not understand anything in this topic is the lot of the weak.
Avoid scandals on the Internet
Rule 8: Respect the right to private correspondence. No, I do not think that my dear readers climb on other people's things and read other people's letters. But this rule can and should be interpreted more broadly. Namely: do not distribute on the Web personal information other people - real names, addresses, phone numbers, photos. Never - under no circumstances! - do not publish the logs of your face-to-face conversations without the consent of the interlocutor or several interlocutors if the conversation involved confidentiality.
Gossips are not loved both online and in real life.
Rule 9: Don't abuse your power. Virtual space implies different access to certain resources, different levels of knowledge in certain issues. Having advantages over other users, you should not use them.
Do not consider yourself omniscient, there will always be someone who knows more than you.
Rule 10: Learn to forgive others for their mistakes... .
..or at least from time to time remember how many mistakes you made.
Do not forget how much other people have already forgiven you!
Luc de Vauvenargues once said: “About the choice of expressions, in general, it can be said that it corresponds to the nature of ideas and, therefore, to the mentality.” Over the past 250 years since the writing of these lines, nothing in the world has changed. And even with the advent of Internet opportunities for communication in the lives of many people, the rules of communication etiquette have not lost their significance, remaining the only opportunity to establish normal, kind, mutually interesting relationships between people.
Initially, the main users of the Internet were workers public institutions and scientific organizations. The order and methods of using the Internet were described in the instructions. The etiquette of using the Web was based on the norms of communication and information exchange that were established in scientific circles.
With the development of technology and communications on the Internet, there have been more users who are neither government officials nor science workers. Many of them used the Internet for exactly the purposes for which it was created - searching for information and establishing contacts. Gradually, the Internet has become one of the types of entertainment, while remaining primarily a source of information.
With development international system"Electronic" money, many firms put forward and implemented the concept of selling goods via the Internet. Now any of us can order goods without leaving home.
In turn, the availability Email for Web users has made it possible to evaluate its advantages over traditional types of mail. A sent letter can end up on the other side of the globe in an unusually short time.
But, at the same time, there was a need to define the rules of etiquette on the Internet - the norms of behavior, both for users and for those who serve them. Over time, such rules have developed, and even took shape in the "commandments" of cultural communication.
12 "commandments" of the Internet
1. Be aware of who you are talking to! Do not forget that through the Net and the computer you are connected with a living person, and often with many people at the same time. Don't let yourself be fooled by an atmosphere of anonymity and permissiveness. When composing an email, imagine that you are saying all this directly to the person's face - try not to be ashamed of your words.
2. When communicating online, follow the same rules of interpersonal communication that you follow in real life.
3. Remember that you are in cyberspace! Its boundaries are much wider than the boundaries of the human society we are used to, and different parts of it can have their own laws. Therefore, when faced with a new type of communication for you on the Web, study and recognize their priority. Every newsgroup, forum, or even IRC channel has its own, local rules. Check them out before sending your first message!
4. Be careful with the time and opinions of other people! Ask for help only when it is really needed, in which case you can always count on the support of your colleagues. Do not pull other users over trifles, otherwise, in the end, they will simply stop communicating with you. Remember that network time is not only limited, but for many it is very expensive! And in addition to your problems, your interlocutors may also have their own.
5. Try to look decent in the eyes of your interlocutors! Don't waste your time on conventions like rules good manners. When communicating, call your interlocutor "you".
6. Do not neglect the advice of experts and share your knowledge with others! Be grateful to those who spend their time answering your questions. But if you receive a letter with a question from another user, do not rush to send this message to the wastebasket, no matter how ridiculous and naive it may seem.
7. Hold back passions. Etiquette does not prohibit entering into discussions, but do not stoop to swearing and swearing, even if your counterpart deliberately provokes you to do so.
8. Respect not only your own, but also other people's privacy. If for some reason you want to remain anonymous on the Web, recognize these rights for your interlocutor as well. Moreover, he has the right to anonymity and privacy, even if you speak "with an open visor."
9. Do not publish information from private letters without the consent of their senders, do not penetrate other people's mailboxes and computers!
10. Do not send your letters to hundreds of addresses at the same time - people hate spammers (those who litter the Network with advertising, unsolicited mass mailing letters)!
11. After you write a letter, reread it and, just in case, turn on the spell checker.
12. Be tolerant of the shortcomings of the people around you! Regardless of whether your interlocutors follow the rules of network etiquette, follow them yourself! In the end, very politely recommend the interlocutor to familiarize themselves with these rules.
In fact, these rules of etiquette for the Internet are no different from generally accepted norms of behavior, they only make some additions due to the peculiarities of virtual communication. But, in any case, you should remember the main right - you need to treat other people the way you would like them to treat you.
Moscow State Technical University
"MAMI"
ethics
Topic:
Internet etiquette rules
Completed by: student of group 1МТт-1
Nikitin Vladimir
Checked by: Volchinskaya L.Z.
Abstract plan.
