The main task of social control is to create conditions for the stability of one or another social system, maintaining social stability and at the same time for positive change. This requires great flexibility from the control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society. , and necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.
Social progress in the development of society is based on changes, innovations, introduction of the new, but it is impossible without the preservation of the old, if this old deserves to be preserved for posterity. The most important thing in this old is moral laws, norms, rules of conduct, customs, which constitute the content of culture and without which practice is impossible. social relations, life of society. Moving to another, new place, the people carry with them not the monuments of material culture, but customs, norms, traditions.
Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is adopted and assimilated in the course of implementation seems to us inappropriate, illegal and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.
Sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Together with values and norms, they constitute its mechanism. Regulations by themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with generally accepted norms makes our behavior predictable. Sanctions are just as predictable and generally accepted. Each of us knows that an official award awaits an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. Sanctions also introduce elements of predictability into behavior. When we expect a certain act from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction following it.
Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If some norm does not have a sanction accompanying it, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.
The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, while in others it does not. The dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex procedure of judicial proceedings, on the basis of which a decision is made by the hood. Bringing to administrative responsibility, for example, for ticketless travel - fining, involves the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The assignment of a scientific degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the Academic Council. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, then this form of control should be considered self-control.
27. The structure of social control in management
Social norms are instructions on how to behave correctly in society.
Social sanctions are rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.
Social norms vary in scope. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - companies of friends, work teams, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called "general rules" rather than "group habits". TO " general rules"are the customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, manners of behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.
All social norms can be classified depending on how strictly their implementation is observed. For violation of some norms, a very weak punishment follows - disapproval, a smirk, an unfriendly look. For violation of other norms, very strong sanctions follow - expulsion from the country, the death penalty, imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws is punished most severely (for example, murder of a person, disclosure of state secrets), the mildest - certain types group habits, particularly family habits (for example, refusing to turn off lights or close front door). However, there are group habits that are highly valued and for the violation of which severe sanctions follow.
Norms bind people into a single community, into a team. How does this happen? Firstly, norms are also an expectation: from a person who observes this norm, others expect quite unambiguous behavior. When only pedestrians move on the right side
streets, and those who go to the meeting move on the left, there is an ordered, organized interaction. When a rule is broken, collisions and confusion occur. This means that the norms form a system of social interaction, which includes the motives, goals of the subjects of action, the action itself, expectation, evaluation and means.
Thus, the rules are certain functions depending on the form in which they manifest themselves - as standards of behavior (duties, rules) or as an expectation of behavior (reactions, behavior of other people). Protecting the honor and dignity of family members is the duty of every man. Here we are talking about the norm as a standard of proper behavior. This standard corresponds to the very specific expectations of family members, the hope that their honor and dignity will be protected.
Why do people strive to comply with norms, while society strictly monitors this? Norms are guardians of values. The honor and dignity of the family has been one of the most important values of human society since ancient times. And society appreciates what contributes to its stability and prosperity. The family is the basic cell of society, and caring for it is its first duty.
Social norms are really guardians of order and keepers of values. Even the simplest norms of behavior embody what is valued by a group or society. The difference between a norm and a value is expressed as follows: norms are rules of behavior, values are abstract concepts of what is good, evil, right, wrong, proper, improper, and so on.
28. Control system in management
Management control is the process of monitoring and regulating the various activities of an organization in order to facilitate the fulfillment of organizational tasks. Effective managerial control is created on the basis of its connection with the process. strategic planning. Effective control provides the basis for monitoring implementation strategic plans so that managers can determine how well the plan is performing and where changes or adjustments need to be made.
In the broadest sense, control allows something to happen exactly the way it was planned. Planning and control are virtually inseparable.
Goal setting and strategy
Implementation of functional strategies and action plan
Monitoring and regulation of functional strategies and action plan
Planning is usually the first part management process. This process continues as the manager organizes and directs people and resources to get the organization's work done. The process then goes through a full cycle, including the need for a control function,
directly related to planning, whereby managers seek to observe the results achieved during the implementation of plans.
Management control is generally exercised at two organizational levels. Operational control is carried out at the level of operations, where managers are faced with the use of physical, financial, human and information resources to achieve organizational goals.
Structure of social control
Introduction
Society is a self-regulating complex social system. The most important role in the social regulation of public life is played by social culture, and above all social values, norms, social institutions and organizations. At the same time, in the social structure of society there is and plays an important role a special structural formation - the institution of social control. It acts as part of the general system of social regulation and is called upon to ensure the normal orderly functioning and development of society by various means, as well as to prevent and correct such social deviations that are capable of disorganizing public life and social order.
