Shampoo production process. Equipment for the production of gels. Legal registration of business

Cost-effective and quite simple. But you need to take into account that to start you need to invest a significant amount in equipment for the production of shampoos. To use it you will not need any special knowledge or skills. All entrepreneurs need to do is register a business and set up factories for the production of shampoos.

When purchasing a line, keep in mind that the equipment is universal for many cosmetics. With this in mind, your shampoo business may expand into cosmetics in the future.

Laboratory equipment

The first stage of production is formulation. Manufacturers offer products according to their unique recipes, based on numerous studies, samples, and tests.

Upon completion of the manufacturing process, each batch undergoes quality control, which means that a laboratory will be needed again. You will need:

– 16,000 rubles;
– 90,000 rub.;
– up to 70,000 rubles;
37°C – about 35,000 rubles;
shaking apparatus - up to 10,000 rubles;
maintaining a temperature of 45°C – up to 15,000 rubles;
– 8,000 – 20,000 rubles;
– 30,000 rub.;
– less than 1,000 rubles;
– 5,000 rub.;
flasks, pipettes, mortars, magnifying glasses, cups, cover slips - all together will cost up to 5,000 rubles.

Cost of raw materials:

For 1 ton of finished shampoo, it is necessary to use 14,000-15,000 rubles worth of raw materials. Separately, to this amount you need to add the cost of packaging - about 15 rubles. for 1 bottle.

Production line

Shampoo production can include both separate equipment and a complete line of everything necessary. Shampoo plants include special containers for liquids, reactors for mixing components and rotary pumps.

Equipment for the production of shampoo at Russian market provided by several companies, including Agromash, a manufacturer of diverse technological and food equipment.

This suitable for business universal line for the production of shampoos and cosmetics. Manufactured products: shampoo, cream, gel, soap, tonics and lotions. Includes:

steel boiler to heat water for 500 liters, temperature 150 - 1,000 °C, power - up to 30 kW; one of the elements is a centrifugal pump;
ventilation hoods;
steel digester with a stirrer, 250 liters, temperature – 300-950°C;
boiler 250 l. for dissolving ingredients;
boiler 250 l. for accumulating various additives;
a kettle-refrigerator where ingredients are mixed and cooled;
container washing system;
control Panel.

Liquid dosing and filling line

Manufacturers offer a variety of automatic dosing machines for filling bottles of different sizes. The cost of such machines reaches 1,600,000 rubles.

Pay attention to the bottling machine with a capacity of 3,000 bottles per hour, volume – 0.2-1 liter.

Typically, such machines are suitable for filling any liquids and can be easily adjusted to fit any container.

Equipment advantages:

monitoring the position of bottles with sensors;
high dosage accuracy;
easy reconfiguration to suit any desires.

The line includes:

adjustment system;
device for screwing the plug, which is controlled by remote control;
cap supply hopper;
automatic label gluing mechanism;
automatic washing;
emergency protection;
filling control system;
product counting sensor.

Characteristics:

container volume for bottling – up to 1,000 ml;
dosing accuracy – ±1 ml;
supply voltage – 50 Hz;
power consumption – 2 kW;
installation weight – 1,000 kg;
number of operators – 5 people.

Feihong Machinery bottling equipment:

Characteristic	Meaning
Productivity, bottles/hour	4 000 - 7 000
Container volume, g	10 - 200
Compressed air consumption, cubic meters/h	36
Voltage, V	380
power, kWt	2.5
Size, mm	4150×2650×1600

Labeling line

The production of hair shampoo also requires a special machine for gluing product labels. The cost reaches 200,000 rubles.

Buy the Cavagnino & Gatti automated machine, model CG80 - applies hot glue polypropylene labels by spraying.

Peculiarities:

availability of a printer;
4 sticker formats;
productivity – 2,000 stickers per hour;
speed adjustment;
manual bottle height adjustment;
1 kg of glue is enough for 35,000 labels.

