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Lesson objectives 1. Educational: to form students' knowledge about the concepts of "social differentiation", "social inequality", "social stratification", "stratum", "social mobility", "marginal", the foundations of social stratification and its historical types, characteristics of modern stratification , types of social mobility; to consolidate the basic concepts and definitions 2. developing: to develop active, cognitive, mental activity, to develop research and professional skills in working with literature, to promote the development of creative self-realization of students 3. educational: to cultivate the desire to build their behavior and activities in accordance with universal, moral values , to build their professional activities and social behavior in accordance with the laws of society, to promote the development of purposefulness, the ability to realize their social and professional roles
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Lesson plan 1. Actualization of basic knowledge (testing) 2. social stratification society, its foundations 3. Historical types of stratification 4. Characteristics of the main social strata of society 5 . Social mobility 6. Consolidation of the material covered (testing)
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1. Actualization of basic knowledge (testing) 1. Establish a correspondence between the types of social groups and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Examples of social groups Types of social groups A) poetry circle 1) formal B) sports team "Spartak" 2) informal C) school class D) employees of the department of the institute E) organization of fans of the Zenit Football Club Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters. Answer: 2. Answer the question using your knowledge on the topic “The social structure of society”. Are the following statements about social groups correct? A) A small social group is a family, a school team, a group of friends. B) Social groups whose activities are determined by normative documents are called formal 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
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3. A characteristic feature of this type of group is the commonality of historical experience, language and cultural traditions. What social group are we talking about? A) ethnos B) estates C) electorate D) confessions
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5. Both the class and the nation: A) have sovereignty B) are an element of the social structure C) are characterized by a certain place in the production system D) exercise public power 6. Are the following judgments about the grounds for distinguishing social groups correct? A. The basis for distinguishing social groups can be a sign of ethnicity B. A. The basis for distinguishing social groups can be a demographic sign 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect
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2. Social stratification of society, its foundations Social differentiation of society - any social differences, including those not related to inequality. Social inequality is the uneven distribution of scarce resources of society, in which individual individuals, social strata, groups, classes have unequal life chances and opportunities to meet needs.
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Social stratification is the stratification and hierarchical organization of various strata of society, a set of institutions and relations between them. The term was introduced by the famous sociologist P.A. Sorokin Strata - large groups of people that differ in their position in the social structure of society.
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Information Sheet No. 1 "Inequality" - N. Smelser - a modern American sociologist, vice president of the International Sociological Association. Weber identified three components of inequality. He considered them interrelated and yet in essential respects independent. The first component is wealth inequality. Wealth means more than just wage; the rich often do not work at all, but they receive big income through property, investment, real estate or shares and valuable papers. Weber pointed out that representatives of different social classes - peasants, workers, merchants - have different opportunities for generating income and acquiring goods ... However, Weber felt that it was not all about wealth. He revealed the second component of inequality - groups of people are honored and respected to a different extent and have unequal prestige: he introduced the concept of “status groups” ... But not all status groups consist only of rich people, they can include people of very different incomes. Wealth plays an important role, but equally important is prestige, which may be completely independent of wealth ... The leader of the mafia is rich, but his social prestige is minimal (with the exception of his small group). In addition to wealth and prestige, Weber noted a third factor... It's about about power, in its essence having a political character. It refers to the ability of a person or group to carry out plans, take actions, or pursue certain policies, even in the face of objections from other people and groups. Weber took into account the important role of political parties and interest groups in shaping the system of power in society. Smelzer N. Sociology. - M., 1994. - S. 283-284. Questions and tasks: 1. What aspects of inequality are described in the text of the fragment? Explain what is the essence of each component of inequality in the social structure. 2. What is the essence of each component of inequality in the social structure?
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Foundations of social stratification 1. Income - one of the characteristics of the economic situation of an individual, expressed in the amount of cash receipts for a certain period of time. 2. Power - ability individuals or groups to impose their will on others, regardless of their desire. Power is measured by the number of people to whom it extends. 3. Education is the basis of general cultural and vocational training V modern society. 4. Prestige - the respect with which public opinion relates to a profession or position, occupation or individual. for his personal qualities.