Social control plays an important role in the life of society, because no society can successfully function and develop without a system of social control.
Many sociologists have studied social control. The term "social control" was introduced into the scientific vocabulary by the famous French sociologist, one of the founders of social psychology, Gabriel Tarde, who proposed considering it as one of the most important factors of socialization. Later, in the works of a number of scientists - such as, for example, E. Ross, R. Park, A. Lapierre - a theory of social control was developed.
This topic is relevant, since society is a dynamic system, and as this system develops, various traditions, norms, and values are formed and developed. The system of social control is also constantly evolving, becoming more flexible and efficient, so there are still a lot of materials for research and study of this topic. In addition, a person is interested in a calm and prosperous life, in social order, in the successful development and functioning of society. All this is provided by the institution of social control, and the more it develops and improves, the more organized and prosperous the society will be. Therefore, the system of social control needs to be studied more deeply, to find various ways to resolve social conflicts and improve the current social culture.
1. The essence of social control, its functions and forms of implementation
1.1 The essence of social control and its functions
Social control is a way of self-regulation of a social system that ensures the orderly interaction of its constituent elements through social, normative and legal regulation.
The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction (continuity) in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society. Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains a balance.
We can distinguish the distinctive features of social control:
)orderliness, categoricalness and formality: social norms are often applied to an individual without taking into account his personal characteristics; in other words, a person must accept a norm only because he is a member of a given society; ) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance; ) collective implementation of social control: social action is often a reaction to a particular human behavior, and therefore, can be both a negative and a positive incentive when choosing goals and means to achieve them. Describing the anatomy and mechanism of the social control system, the well-known Russian sociologist and jurist A.M. Yakovlev identifies the following components and the relationship between them: · individual actions, manifested in the course of active interaction of the individual with the social environment; · a social rating scale derived from a system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of a social group or the whole society, on which the reaction of the social environment to individual action depends; · categorization of individual action, i.e. assigning it to a certain category of socially approved or condemned actions, which is the result of the functioning of the social rating scale; · the nature of public self-consciousness, including the nature of public self-assessment and assessment by the social group of the situation in which it acts, on which the categorization of individual action depends; · the nature and content of social actions that perform the function of positive or negative sanctions and are directly dependent on the state of public self-consciousness; · an individual rating scale, derived from the system of values, ideals, vital interests and aspirations of the individual and determining the individual's reaction to social action. The mechanism of social control plays a crucial role in strengthening the institutions of society. Figuratively speaking, this mechanism is the "central nervous system" of a social institution. Social institution and social control consist of the same elements, i.e. identical rules and norms of behavior, fixing and standardizing the behavior of people, making it predictable. P. Berger believes that “social control is one of the most common concepts in sociology. It refers to the various means that any society uses to curb its recalcitrant members. No society can dispense with social control. Even a small group of people randomly gathered together will have to develop their own control mechanisms so as not to fall apart in the shortest possible time. Social control performs the following functions: · The protective function sometimes prevents social control from acting as a supporter of progress, but the list of its functions does not include the renewal of society - this is the task of other public institutions. So, social control protects morality, law, values, requires respect for traditions, opposes the new, which has not been properly tested. · stabilizing function. Social control acts as the foundation of stability in society. Its absence or weakening leads to anomie, disorder, confusion and social discord. · The target function of the system of social control, conditioned, socio-economic, socio-political, socio-legal characteristics of a given social system, its place in the process of historical development of successive types of society. 2.1 Main forms of social control
In sociology, there are 2 main forms of social control: · external control; · internal control; 1)The first form of control - external social control - is a set of social mechanisms that regulate the activities of the individual. External control can be formal and informal. Formal control is based on instructions, prescriptions, standards and regulations, and the informal one is based on the reactions of the environment. 2)The second form of control - internal social control - is self-control carried out by a person, aimed at coordinating one's own behavior with the norms. Regulation in this case is carried out not within the framework of interaction, but as a result of feelings of guilt or shame that arise when the learned norms are violated. Kasyanov V.V. considers a slightly different classification. He has social control in the following forms: · Compulsion.Many primitive or traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral standards and hence through the informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control. · Influence of public opinion. People in society are also controlled with the help of public opinion or with the help of socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, naturally, due to the customs, habits and preferences accepted in this society. Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that is made and assimilated not in accordance with public opinion seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out. · Regulation in social institutions and organizations.Social control is provided by various institutions and organizations. Among them are organizations specially created to perform a controlling function, and those for which social control is not the main function (for example, school, family, mass media, administration of institutions). · group pressure.A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole. The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends. The first three forms were identified by R. Park, the fourth form was described by the American sociologist S. Ask. Detailed control is also called supervision. Supervision is carried out not only at the micro, but also at the macro level of society. The state becomes its subject, and it turns into a minor social institution. Surveillance grows to the size of a large-scale social system covering the entire country. Such a system includes: detective bureaus, detective agencies, police stations, informant service, prison guards, courts, censorship. Since control is included in management as an integral part of it, but a very important part, we can conclude that management itself will change depending on the type of control. The part, if important enough, determines the character of the whole. So the control methods affect the management style, which, in turn, has two types - the authoritarian style and the democratic style. 2. Social norms and sanctions as the basis of social control
social control coercion sanction 2.1 Social norms as a regulator of behavior
In all spheres of public life, norms operate alongside values. Common between social norms and values is that they regulate social relations. With their help, the actions and deeds of the subjects of social relations are coordinated. They must, therefore, assist each individual to act in the common interest of the group, community, society. Everyone understands that no one could successfully build their relationships with other people and social organizations without mutual correlation of actions with the rules approved by society. These rules, which serve as a standard in relation to our actions, are called social norms. Social norms are prescriptions, instructions and wishes of varying degrees of severity, forcing individuals to act as it is customary to do in a given society, in a particular situation. Social norms act as regulators of human behavior. They establish boundaries, conditions, forms of action, determine the nature of relations, stipulate acceptable goals and ways to achieve them. The assimilation of social norms of society, the development of an individual attitude towards them occur in the process of socialization. Norms impose obligations and mutual responsibility on the participants in social interaction. They concern both individuals and society as a whole. On their basis, the whole system of social relations is formed. At the same time, norms are also expectations: from an individual who performs a certain role, society expects predictable behavior inherent in this member of society. The individual also assumes that society will justify his trust and fulfill his obligations. Social norms are a product of the spiritual activity of society. They are in constant development. Yes, many modern rules behaviors are fundamentally different from those that were common a hundred years ago. Social norms perform an important function - they support and preserve social values, what is recognized in society as the most important, significant, indisputable, deserving of attention: human life and dignity of the individual, attitude towards the elderly and children, collective symbols and laws of the state, human qualities (loyalty, honesty, discipline, hard work), religion. Values are the basis of norms. Social norms in a generalized form reflect the will of society. Unlike values that are recommended for choice (which predetermines differences in value orientations many individuals), the norms are more stringent, mandatory. There are formal and informal social norms. Formal norms are written rules that are fixed by the state as the main monopolist in the regulation of social relations or its main institutions. But formal norms are also integral attributes of other social institutions and organizations. Informal norms are unwritten laws that are fixed in the rules of behavior of civil society, primarily in morality (morality). For example, There are several types of social norms: )customs and traditions, which are habitual patterns of behavior; ) moral norms based on collective authority and usually having a rational justification; ) legal norms enshrined in laws and regulations issued by the state. More clearly than all other varieties of social norms, they regulate the rights and obligations of members of society and prescribe penalties for violations. Compliance with legal norms is ensured by the power of the state; ) political norms that relate to the relationship between the individual and power. between social groups and between states are reflected in international legal acts conventions, etc.; ) religious norms, which are supported primarily by the belief of the supporters of religion in punishment for sins. Religious norms are distinguished on the basis of the scope of their functioning; in reality, these norms combine elements characteristic of legal and moral norms, as well as traditions and customs; )aesthetic norms that reinforce ideas of beauty and ugliness. Social norms are defined by diversity social life, any direction of human activity is regulated by them. Different kinds social norms can be classified according to the following criteria: · by the scale of distribution - universal, national, social group, organizational; · by functions - orienting, regulating, controlling, encouraging, prohibiting and punishing; · according to the degree of severity - habits, customs, manners, traditions, laws, taboos. Violation of customs or traditions in modern society is not considered a crime and is not strictly condemned. A person bears strict responsibility for breaking the law. Thus, social norms perform very important functions in society: · regulate the general course of socialization; · integrate individuals into groups, and groups into society; · control deviant behavior; · serve as models, standards of behavior. Deviation from the norms is punished with sanctions. 