The process of streamlining formalization and standardization. The concept of "social institution". Institutionalization of public life. Structure and functions of social institutions

Social institutions (from the Latin institutum - establishment, institution) are historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social relations and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points: 1) One of necessary conditions the emergence of social institutions serves the corresponding social need. Institutes are called upon to organize joint activities people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The Institute higher education provides training work force, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. 2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, social groups and other communities. But he, like others social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs certain aspirations into the mainstream, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property inner world personalities, were internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form social roles and statuses. Internalization by individuals of all socio-cultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and waiting is the second essential element institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institution of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, attendants, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who for their activities have certain material values(buildings, finances, etc.).

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on the foregoing, one can give the following definition social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the social roles performed by members, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

27. Social institutions as elements social structure societies.

The concept of a social institution is one of the main ones in sociology. There are even attempts to define sociology as the science of social institutions. Thanks to the interpretation of this concept in sociology, a special institutional approach has been developed.

The Concise Dictionary of Sociology states that the term "institution" is of Latin origin and in literal translation in relation to the ancient era means establishment, institution. Today, a social institution means historically established, stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people and is used in a wide variety of meanings. The social institution is the main component of the social structure, integrating and coordinating many individual actions of people, streamlining social relations in the most important areas public life.

A social institution is an organized system of connections and social norms that combines significant social values and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society.

A social institution is a role-playing system, which also includes norms and statuses, a set of customs, traditions and rules of conduct; formal and informal organization; a set of norms and institutions that regulate a certain area of social relations; separate set of social activities.

Thus, the totality of relationships and systems of behavior that is useful to society finds the most complete expression in social institutions. It is known that essential condition existence of mankind is the constant reproduction of material wealth. It is social institutions that help to implement it purposefully and effectively. Here is the socialization of the younger generation, and the modernization of society, and its protection from external and internal enemies. Therefore, the importance of social institutions can hardly be overestimated. One thing, and perhaps the most important thing, can be unambiguously said - without them, humanity simply cannot exist in a civilized way. Moreover, the presence of social institutions, the degree of their development and efficiency of functioning is an indicator of the level of civilization of the era. Therefore, the concept of "social institution" in sociology occupies one of the central and extremely significant places.

1. The concept of "social institution".

institutionalization of public life.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points: 1) One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are designed to organize the joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The institution of higher education provides training for the workforce, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his own existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. 2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

What are these systems? What are their main elements? First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs certain aspirations into the mainstream, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of individuals, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institution of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, attendants, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who for their activities have certain material assets (buildings , finance, etc.).

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on the foregoing, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the social roles performed by members, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

2 Types and functions of social institutions.

Each institution performs its own characteristic social function. The totality of these social functions is formed into the general social functions of social institutions as certain types of social system. These features are very versatile. Sociologists of different trends tried to somehow classify them, to present them in the form of a certain ordered system. The most complete and interesting classification was presented by the so-called "institutional school". Representatives of the institutional school in sociology (Slipset; D. Landberg and others) identified four main functions of social institutions:

1) Reproduction of members of society. The main institution that performs this function is the family, but other social institutions, such as the state, are also involved in it.

2) Socialization - the transfer to individuals of the patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given society - the institutions of the family, education, religion, etc.

3) Production and distribution. Provided by the economic and social institutions of management and control - the authorities.

4) The functions of management and control are carried out through a system of social norms and regulations that implement the appropriate types of behavior: moral and legal norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. Social institutions control the individual's behavior through a system of rewards and sanctions.

Social institutions differ from each other in their functional qualities:

1) Economic and social institutions - property, exchange, money, banks, economic associations of various types - provide the entire set of production and distribution of social wealth, at the same time connecting economic life with other areas social life.

2) Political institutions - the state, parties, trade unions and other kinds public organizations pursuing political goals aimed at establishing and maintaining a certain form of political power. Their totality constitutes the political system of a given society. Political institutions ensure the reproduction and sustainable preservation of ideological values, stabilize the social class structures that dominate in society.

3) Sociocultural and educational institutions aim at the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values, the inclusion of individuals in a certain subculture, as well as the socialization of individuals through the assimilation of stable sociocultural standards of behavior and, finally, the protection of certain values and norms.

4) Normative-orienting - mechanisms of moral and ethical orientation and regulation of the behavior of individuals. Their goal is to give behavior and motivation a moral argument, ethical basis. These institutions assert imperative universal human values, special codes and ethics of behavior in the community.