Selection of labeling equipment:

Company manufacturer	Model	Productivity, b/h
Cavagnino & Gatti	CG80	2 000
Cavagnino & Gatti	CG-84DRX 3-9	5 000
Cavagnino & Gatti	RE-15T-4S	10 000
Roll Rothery	540-9T	9 000
Rollfed	12-640 1RA	12 000
GERNEP	Rollfed 12-640 1RA	15 000
ETICAP	XR-FACILE 3T 1S	2 000
KRONES	Vinetta 72	7 000
KOSME	EXTRA 8T S1 E1	7 000

Optional equipment

When setting up production, especially on a large scale, you will need additional machines.

Conveyor system (conveyor)

Necessary for moving products between production stages. The system consists of individual assembly elements, the quantity of which is usually ordered individually, taking into account the parameters of the production workshop.

System material – stainless steel.

Quality conveyors include an electric drive and a regulator.

Inspection equipment

It is also more suitable for large volumes of production and is necessary to reject low-quality shampoo bottles (violation of the integrity of the form, tightness).

Video: how is high-quality shampoo made?

Shampoo is the most commonly used hair care product. One of its key advantages is its versatility, because almost everyone uses it. Currently, there is a wide range of these products on the market, which include liquid, gel, dry and aerosol varieties. It should be noted that the first two of them are the most popular.

The high demand for this product allows us to say with confidence that the production of shampoo as a business looks very promising, since it can bring considerable profit. Before opening this case, you must register as legal entity or a private entrepreneur. In addition, you must register with the tax authorities.

Selecting the target audience

In general, depending on the components used, there are medicinal, hygienic and tinted shampoos. Moreover, almost every person has their own favorite type of this detergent. Before you start own production shampoo, you need to choose target audience, which such a business will be oriented towards.

As market analysis shows, recently products made from natural ingredients and without various chemical additives have become increasingly popular. In this regard, there is every reason to assume that by occupying such a niche, you can achieve success.

Raw materials and components for making shampoo

Shampoo production involves the use of water, detergents, waxes, alcohols, silicone oils, softeners, humectants and many other components. In addition, it often contains additives, including keratin, glycine, vitamins, various natural extracts, and so on.

It should be noted that, due to the similarity of the raw materials used and production technologies, many entrepreneurs often produce other types of cosmetic products (hair balms, liquid soap, etc.) at the same time as shampoo.

Equipment and personnel

At the initial stage for this type entrepreneurial activity It will be enough to have a small room or an extension. In addition, you will need equipment for the production of shampoos. It is the most expensive part in this type of business.

It is imperative to purchase receiving and intermediate containers, a three-layer reactor with a stirrer, a rotary pump, an automatic dosing machine, and a labeling machine. At the initial stage of company development, you can buy used equipment. This will allow you not only to save money, but also to learn all the intricacies of making this detergent.

As for personnel, several operators must be hired to service the units. You can initially manage all processes yourself. In addition, as in any other company, an accountant is needed who will deal with calculations and paperwork.

Manufacturing process

The technology for producing shampoos is quite simple. It consists in the fact that in the reactor, in a certain proportion (it depends on the specific recipe), mechanical mixing of the components (surfactants and aqueous-alcoholic extract) is carried out. Any special temperature regime and no pressure is required for this. Next, water that has been purified is poured in. The whole mass is mixed again. Fragrances, sodium chloride and formalin are added at the final stage of the manufacturing process.

Next, the finished mass is poured into a special container using a pump, where it settles for a certain time. Products are tested for compliance with technical specifications and state standard, after which (subject to a positive result) the shampoo is packaged in containers and labeled.

Marketing and advertising

The production of shampoos in Russia is now a very common type of business activity. According to experts, this is due, first of all, to the relatively low costs required to purchase raw materials, as well as to a fairly simple technological process during production. On the other hand, this leads to high competition in this area on the domestic market, which is considered the main problem of such a business. Based on this, for the successful development of a company and its prosperity, a competent marketing policy is necessary.