2.2 Sanctions as an element of social control Sanctions are the reactions of society to the actions of an individual. The emergence of a system of social sanctions, like norms, was not accidental. If norms are created to protect the values of society, then sanctions are designed to protect and strengthen the system of social norms. If a norm is not supported by a sanction, it ceases to be valid. Thus, the three elements - values, norms and sanctions - form a single chain of social control. In this chain, sanctions are assigned the role of a tool with which the individual first gets acquainted with the norm, and then realizes the values. For example, a teacher praises a student for a well-learned lesson, encouraging him for a conscientious attitude to learning. Praise acts as an incentive to consolidate in the mind of the child such behavior as normal. Over time, he realizes the value of knowledge and, acquiring it, will no longer need external control. This example shows how the consistent implementation of the entire chain of social control translates external control into self-control. Sanctions are of different types. Among them are positive and negative, formal and informal. · Positive sanctions are the approval, praise, recognition, encouragement, glory, honor that others reward those who act within the framework of the norms accepted in society. Not only outstanding actions of people are encouraged, but also a conscientious attitude towards professional duties, many years of impeccable work and initiative, as a result of which the organization made a profit, providing assistance to those who need it. Every activity has its own incentives. · Negative sanctions are condemning or punishable actions of society in relation to those individuals who violate the norms accepted in society. Negative sanctions include censure, dissatisfaction with others, condemnation, reprimand, criticism, a fine, as well as more severe actions - detention, imprisonment or confiscation of property. The threat of negative sanctions is more effective than the expectation of encouragement. At the same time, society strives to ensure that negative sanctions do not punish as much as prevent violations of norms, be proactive, not late. · Formal sanctions come from official organizations - the government or the administration of institutions, which in their actions are guided by officially adopted documents, instructions, laws and decrees. · Informal sanctions come from those people who surround us: acquaintances, friends, parents, work colleagues, classmates, passers-by, i.e. informal sanctions are the reaction of informal institutions, public opinion, a group of friends, colleagues, neighbors, immediate environment to behavior that deviates from social expectations. Since the individual is at the same time a member different groups and institutions, the same sanctions can strengthen or weaken the effect of others. According to the method of internal pressure, the following sanctions are distinguished: legal sanctions - punishments and rewards developed and provided for by law; ethical sanctions are a system of censures, reprimands and motives based on moral principles; satirical sanctions - all sorts of ridicule, bullying applied to those who behave differently than is customary; religious sanctions are punishments or rewards established by the system of dogmas and beliefs of a certain religion, depending on whether the individual's behavior violates or corresponds to the prescriptions and prohibitions of this religion. material sanctions - a gift or a fine, a bonus or confiscation of property; moral - awarding a diploma or an honorary title, an unfriendly review or a cruel joke, a reprimand. For sanctions to be effective and reinforce social norms, they must meet a number of requirements: · sanctions must be timely. Their effectiveness is significantly reduced if a person is encouraged, much less punished after a significant amount of time. In this case, the action and the sanction to it are divorced from each other; · sanctions must be proportionate to the action, justified. Undeserved encouragement generates dependency, and punishment destroys faith in justice and causes discontent in society; · Sanctions, like norms, must be binding on all. Exceptions to the rules give rise to the morality of the "double standard", which negatively affects the entire regulatory system. Norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to operate and regulate real behavior. It can become a slogan, an appeal, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control. Thus: social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control; Sanctions, together with values and norms, constitute the mechanism of social control. 3. Self-control
The individual can control his actions himself, forcing himself to do what he does not want, or to refuse what is a deviation from the norm. The application of sanctions by a person to himself is called self-control. Self-control is the awareness and evaluation by the subject of his own actions. The emergence and development of self-control is determined by the requirements of society for human behavior. Self-control means restraint of the "natural elements", it is based on a strong-willed effort. Self-consciousness is an extremely important socio-psychological characteristic of a person. The source from which a person's idea of himself is drawn is the people around him and significant to him. According to the reaction to his actions, according to their assessments, the individual also judges what he himself is like. The content of self-consciousness is influenced by a person's idea of how others consider him to be. The social behavior of a person largely consists of his reaction to the opinions of the people around him, and this opinion seriously affects the formation of individual self-consciousness. Unlike ants, bees, and even monkeys, human beings can only continue collective interaction if each individual exercises self-control. About an adult who does not know how to control himself, they say that he "fell into childhood". Impulsive behavior, the inability to control one's desires and whims are typical just for children. Impulsive behavior is therefore called infantilism. On the contrary, behavior in accordance with rational norms, obligations, volitional