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3.Historical types of stratification The history of mankind knows several forms of stratification: 1.Slavery - the allocation of a layer of people who do not have any rights. 2. Castes - the division of people into strata is carried out on the basis of birth. The transition from one caste to another is prohibited by law. 3. Estates - a closed, isolated social group that divides people on the basis of origin or profession, has rights and obligations fixed by custom or law, inherited. 4. Classes - the position of an individual in society is determined by economic criteria, in particular, the presence of property.
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Information sheet No. 2 Historical types of stratification systems Task No. 1 Slavery Task No. 2 1. “Closed society”: social movements from lower to higher strata are completely prohibited or significantly limited Caste (from lat. castus - pure) system Estate system 2. “ Open society”: social movements from one stratum to another are not limited Class system
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4. Characteristics of the main social strata of society Modern stratification includes the following approach: 1. The upper upper stratum: "aristocrats by blood", a special way of life, hereditary wealth (up to 1%) 2. The lower upper stratum: consists of the "new rich" , who did not have time to create powerful tribal clans, occupying top positions in business, politics (up to 4%) 3. The upper middle layer: consists of the petty bourgeoisie and highly paid professionals (large lawyers, doctors, TV presenters, from 15 to 25%) 4. Middle middle layer: a layer of well-paid employees, medium-paid professionals, people of intelligent professions (teachers, doctors, up to 15%) 5. Lower middle layer: "white collars", managers, engineering and technical workers (up to 40%) 6. Upper lower layer: workers physical labor(from 20 to 25%) 7. Lower bottom layer: unemployed, slum dwellers (5-10%)
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Stratification profiles Stable society Unstable society Upper stratum (5-10%) Middle stratum (80%) Lower stratum (5-10%) 5-10% 25% 65 – 70%
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5 . Social mobility Social mobility (social movement) is a change in the place occupied by a person or group in the social structure. TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY 1. Vertical mobility - involves movement from one stratum to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward and downward vertical mobility (movement up the career ladder, enrichment or impoverishment). 2. Horizontal mobility - involves the movement of a person from one group to another, located at the same level (moving to another city, the same in terms of the number of inhabitants)
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3.Individual social mobility - the transition of individuals from one community to another. 4. Group social mobility - occurs when the criteria for stratification change in society (revolution). Causes of social mobility 1. Economic: lead to the emergence of new forms of ownership, management 2. Political: the emergence of new parties, movements, new political communities 3. Demographic 4. Migration 5. Subjective: individual social orientation of people
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Channels of social mobility 1. Income and property 2. Education and professional affiliation 3. Army 4. Family and marriage 5. Mass media 6. Party activities
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Social movements lead to the emergence of intermediate, boundary layers, which are called marginal. Margingal - a person who has left one social group, but has not yet joined the values and lifestyle of another (worker - unemployed, student - student) Social mobility is an important characteristic of society, an indicator of its openness. IN open society there are ample opportunities to move from one social group to another. A closed society in every possible way makes it difficult to move from one social stratum to another.
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Information sheet No. 2 Historical types of stratification systems Task No. 1 Slavery Task No. 2 1. “Closed society”: social movements from lower to higher strata are completely prohibited or significantly limited Caste (from lat. castus - pure) system Estate system 2. “ Open society”: social movements from one stratum to another are not limited Class system
Society does not remain unshakable. In society, there is a slow or rapid increase in the number of one and a decrease in the number of another social stratum, as well as an increase or decrease in their status. The relative stability of social strata does not rule out vertical migration of individuals. According to P. Sorokin, social mobility is understood as the transition of an individual, a social community, a value from one social status to another."
social mobility is the transition of a person from one social group to another.
Horizontal mobility is distinguished when a person moves to a group located at the same hierarchical level as the previous one, and vertical when a person moves to a higher (upward mobility) or lower (downward mobility) rung in the social hierarchy.
Examples of Horizontal Mobility: moving from one city to another, changing religion, moving from one family to another after the breakdown of marriage, changing citizenship, moving from one political party to another, change of work when transferring to an approximately equivalent position.