1. Etiquette on the Internet
2. Etiquette in local computer networks
3. Rules of Internet Safety and Internet Ethics
for children and teenagers
4. 10 Commandments of Internet Etiquette
1. Etiquette on the Internet
The main users of the Internet initially were mainly employees of government agencies and scientific organizations. The order and methods of using the Internet were described in the instructions. The etiquette of using networks was based on well-established norms of communication and information exchange in scientific circles. With the development of technology and communications on the Internet, there have been more users who are neither government officials nor pundits. Many of them used the Internet for exactly the purpose for which it was created - to search for information. For others, the Internet has become a place to satisfy their curiosity and personal ambitions. Gradually the Internet from the community is purely information networks turns into one of the types of entertainment, while remaining, first of all, a source of information. With the development of the international system of "electronic" money, many firms have put forward and implemented the concept of selling goods via the Internet. Now the client can view and order the goods without leaving home. In turn, the availability of e-mail for users made it possible to evaluate its advantages over traditional types of mail. A sent letter can be on the other side of the globe in an hour. It became obvious that there was a need to develop their own standards of etiquette for both users and those who serve them. In different scientific institutions, in the electronic conferences of users in the process of discussion, new norms of behavior appear - netiquette (netiquette, from the English net - "network" and the French etiquette - "etiquette"). The discussion of these norms continues to this day, although some fundamental rules have emerged. The content of these rules depends on the type of Internet use.
2. Etiquette in local computer networks
In many organizations, the rules for user behavior in local networks are established in the form of instructions or official rules. There are many organizations in which there are no official rules and instructions, and far from any instruction can cover all issues of etiquette. In the process of development of local networks, some general rules(although the application of one or another rule depends on the technical equipment of the network):
Do not give your name and password to enter the network to anyone: any actions performed on the network under your name can then be directly related to you;
· if you leave the computer for more than 10 minutes, before leaving, stop running all programs with network support (or related to network data exchange) and close them (if this is not possible due to the task being performed, then notify your network administrator about this fact );
Try not to run several programs with network support unnecessarily;
· Before you start moving a large amount of data from another computer to yours or from your computer to another computer on the network, evaluate the need for this action and the possibility of splitting the data into separate smaller packages. Only if it is impossible to resolve the issue in this way, resort to moving all the data;
If your computer has its own hard drive, give preference to saving data on it, and not on disks common use(if this is not the disk of your computer and if this rule does not contradict the tasks being solved);
· When using a shared (system) mailbox, try to avoid placing very large messages there;
· Before installing new network-enabled or shared software on your computer, consult your network administrator and check the software being installed. software for licensed purity and non-infection with viruses;
· Make sure that the programs you run do not harm any shared (network) resources and the resources of other network users.
The use of a shared printer imposes on members local network certain additional rules:
· make sure that extra copies of the job you sent are not printed;
· try not to print something (document, etc.) immediately after making each minor change - many programs allow you to view a sample of a possible printout on the screen;
· Make sure that your printouts do not accumulate at the printer - pick them up, if possible, immediately after printing is completed.
If you have questions about using the network or programs that use network resources, contact your network administrator or refer to the relevant documentation (if available).
3. Rules of Internet Safety and Internet Ethics
for children and teenagers
Never give private information about yourself (last name, phone number, address, school number) without parental permission.
If someone tells you, sends you, or finds something on the web that confuses you, don't try to figure it out on your own. Contact your parents or teachers - they know what to do.
Meeting in real life with online friends is not a very good idea, because people can be different in electronic communication and in a real meeting. If you still want to meet them, let your parents know and have them go to the first meeting with you.
Do not open emails, files, or Web pages from people you don't really know or trust.
Do not give your password to anyone, except for adults in your family.
Always adhere to family Internet safety rules: they are designed to make you feel comfortable and safe online.
Never do anything that could cost your family money, unless your parents are with you.
Always be polite in email and your correspondents will be polite to you.
V emails do not use text typed in UPPER CASE - this is perceived on the network as a shout, and can upset your interlocutor.
Do not send large information in a letter (pictures, photographs, etc.) without prior agreement with your interlocutor.
Do not send emails with any information to strangers without their request - this is perceived as "spam", and usually annoys network users.
Always behave online the way you would like to be behaved with you!
4. 10 Commandments of Internet Etiquette
1. Remember the person! Do not forget that even through a dead network and a computer stuffed with electronics, you communicate with a living person. And often - with many people at the same time ... Do not let yourself be intoxicated by an atmosphere of anonymity and permissiveness - remember that on the other end of the wire is the same person as you ... When composing an email, imagine that you are saying all this directly to a person’s face - and try not to be ashamed of your words. Hence the second rule:
2. Follow the same rules online that you follow in real life. Violation of the laws of human communication, moral rules or norms public life Networks, perhaps, will pass for you with relative impunity ... But will your conscience be clear? However, do not forget about the third rule:
3.Remember that you are in cyberspace! Its boundaries are much wider than the boundaries of the human society we are used to, and different parts of it can have their own laws. Therefore, when faced with a new type of communication for you on the Web, study its laws and recognize their priority. Let's say every newsgroup, forum, or even IRC channel has its own, local rules - check them out before posting your first message! And most importantly - remember the unwritten rules: for example, the fourth rule:
4. Take care of the time and opinion of other people! Ask for help only when it is really necessary - and in this case you can always count on the help and support of your colleagues. However, do not pull other users over trifles - otherwise, in the end, they will simply stop communicating with you. Remember that network time is not only limited, but also very expensive for many! And, in addition to your problems, your interlocutors may also have their own ... However, this principle has a downside, fixed in the fifth rule:
5. Try to look decent in the eyes of your interlocutors! Don't waste your time on "conventions" like good manners or, say, rules of grammar and spelling. Even compliments lose weight and persuasiveness, being embodied in this form:
"Priet dude I'm obsessed with you and your books write cool stuff"
The sixth rule follows from this rule.
Loading...