As practice shows, it is unlikely to attract a large number of buyers with a low price. One of the most promising areas is the production of shampoo under contract, in other words, the acquisition of a franchise. Indeed, using recipes and the name of a well-known company (especially a foreign one with a good reputation) will allow you to return your investment much faster.

Investments and payback

As noted above, the most expensive part in this type of business activity will be the purchase of equipment. The cost of a high-quality reactor with a stirrer is approximately 700 thousand rubles, intermediate and receiving tanks - about 100 thousand rubles, a pump - 50 thousand rubles, a labeling unit - 100 thousand rubles, a dosing machine with normal power - a little more than one million rubles. Thus, at the initial stage you need to spend about two million rubles on the purchase of equipment.

At the same time, do not forget about wages five operators required to maintain it. Among other things, to produce one ton of the finished product you need to buy raw materials for an average of 13 thousand rubles, and one plastic bottle It will cost approximately 5-10 rubles.

As practice shows, the start-up investment required to produce 20 tons of shampoo, including packaging, amounts to almost 3 million rubles. As for the payback period, for a type of business such as shampoo production, this period is two to three years.

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The formulation and selection of raw materials must be carried out taking into account the requirements of the Guidelines for Cosmetic Products approved by the EEC (EEC Directive 76/768) and SanPiN 1.2.681-97 “Hygienic requirements for production and safety of perfumery and cosmetic products”. These documents contain lists of substances that are allowed, not allowed and limitedly allowed for use in the formulation of cosmetics and, in particular, hair and scalp care products.

In modern cosmetics, more and more attention is paid to active additives - components that, in relatively small quantities, can significantly affect the properties of the finished product. However, in many cases, the introduction of active components into the finished formulation is limited by their chemical nature: unpleasant odor, low solubility, rapid degradation due to oxidation, sensitivity to UV radiation or water, and poor skin tolerance when applied in higher concentrations. In some In some cases, antioxidants, complexing agents and UV filters can improve the quality of the finished product by protecting it from oxidation, discoloration, delamination, etc. At the same time, it is more difficult to influence such parameters as the bioavailability of the active component and the tolerance of the scalp and hair to it, since they largely depend on the formulation. When choosing a base, a cosmetics developer (unlike a pharmacist) is usually guided by motives other than increasing bioavailability active component. The consumer qualities of the finished product and its safety come to the fore here. It often happens that the chosen base cannot protect the active compound from degradation, as a result of which it not only loses its biological activity, but, moreover, becomes toxic. When applied to the skin, the “unprotected” active compound comes into contact with air and quickly oxidizes or comes under direct sunlight and is destroyed under their influence. Classic examples of such hypersensitive compounds are unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A (retinol) and C (ascorbic acid). Thus, by oxidizing at the site of unsaturated double bonds, unsaturated fatty acids contribute to rapid spoilage of the product (its rancidity). When oxidized, vitamin C loses its antioxidant properties, and vitamin A can cause severe irritation. Encapsulation of active components, i.e. enclosing them in a protective shell is considered a promising solution to this problem. Microcapsules are, as a rule, spherical systems in which active ingredients located in the core (core). The core is surrounded by one or more shell layers. On modern market There is a wide selection of materials for capsule shells. The most widely used are natural or synthetic polymers, such as collagen, alginate, chitosan, lactic acid, polycaprolactone, polyacrylates, and waxes. The effectiveness of microcapsules in the finished product largely depends on their behavior in the cosmetic base. In addition, it should be taken into account that encapsulation requires time and additional costs. So only those components whose encapsulation is dictated by necessity are worthy of being enclosed in a protective shell. 3.2 Technology for obtaining cosmetics detergents The preparation of shampoos falls into the category of relatively simple productions. In general, the piece of equipment is a stainless steel apparatus equipped with a heating and cooling jacket and a stirring device (for liquid and cream shampoos, the stirring device is slightly different). It is important that all shampoos must undergo mandatory testing. First, the organoleptic indicators are assessed ( appearance, consistency, color, smell), which are determined by sensory evaluation. Then the physicochemical characteristics are examined, including safety indicators: pH value, mass fraction of dry matter, foaming ability, rheological characteristics (viscosity), content heavy metals, and also determine microbiological resistance. The consumer properties of shampoo are studied on volunteers. Special attention is devoted to the study of the toxicological properties of shampoos, and in recent years, in vitro techniques have increasingly been used, which are used instead of testing on animals and volunteers (in vivo).