5) Normative-sanctioning - social and social regulation of behavior on the basis of norms, rules and regulations enshrined in legal and administrative acts. The binding nature of the norms is ensured by the coercive power of the state and the system of appropriate sanctions.

6) Ceremonial-symbolic and situational-conventional institutions. These institutions are based on the more or less long-term adoption of conventional (by agreement) norms, their official and unofficial consolidation. These norms regulate everyday contacts, various acts of group and intergroup behavior. They determine the order and method of mutual behavior, regulate the methods of transmission and exchange of information, greetings, addresses, etc., the rules of meetings, meetings, the activities of some associations.

Violation of the normative interaction with the social environment, which is the society or community, is called the dysfunction of a social institution. As noted earlier, the basis for the formation and functioning of a particular social institution is the satisfaction of a particular social need. Under the conditions of intensive social processes, the acceleration of the pace of social change, a situation may arise when the changed social needs are not adequately reflected in the structure and functions of the relevant social institutions. As a result, dysfunction may occur in their activities. From a substantive point of view, dysfunction is expressed in the ambiguity of the goals of the institution, the uncertainty of functions, in the fall of its social prestige and authority, the degeneration of its individual functions into "symbolic", ritual activity, that is, activity not aimed at achieving a rational goal.

One of the clear expressions of the dysfunction of a social institution is the personalization of its activities. A social institution, as you know, functions according to its own, objectively operating mechanisms, where each person, on the basis of norms and patterns of behavior, in accordance with his status, plays certain roles. The personalization of a social institution means that it ceases to act in accordance with objective needs and objectively set goals, changing their functions depending on the interests individuals, their personal qualities and properties.

An unsatisfied social need can bring to life the spontaneous emergence of normatively unregulated activities that seek to make up for the dysfunction of the institution, but at the cost of violating existing norms and rules. In its extreme forms, activity of this kind can be expressed in illegal activities. Thus, the dysfunction of some economic institutions is the reason for the existence of the so-called "shadow economy", resulting in speculation, bribery, theft, etc. Correction of dysfunction can be achieved by changing the social institution itself or by creating a new social institution that satisfies a given social need.

Researchers distinguish two forms of the existence of social institutions: simple and complex. Simple social institutions are organized associations of people who perform certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by the members of the institution of their social roles, due to social values, ideals, norms. At this level, the control system did not stand out as an independent system. Social values, ideals, norms themselves ensure the sustainability of the existence and functioning of a social institution.

3. Family as the most important social institution.

A classic example of a simple social institution is the institution of the family. A.G. Kharchev defines the family as an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, connected by common life and mutual responsibility. Marriage is the foundation of family relationships. Marriage is a historically changing social form relations between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital and family rights and obligations. But the family, as a rule, is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it can unite not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives. Therefore, the family should be considered not just as a marriage group, but as a social institution, that is, a system of connections, interactions and relationships of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and regulate all connections, interactions and relationships on the basis of certain values and norms, subject to extensive social control through system of positive and negative sanctions.

The family as a social institution goes through a series of stages, the sequence of which develops into a family cycle or life cycle families. Researchers distinguish a different number of phases of this cycle, but the main ones are the following: 1) entering into a first marriage - the formation of a family; 2) the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child; 3) the end of childbearing - the birth of the last child; 4) "empty nest" - marriage and separation of the last child from the family; 5) termination of the existence of the family - the death of one of the spouses. At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics.

In the sociology of the family, such general principles identification of types of family organization. Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished. A monogamous family provides for the existence of a married couple - husband and wife, polygamous - as a rule, flies have the right to have several wives. Depending on the structure family ties a simple, nuclear, or complex, extended type of family is distinguished. A nuclear family is a married couple with unmarried children. If some of the children in the family are married, then an extended, or complex, family is formed, including two or more generations.

The family as a social institution arose with the formation of society. The process of formation and functioning of the family is determined by value-normative regulators. Such, for example, as courtship, the choice of a marriage partner, sexual standards of behavior, the norms that guide the wife and husband, parents and children, etc., as well as sanctions for their non-compliance. These values, norms and sanctions are the historically changing form of relations between a man and a woman accepted in a given society, through which they streamline and sanction their sexual life and establish their marital, parental and other related rights and obligations.