Examples of vertical mobility: change from a low-paid job to a highly paid one, the transformation of an unskilled worker into a skilled one, the election of a politician as the president of the country (these examples demonstrate upward vertical mobility), the demotion of an officer to a private, the ruin of an entrepreneur, the transfer of a shop manager to the position of a foreman (downward vertical mobility).
Societies where social mobility is high are called open, and societies with low social mobility closed. In the most closed societies ah (say, in a caste system), upward vertical mobility is practically impossible. In less closed (for example, in a class society) there are opportunities for moving the most ambitious or successful people to higher levels of the social ladder.
Traditionally, the institutions that contributed to the promotion of people from the "low" classes were the army and the church, where any private or priest, with the appropriate abilities, could reach the highest social status- become a general or church hierarch. Another way to rise higher in the social hierarchy was profitable marriage and marriage.
In an open society, the main mechanism for raising social status is the institution of education. Even a member of the lowest social strata can expect to achieve a high position, but on the condition that he receives a good education at a prestigious university, demonstrating high academic performance, dedication and high intellectual abilities.
Individual and group social mobility
At individual social mobility, it is possible to change the social status and role of an individual within the framework of social stratification. For example, in post-Soviet Russia, a former ordinary engineer becomes an "oligarch", and the president turns into a wealthy pensioner. At group social mobility changes the social status of some social community. For example, in post-Soviet Russia, a significant part of teachers, engineers, scientists became "shuttles". Social mobility also implies the possibility of changing the social status of values. For example, during the transition to post-Soviet relations, the values of liberalism (freedom, enterprise, democracy, etc.) have risen in our country, while the values of socialism (equality, diligence, centralism, etc.) have fallen.
Horizontal and vertical social mobility
Social mobility can be vertical and horizontal. At horizontal mobility is the social movement of individuals and occurs in other, but equal in status social communities. These can be considered as moving from state structures to private ones, moving from one enterprise to another, etc. Varieties of horizontal mobility are: territorial (migration, tourism, relocation from village to city), professional (change of profession), religious (change of religion) , political (transition from one political party to another).
At vertical mobility is happening ascending And descending movement of people. An example of such mobility is the demotion of workers from the "hegemon" in the USSR to the simple class in today's Russia and, conversely, the rise of speculators to the middle and upper class. Vertical social movements are associated, firstly, with profound changes in the socio-economic structure of society, the emergence of new classes, social groups striving to win a higher social status, and secondly, with a change in ideological guidelines, value systems and norms. , political priorities. In this case, there is an upward movement of those political forces that were able to catch changes in the mindsets, orientations and ideals of the population.
To quantify social mobility, indicators of its speed are used. Under speed social mobility refers to the vertical social distance and the number of strata (economic, professional, political, etc.) that individuals go through in their movement up or down in a certain period of time. For example, a young specialist after graduation can take the positions of a senior engineer or head of a department for several years, etc.
Intensity social mobility is characterized by the number of individuals who change social positions in a vertical or horizontal position for a certain period of time. The number of such individuals gives absolute intensity of social mobility. For example, during the years of reforms in post-Soviet Russia (1992-1998), up to one-third of the “Soviet intelligentsia”, who made up the middle class of Soviet Russia, became “shuttle traders.
Aggregate index social mobility includes its speed and intensity. In this way one can compare one society with another in order to find out (1) in which of them or (2) in what period social mobility is higher or lower in all indicators. Such an index can be calculated separately for economic, professional, political and other social mobility. Social mobility is an important characteristic of the dynamic development of society. Those societies where the total index of social mobility is higher develop much more dynamically, especially if this index belongs to the ruling strata.
Social (group) mobility is associated with the emergence of new social groups and affects the ratio of the main ones, whose no longer correspond to the established hierarchy. By the middle of the 20th century, for example, managers (managers) became such a group. large enterprises. On the basis of this fact in Western sociology, the concept of the "revolution of managers" (J. Bernheim) has developed. According to her, the administrative stratum begins to play a decisive role not only in the economy, but also in social life, supplementing and displacing the class of owners of the means of production (capitalists).