1 – tap; 2 – mixer 4 t; 3 – mixer 10 t; 4 – water heating;

5 – water purification system; 6 – pump; 7 – filter; 8 – capacity 2 t;

9 – dispenser

Figure 3.1 – Process flow diagram for producing shampoos

Technological process Obtaining shampoo (Figure 3.1) begins with the selection and testing of raw materials. They must be harmless in the administered concentrations and not form toxic combinations with each other. The components in shampoos must be compatible, balanced and stable at the established pH value. First of all, it is necessary to prepare the water, because... This is the main component of shampoo. Water must be purified from mechanical impurities, iron, softened and microbiologically neutralized. The content of heavy metals in water should not exceed established standards. Surfactants must be prepared in advance, weighed, and in winter placed in a warm room to avoid their solidification, but at a temperature of no more than 50 ° C to prevent their destruction. Basically, the technology for preparing shampoo involves mixing and dissolving the components. Stages technological process receiving shampoos are as follows. Preparation of raw materials. Raw materials received at the warehouse, before being used in production, are necessarily subjected to external inspection and laboratory analysis for compliance with the requirements provided for by this technology, after which it is supplied for unloading into the reactor. Preparation of the product. Shampoos are prepared by mechanically mixing the components with water in a reactor equipped with a stirrer. The use of a specially designed mixer prevents foaming of the mass. The components are mixed at a temperature production premises and atmospheric pressure. With the stirrer turned on, an aqueous-alcoholic extract and a surfactant are sequentially loaded into the reactor, which are then mixed. Drinking water undergoes purification at a water purification complex and is fed into the reactor with the mixer turned off. A sample of this water is first taken to determine whether it meets the requirements for water quality for preparing shampoos. The water supply is controlled by a water meter. Next, the components of the shampoo are mixed with water. Formaldehyde and fragrance are added. Next, with the mixer turned off, a previously prepared solution of sodium chloride is poured in using a pump and mixed. The finished product is fed into an intermediate tank for settling using a pump. The product settles, after which a sample is taken and analyzed for compliance technical specifications, and upon receiving positive results, the product is sent for packaging. 3.3 Characteristics of raw materials for the production of care products for hair Modern shampoo is no longer just a specialized product for washing hair, but a complex composition capable of performing three main tasks: removing impurities, removing static electricity from hair and protecting the scalp. If a hair care product solves the first problem, it’s just a shampoo, if the second, it’s a conditioner, and the third, it’s a hair mask. The combination, to one degree or another, of the last two properties will make the composition a conditioner, the first two – a shampoo-conditioner (“two in one”), and all three – a “three in one” shampoo. All raw materials used for the production of care products hair can be divided into: - natural (animal or plant origin); - synthetic. The fruits of hybrid coconut palms (Figure 3.2) serve as raw materials for the production of many shampoo components.

Figure 3.2 – Hybrid coconut tree

The most difficult task facing shampoo chemists is the problem of compatibility of various components. Oil, as is known, can be an effective foam absorber. But this means that the addition of such softening components to shampoos must necessarily affect the quantity and quality of foam, and therefore worsen the cleaning properties of the composition. To avoid this, so-called emulsifiers are introduced into the mixture - substances that can envelop water-insoluble fat droplets. The emulsifier microfilm prevents the oil from coming into direct contact with the surfactant, and also prevents the shampoo from separating, preventing tiny balls of oil from merging with each other. Even more modern way combine the incompatible - solubilization of components that are insoluble in water, that is, their transformation into a soluble state using special additives. The fact is that many surfactants form not true, but micellar solutions in water. This is due to the structural features of surfactant molecules, which have a polar head and a long uncharged tail - hydrocarbon radical (R) C 12 –C 14 (Figure 3.3).G