At the first stages of the development of society, relations between a man and a woman, older and younger generations were regulated by tribal and tribal customs, which were syncretic norms and patterns of behavior based on religious and moral ideas. With the advent of the state, regulation family life acquired a legal character. Legal registration marriage imposed certain responsibilities not only on spouses, but also on the state that sanctioned their union. From now on, social control and sanctions were carried out not only by public opinion, but also by state bodies.

The main, first function of the family, as follows from the definition of A.G. Kharchev, is reproductive, that is, the biological reproduction of the population in social terms and the satisfaction of the need for children - in personal terms. Along with this main function, the family performs a number of other important social functions:

a) educational - socialization of the younger generation, maintaining the cultural reproduction of society;

b) household - maintaining the physical health of members of society, caring for children and elderly family members;

c) economic - obtaining material resources of some family members for others, economic support minors and disabled members of society;

d) the scope of the primary social control moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various fields life, as well as the regulation of responsibility and obligations in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older and middle generations;

e) spiritual communication - personal development of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment;

f) social status - granting a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;

g) leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

h) emotional - obtaining psychological protection, emotional support, emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.

To understand the family as a social institution, the analysis of role relations in the family is of great importance. The family role is one of the types of social roles of a person in society. Family roles are determined by the place and functions of the individual in the family group and are subdivided primarily into marital (wife, husband), parental (mother, father), children (son, daughter, brother, sister), intergenerational and intragenerational (grandfather, grandmother, elder , junior), etc. The fulfillment of a family role depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, primarily on the correct formation of a role image. An individual must clearly understand what it means to be a husband or wife, the eldest or the youngest in the family, what behavior is expected from him, what rules, norms this or that behavior dictates to him. In order to formulate the image of his behavior, the individual must accurately determine his place and the place of others in the role structure of the family. For example, can he play the role of head of the family, in general

Marriage and family as social institutions. The role of the family in personality development. The trend of development of family and marriage relations. Social functions of the family. Forms of marriage, family roles, formal and informal norms and sanctions in the field of marriage and family relations.

St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Department of Political Science. Essay on the topic: Social institutions of society.

What is the modern family? Types of family organization. Family law. Types of family relationships. Functions of the family and the current difficult demographic situation in Russia. The results of the sociological research.

Origin of the term "social institution", analysis of the functioning of domestic, political, professional institutions. Functions, forms, sources of development of social institutions; institutionalization process. Organization as an element of social structure.

Subject: . Plan: Marriage is the foundation of family relationships. Family functions. family role. Tasks of the sociology of the family. Categories of family and marriage relations. Historical trend in the sociology of family and marriage.

The specificity of the sociological study of the family. The main forms of marriage are endogamous and exogamous, polygamous and monogamous. Types of families depending on the existence of features of their socio-demographic composition and functions. Stages of development and family structure.

Social institutions as historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people, their external and internal structure, types and basic principles of activity. The family as a social institution modern tendencies its development.

Characteristics of the essence, forms and types of the family - a group of people connected by direct family relations, whose adult members assume obligations to care for children. Transformation of the family and the dynamics of family relations. The most important functions of the family.

The problem of defining the concept of "family" in the sociology of the family and demography. Family as a social institution and a small group: the subject of physical and social reproduction of generations. Specific and non-specific, individual and social functions of the family.

The concept of social institutions, their emergence, classification by spheres of society. Methodology of institutionalization - an ordered process with a certain structure of relations, a hierarchy of power, discipline, rules of conduct.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine PGASA SUMMARY on the discipline "Sociology" on the topic "Family as an object of sociological research" Completed: art. gr. _____ Sav...

The concept and types of social institution. Marriage is the foundation of family relationships. Historical trend in the sociology of family and marriage. Family as the most important social institution: life cycle, forms, functions. Distribution of roles in the family. The crisis of the family, its future.

The family is one of the fundamental institutions of society, giving it stability and the ability to replenish the population in each next generation. The process of family formation, its life cycle. Reasons that motivate people to unite in family groups.

Characteristics of a social institution and the purpose of its activities. A set of social positions and functions. Definition and analysis of religion as a social institution. Value-normative level of religion. Church as a form of modern religious organization.

The study of the foundations of the sociology of the family, the main problems of family and marriage relations of our time, their causes and methods for their resolution. Divorces as an indicator of the crisis of the family institution. Trends in the development of family and marriage relations in Russia, Western countries and the USA.