Social movements along the vertical are intensively going on during the restructuring of the economy. The emergence of new prestigious, highly paid professional groups contributes to mass movement up the ladder of social status. The fall of the social status of the profession, the disappearance of some of them provoke not only a downward movement, but also the emergence of marginal strata, losing their usual position in society, losing the achieved level of consumption. There is an erosion of values and norms that previously united them and determined their stable place in the social hierarchy.
Outcasts - these are social groups that have lost their former social status, deprived of the opportunity to engage in their usual activities, and found themselves unable to adapt to the new sociocultural (value and normative) environment. Their former values and norms did not succumb to the displacement of new norms and values. The efforts of marginals to adapt to new conditions give rise to psychological stress. The behavior of such people is characterized by extremes: they are either passive or aggressive, and also easily transgress moral standards capable of unpredictable behavior. A typical leader of marginals in post-Soviet Russia is V. Zhirinovsky.
During periods of acute social cataclysms, a radical change in the social structure, an almost complete renewal of the highest echelons of society can occur. Thus, the events of 1917 in our country led to the overthrow of the old ruling classes (nobility and bourgeoisie) and the rapid rise of a new ruling stratum (communist party bureaucracy) with nominally socialist values and norms. Such a cardinal replacement of the upper stratum of society always takes place in an atmosphere of extreme confrontation and tough struggle.
Social inequality and the resulting social stratification are not permanent. As mentioned above, they fluctuate, and the stratification profile is constantly changing. These processes are associated with the movements of individuals and groups in social space - social mobility, which is understood as the transition of individuals or groups from one social position to another.
One of the first researchers of social mobility, who introduced this term into sociology, was P. A. Sorokin. He devoted to the processes of social mobility special work: "Social stratification and mobility". He distinguishes two main types of social mobility - horizontal and vertical.
Under horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same social level (remarriage, change of job, etc.), while maintaining the same social status.
Vertical social mobility - it is the movement of an individual from one social level to another, with a change in social status. Vertical mobility can be either upward, associated with an increase in status, or downward, involving a decrease in status.
Vertical and horizontal mobility are interconnected: the more intense the movement "along the horizontal", albeit without a noticeable increase in social status, the more opportunities (connections, knowledge, experience, etc.) are accumulated for subsequent climbing the social ladder.
Mobility, both horizontal and vertical, can be individual, associated with a change in the social status and position in the social space of an individual, and group, involving the movement of entire groups. All types of mobility can occur voluntarily, when an individual or purposefully changes his position in the social space, and forcibly, when movements and status changes occur regardless of the will of people or even contrary to it. Usually, upward individual voluntary mobility is associated with strong-willed efforts and vigorous activity to improve social status. However, there is also downward voluntary mobility due to the personal decision of the individual to give up high status for the benefits that low status can provide. An example of such mobility in modern society is downshifting - a conscious and voluntary lowering of professional and economic status in order to increase the amount of free time that can be spent on hobbies, self-development, raising children, etc.
According to the degree of accessibility of social mobility and the intensity of movement of individuals, they differ open And closed society. In open societies, mobility is available to most individuals and groups. The intensity of vertical mobility can be used to judge the democratic nature of society - the intensity of vertical mobility is less in closed, non-democratic countries and vice versa. In real life, there are neither absolutely open nor absolutely closed societies - always and everywhere there are both diverse channels And elevators mobility, and filters, restricting access to them. The channels of social mobility usually coincide with the grounds for stratification and are associated with changes in economic, political, professional status, and prestige. Social elevators make it possible to quickly change social status - its increase or decrease. The main social elevators include such activities and related activities. social institutions, as entrepreneurial and political activities, education, church, military service. The level of social justice in modern societies is judged by the availability of mobility channels and social lifts.
Social filters (P. A. Sorokin used the concept of "social sieve") are institutions that restrict access to upward vertical mobility so that the most deserving members of society get to the highest levels of the social hierarchy. An example of a filter is an examination system designed to select the most prepared and professionally fit individuals for training.
In addition, penetration into high-status social groups is usually limited by various filters, and the higher the status of the group, the more difficult and difficult it is to penetrate. It is not enough to correspond to the level of the upper class in terms of income and wealth, in order to be a full-fledged member, one must lead an appropriate lifestyle, have an adequate cultural level, and so on.