Figure 3.3 – Structure
surfactant molecules

The heads interact with water molecules, and the tails tend to get closer to each other, as a result of which regular conglomerates of molecules - micelles - appear. If the surfactant concentration in the solution is not very high, the micelles resemble balls; if it grows, the balls merge with each other, forming tubes ( Figure 3.4).Micelles are formed due to electrostatic interactions of the polar heads of surfactant molecules with water molecules. Sometimes fat-like substances can “dissolve” inside such structures.M The microenvironment inside the balls and tubes is electrically neutral, and substances that are insoluble in water, for example, oils, can easily “dissolve” here. However, not all surfactant molecules are able to solubilize various additives equally well, and the emergence of products active in this regard has brought the production of shampoos to a completely different level.

Figure 3.4 – Mechanism of micellization

It is no less difficult to “reconcile” anionic substances with cationic ones in one bottle. This became possible only after the invention of amphoteric and crypto-anionic surfactants. Crypto-anionic surfactants are a class of substances that combine the properties of anionic and nonionic surfactants. The molecules of such surfactants carry both a positive charge (mainly on nitrogen) and a negative charge. They act as a bridge between the detergent molecule and the conditioning molecule, forming weak bonds with them, which allows the components of the shampoo to act more or less independently. So, the basis for the production of hair washing products are surfactants, auxiliary surfactants (cosurfactants) and thickeners - these are the components ensuring the removal of impurities from the hair and scalp. Additionally, to solve other problems facing hair care products, the following are added: condensing additives, dyes, opacifiers, fragrances, vegetable oils, plant extracts, vitamins, preservatives. In total, shampoos contain several dozen substances. 3.3.1 Surfactants (surfactants) The main active principles of shampoo are detergents– surfactants that cause foam to appear when mixed with water and air. Detergent is the main “sense” component of shampoo. On the label of any shampoo, detergent is usually one of the first in the composition. Surfactants have the following properties:

reduce the surface tension between water and fatty particles, thus facilitating the removal of these particles and dirt;

form foam;

form a suspension of dirt particles in foam and prevent dirt from re-settling on the hair;

stabilize other shampoo ingredients or maintain them in dissolved form;

increase the viscosity of shampoos.

The quality of the shampoo itself largely depends on the quality of the detergent (although the amount of foam does not determine the quality of the shampoo). Currently, there are several detergents that differ in their chemical structure (Figure 3.5):

anionic surfactants - in an aqueous solution they decompose to form negatively charged ions;

cationic surfactants - in an aqueous solution they decompose to form positively charged ions;

amphoteric surfactants - in an aqueous solution, depending on the pH of the environment, they can exhibit cationic surfactants (in an acidic environment, pH<7) или анионные свойства (в щелочной среде рН>7);

nonionic surfactants – do not form ions in an aqueous solution.