Marriage and family as social institutions and their functions. Social, psychological and economic motives of marriage and family relations. Prospects for the development of family and marriage. Group quality of family life. Style of performance of intra-family roles.

arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of individuals, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institution of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, attendants, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who for their activities have certain material assets (buildings , finance, etc.).

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on the foregoing, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the social roles performed by members, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

27. Social institutions as elements of the social structure of society.

A social institution is an organized system of connections and social norms that combines significant social values and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society.

Thus, the totality of relationships and systems of behavior that is useful to society finds the most complete expression in social institutions. It is known that the most important condition for the existence of mankind is the constant reproduction of material goods. It is social institutions that help to implement it purposefully and effectively. Here is the socialization of the younger generation, and the modernization of society, and its protection from external and internal enemies. Therefore, the importance of social institutions can hardly be overestimated. One thing, and perhaps the most important thing, can be unambiguously said - without them, humanity simply cannot exist in a civilized way. Moreover, the presence of social institutions, the degree of their development and efficiency of functioning is an indicator of the level of civilization of the era. Therefore, the concept of "social institution" in sociology occupies one of the central and extremely significant places.

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Part 1 - tasks with a choice of answers
Part 2 - short answer tasks
Part 3 - task with a detailed answer (an essay on one of the proposed topics)

1. The ability of a social system to include new parts, new social formations, phenomena or processes into a single whole is the ability to

1) socialization
2) integration
3) operation
4) diversification

2. The process of adapting the body to environment called

1) adaptation
2) cooperation
3) integration
4) determinism

3. Elements of social and cultural heritage that are transmitted from generation to generation and preserved in certain societies, classes and social groups for a long time are called

1) civilization
2) formation
3) tradition
4) morality

4. The process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called

1) institutionalization
2) cooperation
3) consolidation
4) denomination

5. The main element of society is

1) state
2) social group
3) political system
4) man

6. Progressive development from a lower state to a higher one

1) revolution
2) regression
3) paradigm
4) progress

7. The process of gradual change, development is called

1) evolution
2) revolution
3) regression
4) adaptation

8. An irreversible process aimed at changing material and spiritual objects in order to improve them is called

1) development
2) socialization
3) adaptation
4) regression

9. Radical, fundamental, deep, qualitative change, a leap in the development of society, an open break with the previous state

1) evolution
2) revolution
3) progress
4) regression

10. The socialist revolution, in which there was a transition from capitalism to socialism, was called by Soviet science the events

1) January 1905
2) February 191 7
3) October 1917
4) September 1939

11. The events of 1989-1991 in Eastern Europe, as a result of which the political regimes of the Soviet type were liquidated, were called

1) velvet revolutions
2) color revolutions
3) national liberation revolutions
4) socialist revolutions

12. Restoration of the pre-existing political system in scientific literature called

1) restoration
2) emancipation
3) revolution
4) regression

13. An action that has been ingrained in a society for a long time

1) custom
2) right
3) institute
4) habit

14. A small group of people connected by ties of marriage or blood relationship, common life, interests, mutual assistance and responsibility is called

1) company
2) team
3) family
4) marriage

15. A well-established order of social life in the main spheres of life is called

1) socialization
2) adaptation
3) institutional interaction
4) social consensus

1. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept social norms. Permission, morality, society, prohibition, traditions, law.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.

2. Insert the missing concept: "Historically established forms of organization of joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society, are called __________."

3. Find in the list below the concepts that characterize the main types of human activity. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) game
2) education
3) labor
4) communication
5) teaching
6) thinking

4. Find in the list below the concepts related to the political institutions of society. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) family
2) state
3) parties
4) banks
5) trade unions
6) church

Part 3 (essay topics)

1. “Progress is not an accident, but a necessity” (G. Spencer).

2. “A person can do without much, but not without a person” (L. Berne).

3. “Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other” (Seneca).

Answers to the social science test Society as a complex dynamic system
Part 1
1-2, 2-1, 3-3, 4-1, 5-4, 6-4, 7-1, 8-1, 9-2, 10-3, 11-1, 12-1, 13-1, 14-3, 15-3.
Part 2
1-society
2-social institutions
3-1345
4-235

The first, most commonly used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relations. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points.

§ One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are designed to organize the joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The institution of higher education provides training for the workforce, enables a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his own existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

§ A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

First of all, we are talking about a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts that arise in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole.

In itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personality needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

§ The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institution of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, attendants, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who for their activities have certain material assets (buildings , finance, etc.).

Thus, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on the foregoing, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the social roles performed by members, which are set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.