Upward social mobility exists in any society. Even in societies dominated by prescribed social status, inherited and sanctioned by tradition, such as the Indian caste society or the European estate, there were channels of mobility, although access to them was very limited and difficult. In the Indian caste system, which is rightly considered an example of the most closed society, researchers trace the channels of individual and collective vertical mobility. Individual vertical mobility was associated with leaving the caste system in general, i.e. with the adoption of another religion, such as Sikhism or Islam. And group vertical mobility was also possible within the framework of the caste system, and is associated with a very complex process of raising the status of the entire caste through the theological justification of its higher religious charisma.
It should be remembered that in closed societies restrictions on vertical mobility are manifested not only in the difficulty of raising status, but also in the presence of institutions that reduce the risks of lowering it. These include communal and clan solidarity and mutual aid, as well as patron-client relationships that prescribe patronage to subordinates in exchange for their loyalty and support.
Social mobility tends to fluctuate. Its intensity varies from society to society, and within the same society relatively dynamic and stable periods are noted. Thus, in the history of Russia, the periods of clearly expressed movements were the periods of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the reign of Peter I, the October Revolution. During these periods, throughout the country, the old government elite was practically destroyed, and people from the lower social strata occupied the highest managerial positions.
Significant characteristics of the closed (open) society are intragenerational mobility And intergenerational mobility. Intragenerational mobility shows the changes in social status (both rising and falling) that occur within one generation. Intergenerational mobility demonstrates changes in the status of the next generation relative to the previous one ("children" relative to "fathers"). It is widely believed that in closed societies with strong traditions and a predominance of prescribed statuses, “children” are more likely to reproduce social positions, professions, and the way of life of their “fathers”, while in open societies they choose their own life path, often associated with a change in social status. In some social systems following the path of parents, creating a professional dynasty is seen as a morally approved course of action. Thus, in Soviet society, with real opportunities for social mobility, open access to such elevators as education, a political (party) career for people from lower social groups, the creation of "working dynasties" was especially encouraged, reproducing from generation to generation professional affiliation and providing transfer of specific professional skills. However, it should be noted that in an open society, belonging to a high-status family already creates the prerequisites for the reproduction of this status in future generations, and the low status of parents imposes certain restrictions on the possibilities of vertical mobility of children.
Social mobility manifests itself in various forms and, as a rule, is associated with economic mobility, those. fluctuations in the economic position of an individual or group. Vertical socio-economic mobility is associated with an increase or decrease in well-being, and the main channel is economic and entrepreneurial, professional activity. In addition, other forms of mobility can also affect economic mobility, for example, the growth of power in the context of political mobility usually entails an improvement in the economic situation.
Historical periods, accompanied by the growth of socio-economic mobility in society, coincide with intense socio-economic changes, reforms, revolutions. Thus, in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century, during the reforms of Peter I, social mobility in general increased, and elites rotated. For the Russian trade and economic class, the reforms were associated with fundamental changes in the composition and structure, which led to the loss of the economic status (downward mobility) of a significant part of the former large entrepreneurs, and the rapid enrichment (vertical mobility) of others, who often came to large business from small crafts ( for example, the Demidovs) or from other fields of activity. In the era of revolutionary changes at the beginning of the 20th century. there was a sharp downward mobility of almost the entire economic elite Russian society caused by the violent actions of the revolutionary authorities - expropriations, nationalization of industry and banks, mass confiscations of property, alienation of land, etc. At the same time, non-entrepreneurial, but belonging to professional elites and therefore possessing a relatively high material status, groups of the population - generals, professors, technical and creative intelligentsia, etc., also lost their economic positions.
From the above examples, it is clear that economic mobility can be carried out as follows:
- individually, when individuals change their economic situation regardless of the position of the group or society as a whole. Here the most important social "elevators" are both the creation of economic organizations, i.e. entrepreneurial activity, professional development, and social mobility associated with the transition to a group with a higher material status. For example, during the period of post-Soviet reforms in the economy in Russia in the 90s. 20th century the transition of officers or scientists into management meant an increase in well-being;
- in group form in connection with the growth of the material well-being of the group as a whole. In Russia in the 1990s many social groups that were considered economically wealthy in the Soviet period - officers, scientific and technical intelligentsia, etc. lost their former high salaries and made a sharp downward economic mobility without changing their social, professional, political status. A number of other groups, by contrast, have improved their material well-being without actually changing other aspects of their status. These are, first of all, civil servants, lawyers, some categories of creative intelligentsia, managers, accountants, etc.