Figure 3.5 – Classification of detergents

The cleaning effect is provided mainly anionic surfactants. The molecule of anionic surfactants contains a water-soluble (hydrophilic) part, which is negatively charged, and a fat-soluble (hydrophobic) part, which is neutral. The fat-soluble part of the molecule binds and envelops dirt particles and sebaceous gland secretions. The water-soluble part of the molecule is oriented away from the hair, which carries a negative charge, as a result of which dirt particles connected to the surfactant are rejected by the hair, dissolved in water and removed. Anionic detergents(surfactants containing negative ions) are the most common substances used in shampoos and body washes. A typical representative of anionic surfactants are salts of alkyl ether sulfates, which are obtained by sulfation of ethoxylated higher fatty alcohols with subsequent neutralization and the formation of sodium, less often magnesium, ammonium salts. More often than others, ethoxylated sodium lauryl sulfate is used - sodium laureth sulfate. Hydroxyethylene magnesium lauryl sulfate - magnesium laureth sulfate is used mainly in children's shampoos, because it is the most “soft”. Cationic surfactants in an aqueous solution they disintegrate with the formation of positively charged ions, have a weak washing effect, but are well “attracted” to negatively charged hair (substantiality) and fix the dietary supplement on the hair. Cationic surfactants (contain positive ions) are used less frequently and in high concentrations. Many of them cause irritation if they come into contact with the eyes. These include salts of quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic polymers, quaternized protein hydrolysates, derivatives of plant polysaccharides and others. Amphoteric surfactants(contain positive or negative ions depending on the pH value of the shampoo). Amphoteric surfactants are used in shampoos for damaged and dry hair. These include: alkylamidopropyl betaines, which are used in combination with anionic surfactants to obtain a soft detergent substance. Lately Increasingly, amphoteric imidazole derivatives of surfactants (cocoamphoacetate) are used in formulations, which, in combination with anionic surfactants, improve foaming ability and increase the safety of formulations. And in combination with cationic polymers, they enhance the positive effects of silicones and polymers on hair and skin. Nonionic surfactants used in shampoos to improve consistency, rheological characteristics, and make hair silky and soft. More often than others, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated castor oil, and propylene glycol ethers of high molecular weight fatty acids are used. Nonionic surfactants cause a less pronounced denaturing effect than anionic ones, but have greater penetrating ability into the skin. If you arrange all detergents in increasing order of their quality, the list will look something like So: Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate(ammonium lauryl sulfate) – anionic surfactant; Ammonium Laureth Sulfate(ammonium laureth sulfate) – anionic surfactant; Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(sodium lauryl sulfate) – cationic surfactant; Sodium Laureth Sulfate(sodium laureth sulfate) – cationic surfactant; TEA Layril Sulfate(TEA lauryl sulfate) – anionic surfactant; TEM Laureth Sulfate(TEA laureth sulfate) is an anionic surfactant. Thus, the last three surfactants are the best. In terms of foaming ability, laureth sulfate still has no competitors, but its foam is loose and unstable. Only non-ethoxylated lauryl sulfate could compete with it, but this substance costs twice as much and is more irritating to the scalp. It is used in small concentrations (about 1%) in toothpastes, and is rarely added to shampoo formulations if it is necessary to adjust the properties of the finished product, and always together with laureth sulfate. However, if the shampoos contain only one of the above detergents, in particular laureth sulfate, then with frequent use of shampoo, the skin may become inflamed and dandruff may appear. In addition, since laureth sulfate is obtained in the form of an aqueous solution with a concentration of the active substance from 5% to 15%, such a liquid component is very inconvenient when dosing. Therefore, in addition to the above detergents, any shampoo necessarily contains one or more “soft” surfactants that have a beneficial effect on properties of the finished product. Cosurfactant– This is an auxiliary surfactant that contributes to the creation of optimal balanced formulations. Cosurfactants such as cocoglycosides, alkyl ether carboxylates and others make it possible to obtain dermatologically soft shampoos with stable, intense foam, which can be recommended not only for washing hair, but also the body. With the help cosurfactant solve several problems at once. The main thing is to reduce irritation of the skin and mucous membrane of the eyes. The first cosurfactants were sodium laureth sulfosuccinates (anionic surfactants based on succinic acid). These substances have a mild detergent effect and effectively reduce the dermatological harshness of the washing composition as a whole, even if they replace only a third or even a quarter of the laureth sulfate in the shampoo. Sulfosuccinates are still included in some “tearless” children’s shampoos. Over 40 years, chemists have synthesized many soft surfactants, but the price of any of them exceeds the cost of the main detergent, usually two to three times. The search for soft surfactants continues all the time . Immediately after sulfosuccinates, sodium cocoamphodiacetates (BETADET THC-2) appeared in shampoos, including children's, which have good dermatological properties. But the real breakthrough in the production of hair washes was associated with betaines (or cocoamidopropyl betaines – BETADET HR-50K), which appeared in the early 70s. These substances do not just make shampoos softer: even a small addition of betaines can reduce the concentration of electrolytes in shampoos, since they themselves can thicken sodium laureth sulfate solutions. In addition, compared to sulfosuccinates and cocoamphodiacetates, betaines are much more physically stable. If the first long-term storage or lower temperatures can precipitate and make the finished product cloudy, and the latter sometimes give shampoos an undesirable yellowish tint, then shampoos with new generation betaines (the so-called sulfobetaines) can be stored even at subzero temperatures. Such solutions do not become cloudy down to minus 10 °C. From cryptoanionic surfactants The most widely used is alkyl ether carboxylate. He provides increased efficiency cationic conditioning agents, reduces irritation, increases foaming. Phosphates and ester carboxylates are used in cosmetic products as dispersants, emulsifiers, and solubilizers. 3.3.2 Conditioning additives Due to the transfer of part of the sebum into the soap solution, a small negative charge remains on the hair, which it is advisable to neutralize. For this purpose, conditioning compounds are used, the main components of which are cationic substances and cationic polymers. Adsorbed on the hair, they remove the charge from it, making it softer and more manageable. Conditioning agents are intended to perform following functions:

removing static electricity, reducing hair flyaway;

smoothing and leveling damaged areas of hair shafts;

easy combing of wet and dry hair;

minimizing porosity;

giving hair shine and silkiness;

providing protection from thermal and mechanical damage;

hydration;

increasing volume and mass;

reconditioning damaged hair.

Mechanism of action of air conditioners is based on cationic substances, mainly quaternary ammonium compounds, which are able to adhere to the negatively charged surface of the hair by binding to keratin. This property is called substantiveness. It is due to their substance that conditioners are not only fixed on the surface of the hair, but also retain the beneficial additive. Since the damaged areas of the hair have a large negative charge, more cationic particles are fixed on them, and the cosmetic effect is enhanced. The flip side of this process is the weight of the hair and loss of volume. Therefore, when creating a shampoo-conditioner, it is necessary to maintain a precise balance between detergent and conditioning components. An unreasonable increase in conditioning ingredients in the formulation can lead not only to heavier hair and loss of volume, but also to a deterioration in such shampoo properties as cleansing and rinsability. The choice of air conditioner is also important. Silicone oils and rubbers are considered very promising in shampoos. Silicones not only improve hair combability and add shine. Many silicone oils are volatile, and by combining substances, you can regulate the time they remain on the hair. Among other advantages of conditioners, it should be noted that it gives hair a beautiful shine. This is achieved by the fact that conditioners glue the hair scales together, make the surface smoother, change the reflection index of the hair, thus enhancing the color intensity and natural shine. The presence of conditioning components in shampoo does not exclude the need for additional use of balm. This is a must for damaged and stressed hair, as well as long hair with split ends, since such areas contain a large surface with a negative charge, and the effect of the cationic components of the shampoo is insufficient. With additional use of the balm, the content of cationic fragments increases, adsorption on the hair and, accordingly, the conditioning effect increases. A similar function is performed concurrently, for example, by jojoba oil and wax. 3.3.3 Thickeners (regulators)viscosity) They are added to shampoos to give the desired consistency.
At the same time, it is known that with the correct selection of surfactant combinations, it is possible to obtain the required viscosity with a lower content of thickeners. Polymers are used as thickeners: polyvinylpyrrolidone, structured acrylate copolymers, etc. The role of thickeners can be performed by modified glyceryl esters of fatty acids, derivatives of polysaccharides of plant origin, as well as some cationic polymers. Sodium chloride or sodium citrate (2–4%) is often used as a thickener. However, sodium chloride can reduce the adsorption of the cationic polymer on the hair and thereby interfere with the conditioning effect. In addition, if you don't rinse your hair well, salt will remain on the scalp, which will also contribute to irritation. Multifunctional additives such as coconut oil fatty acid diethanolamides can also be used as a thickener. This additive, in addition, increases the frost resistance of the product, protects the skin from degreasing during washing, allowing it to maintain its natural water-lipophilic balance. These substances also have other advantages: for example, they stabilize foam and allow various dispersed additives to be introduced into shampoos without the risk of the mixture stratifying.

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