Both forms of economic mobility intensify during periods of reform and transformation, but are also possible in calm periods.
As we have already noted, there are no absolutely closed societies, and there are opportunities for vertical economic mobility even in totalitarian societies, but they may be associated with restrictions on economic stratification in general: it is possible to increase prosperity in connection, for example, with obtaining highly paid profession, but this growth will be small relative to other professional groups. The ban on entrepreneurial activity, of course, significantly limits both the absolute and relative opportunities for vertical economic mobility in Soviet-type societies. However, downward mobility in the form of loss of livelihoods, housing, etc. is limited due to the presence social guarantees and general equalization policy. Democratic societies with developed economic freedoms present opportunities for enrichment through entrepreneurial activity, however, impose on the individual the burden of risk and responsibility for decisions taken. Therefore, there is also a danger of downward mobility associated with the risks of economic fluctuations. It can be both individual losses and group downward mobility. For example, the 1998 default in Russia (as well as in Great Britain and a number of countries in Southeast Asia) led not only to the ruin of individual entrepreneurs, but also to a temporary decrease in the material level (downward mobility) of entire professional groups.
II. The concept of social mobility. Intragenerational and intergenerational mobility.
social mobility- this is a set of social movements of people within the framework of the stratification of society, that is, a change in their social position, status. People move up and down the social hierarchy, sometimes in groups, less often in entire strata and classes.
According to the fluctuation theory of Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (1889 - 1968), social mobility- this is the movement of individuals within the social space, which represents a certain universe, consisting of the population of the earth.
P. Sorokin distinguishes three forms of social stratification: economic, political and professional.
social stratification- this is the differentiation of a given set of people (population) into classes in a hierarchical rank. Its basis is the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties, power and influence. The totality of groups included in the social universe, as well as the totality of relations within each of them, constitute a system of social coordinates that makes it possible to determine the social position of any individual. Like geometric space, social space has several axes of measurement, the main ones being vertical and horizontal.
Horizontal mobility- the transition from one social group to another, located at the same level of stratification.
Vertical mobility- the transition from one stratum to another, located at different levels of the hierarchy. There are two types of such mobility: ascending- moving up the social ladder and descending- move down.
Main characteristics of social mobility
1. Social mobility is measured using two main indicators:
Mobility Distance- this is the number of steps that individuals managed to climb or had to go down.
The normal distance is considered to be moving one or two steps up or down. Most social transitions happen this way.
Abnormal distance - an unexpected rise to the top of the social ladder or fall to its bottom.
Scope of mobility- this is the number of individuals who have moved up the social ladder in a vertical direction in a certain period of time. If the volume is calculated by the number of moved individuals, then it is called absolute and if the ratio of this number to the entire population, then relative and is indicated as a percentage. The total volume or scale of mobility, determines the number of movements over all strata together, and differentiated- by separate strata, layers, classes. For example, in industrial society 2/3 of the population are mobile - this fact refers to the total volume, and 37% of the children of workers who have become employees, to the differentiated one.
The scale of social mobility is also defined as the percentage of those who have changed, in comparison with their fathers, their social status.
2. The change in mobility for individual layers is also described by two indicators:
The first one is to exit mobility coefficient from the social stratum. It shows, for example, how many sons of skilled workers became intellectuals or peasants.
Second entry mobility factor into the social stratum, it indicates from which strata this or that stratum is replenished. It reveals the social origin of people.
3. Mobility assessment criteria
When studying social mobility, sociologists pay attention to the following points:
Number and size of classes and status groups;
The amount of mobility of individuals and families from one group to another;
The degree of differentiation of social strata by types of behavior (lifestyle) and the level of class consciousness;
The type or amount of property owned by a person, occupation, as well as the values that determine one or another status;
Distribution of power between classes and status groups.
Of the listed criteria, two are especially important: the amount (or amount) of mobility and the differentiation of status groups. They are used to distinguish one type of stratification from another.
4. Classification of social mobility
There are main and non-main types, types, forms of mobility.
Main species characterize all or most societies in any historical epoch. Of course, the intensity or volume of mobility is not the same everywhere. Non-main types of mobility are inherent in some types of society and are not inherent in others.
Social mobility can be classified according to different criteria. So, for example, one distinguishes individual mobility when moving down, up or horizontally occurs for each person independently of others, and group mobility, when movements occur collectively, for example, after a social revolution, the old class cedes dominant positions to the new class. Group mobility occurs where and when the social significance of an entire class, estate, caste, rank, or category rises or falls. Mobile individuals begin socialization in one class and end in another.
In addition to them, sometimes they distinguish organized mobility , when the movement of a person or entire groups up, down or horizontally is controlled by the state: a) with the consent of the people themselves, b) without their consent. Voluntary organized mobility should include the so-called socialist organization set, public appeals for Komsomol construction projects, etc. Involuntary organized mobility includes repatriation(resettlement) of small peoples and dispossession during the years of Stalinism.
It is necessary to distinguish from organized mobility structural mobility. It is caused by changes in the structure of the national economy and occurs against the will and consciousness of individual individuals. For example, the disappearance or reduction of industries or professions leads to the displacement of large masses of people.
There are two main kind social mobility intergenerational and intragenerational and two main type- vertical and horizontal. They, in turn, fall into subspecies and subtypes that are closely related to each other.
Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility
Generation is a concept that denotes different aspects related and age structures of the historical development of society. The theory of age stratification of society allows us to consider society as a set of age groups, and thus reflect age-related differences in abilities, role functions, rights and privileges. Mobility practically does not occur in the demographic sphere: moving from one age to another does not belong to the phenomenon of intergenerational mobility.
Intergenerational mobility implies that children reach a higher social position or fall to a lower level than their parents. Intergenerational mobility is a change in the position of sons relative to their fathers. For example, the son of a plumber becomes president of a corporation, or vice versa. Intergenerational mobility is the most important form of social mobility. Its scale tells the extent to which, in a given society, inequality passes from one generation to the next.
If intergenerational mobility is low, then this means that inequality has taken root in this society, and a person’s chances to change his fate do not depend on himself, but are predetermined by birth. In the case of significant intergenerational mobility, people achieve a new status through their own efforts, regardless of the circumstances that accompanied their birth.
Intragenerational mobility takes place where the same individual, beyond comparison with the father, changes social positions several times throughout his life. Otherwise it is called social career. Example: a turner becomes an engineer, and then a shop manager, plant director, minister of the engineering industry.
The first type of mobility refers to long-term, and the second - to short-term processes. In the first case, sociologists are more interested in interclass mobility, and in the second, the movement from the sphere of physical labor to the sphere of mental labor.
II. Horizontal mobility.
Migration, emigration, immigration.
Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located at the same level. An example is the movement from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one's own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction. Horizontal mobility implies a change by a person during his life from one status to another, which are approximately equivalent.
A form of horizontal mobility is geographical mobility. It does not imply a change in status or group, but a movement from one place to another while maintaining the same status. An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from a city to a village and back, moving from one enterprise to another. If a change of status is added to a change of place, then geographic mobility becomes migration. If a villager comes to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographic mobility. If he moved to the city for permanent residence and found a job here, then this is migration. He changed his profession.
Migration are territorial movements. They are seasonal, i.e. depending on the season (tourism, treatment, study, agricultural work), and pendulum- regular movement from this point and return to it. Essentially, both types of migration are temporary and return. Migration is the movement of people within one country.
What is social mobility? A lot of students sooner or later begin to ask this question. And the answer to it is quite simple - it is a change in the social stratum. This concept is very easy to express through two similar ones - a social lift or a lighter, everyday one - a career. In this article, we will consider in more detail the concept of social mobility, its types, factors and other categories of this topic.
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To get started, you need consider this concept. like social stratification. In simple terms, the structure of society. Each person occupies some place in this structure, has a certain status, amount of money, and so on. Mobility occurs when a person's position in society changes.
Social mobility - examples
You don't have to look far for examples. When a person started as an ordinary schoolboy and became a student, this is an example of social mobility. Or a person was without a permanent place of residence for 5 years, and then got a job - an example of social mobility. And when a person changes a profession to a similar one in status (for example, a freelancer doing Photoshop and a copywriter) - this is also an example of mobility.
Perhaps you know the proverb “from rags to riches”, which also expresses the transition from one status to another noticed by the people.
Types of social mobility
Social mobility can be both horizontal and vertical. Let's take a closer look at each type.
- this is a change in a social group while maintaining the same social status. Examples of horizontal mobility are a change in the religious community or the university in which a person studies. There are such types horizontal social mobility:
Vertical mobility
Vertical mobility is what you dream about great amount of people. And in the same way, sometimes it happens that it hurts. How does it work? And everything is very simple. But let's keep the intrigue a little and give a definition that you could logically derive a little earlier. If horizontal mobility is a change in social group, job, religion, and so on without changing status, then vertical mobility is the same, only with an increase in status.
However, vertical mobility may not imply a change in social group. A person can grow inside her. For example, he became the boss among his frustrated colleagues.
Vertical mobility happens:
- Upward social mobility. This is when status rises. For example, promotion.
- Downward social mobility. Accordingly, the status is lost. For example, a person became homeless.
There is also a concept like a social elevator. These are very fast social ladders. Although many researchers do not really like this term, because it does not describe the specifics of moving up very well. However, social elevators do exist. These are structures in which a person will in any case reach heights if he is a responsible executor for many years. An example of a social lift is the army, where ranks are given for the number of years spent in the service.
Speed ladders of social mobility
It's not quite elevators, but not quite stairs. A person will have to make efforts in order to break through, but not so intense. Speaking more down to earth, these are the factors of social mobility that contribute to moving up in any modern society. Here they are:
Thus these points, if followed, open up many possibilities for you. The main thing is to start taking action.
Examples of social elevators
Examples of social lifts include marriage, the army, upbringing, rise in a religious organization, and so on. Here is the complete list given by Sorokin:
Don't miss: concept, its problems and functions in philosophy.
Social mobility in modern society
Now there are great opportunities for people. It's easy to get to the top right now. And all thanks to the market economy and democracy. The modern political system in most countries encourages people to become successful. As for our realities, everything is much more optimistic than in Soviet times, where the actual only social elevators there was an army and a party, but worse than in America due to high tax rates, poor competition (a lot of monopolists), high credit rates for entrepreneurs.
The problem with Russian legislation is that entrepreneurs often have to balance on the edge in order to break through in their careers. But you can't say it's impossible. You just have to push harder.
Examples of Rapid Social Mobility
There are a huge number of people who were able to quickly achieve great heights. However, everyone has their own concept of "fast". For some, success in ten years is fast enough (which is objectively true), and for some, even two years is an unaffordable luxury.
Usually, when people look for examples of people who have quickly become successful, they hope that their example will show them that it is not necessary to do something. But this is disastrously wrong.. You will have to work, and a lot, and even make a bunch of failed attempts. So, Thomas Edison, before making a cheap light bulb, tried 10 thousand different combinations, his company suffered losses for 3 years, and only in the fourth year he achieved a resounding success. Is it fast? The author of the article thinks so. It is possible to achieve social success quickly only if you make a very large number of thoughtful actions and attempts every day. And for this you need remarkable willpower.
conclusions
So, social mobility is a change of place in the structure of society. Moreover, according to the status, a person can remain the same (horizontal mobility), higher or lower (vertical mobility). The elevator is an institution within which it becomes available fast enough moving up the ladder of success. Allocate elevators such as the army, religion, family, politics, education, and so on. The factors of social mobility are education, money, entrepreneurship, connections, skill, reputation, and so on.
Types of social mobility: horizontal and vertical (ascending and descending).
IN Lately there is greater mobility than before, especially in the post-Soviet space, but there is still room to go. Features of social mobility are such that everyone can become successful, but not always - in the desired area. It all depends on the society where a person wants to move in an upward direction.
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