efforts are a sign of adulthood. In the course of socialization, social control is carried out at the same time, but if a person violates the norms, then he experiences a feeling of guilt and his conscience awakens. Conscience is a manifestation of internal control, a kind of internal tribunal. Man's volitional efforts, his self-control as a principle of reality restrain the flow of energy of unconscious processes, elemental impulses of the individual's personality structure. Approximately 70% of social control is carried out through self-control. The more self-control developed among members of a society, the less that society has to resort to external control. And vice versa, the less self-control people have, the more often the institutions of social control, in particular, the army, courts, and the state, have to come into action. The weaker the self-control, the tighter the external control must be. However, rigid external control hinders the development of self-awareness and expression of will, muffles internal volitional efforts. Often the dictatorship was established ostensibly for the benefit of citizens, in order to restore order. But the citizens, accustomed to submit to coercive control, did not develop internal control. They have degraded as social beings capable of taking responsibility and behaving in accordance with rational norms. They questioned the very rationality of coercive norms, gradually preparing a reasonable justification for any resistance to these norms. An excellent example is Russia, where the Decembrists, revolutionaries, regicides who encroached on the foundations of social order, were justified by public opinion because it was considered reasonable to resist, and not to obey coercive norms. Self control is one of essential conditions self-realization of the personality and its successful interaction with other people. Society evaluates a person, but the individual also evaluates society, the state and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the surrounding people, groups and society, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks them through his own experience, habits, previously learned social norms. Accordingly, the attitude towards the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual, either positive, or negative, or neutral. Conclusion
The role and significance of social control is, first of all, that it makes a serious contribution to ensuring the reproduction of social relations and social structure and thus plays a very important role in stabilizing and integrating the social system and consolidating the social order. Social control aims to make it a habit to behave in certain situations without objection from a social group or the whole society. Basing its activities on the general recognition of the culture of a given society or group, on instilling its values and norms in its members through education, social control is designed to ensure that human behavior conforms to these values, norms and roles. But the role of social control in the prevention and suppression of social deviations, primarily deviant behavior of people and their groups, is especially great, direct and obvious. Having considered social control as a social institution, having examined its essence and forms, we can draw the following conclusions: · The mechanisms of social control play a crucial role in strengthening all the institutions of society; · In relation to society, social control performs two main functions: protective, stabilizing and targeted. · The main purpose of social control is to maintain order and stability in society, as well as to ensure social reproduction in the direction corresponding to the development strategy chosen by a particular society; · Thanks to the mechanisms of socialization, prescription, encouragement, selection and control, the social system maintains a balance. · Social norms are typical standards, requirements, wishes and expectations of appropriate behavior. Norms are some ideal templates. · Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that contribute to the observance of social norms. There are four types of sanctions: positive; Negative; Formal; informal; · Self-control is also called internal control: the individual Independently regulates his behavior, coordinating it with generally accepted norms. Literature
1.Berger P.L. An Invitation to Sociology: A Humanist Perspective. - M.: Aspect Press, 1996. - 168 p. 2.Kosyanov V.V. Sociology: exam answers. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2003. - 320 p. 3.Kravchenko A.I., Anurin V.F. Sociology: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 432 p. 4.Latysheva V.V. Fundamentals of Sociology: Student for college students. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 240 p. 5.Dictionary of Ethics // edited by Kona I.S. - M.: Politizdat, 1981. - 430 p. 6.Tadevosyan E.V. Dictionary guide to sociology and political science. - M.: Knowledge, 1996. - 273 p. 7.Tadevosyan E.V. Sociology. Tutorial. - M.: Knowledge, 1998. - 272 p.
Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is accepted and assimilated in the course of socialization seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.
Social control through group pressure. A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.
Consequently, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. Necessary condition This inclusion is served by the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum accepted by this group cultural norms constituting a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group.
The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and above all on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.
The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disengaged group. For example, it is much more difficult for a group that spends only free time together and is therefore divided to exercise intragroup social control than a group that performs regular joint activities, for example, in a brigade or family.
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To understand the essence of social control, one should consider its main means (methods) of implementation in a group or society.
1. Socialization, which ensures the perception, assimilation and implementation by the individual of social norms accepted in society.
People in any society are controlled mainly through socialization in such a way that they perform their roles unconsciously, by virtue of customs, habits and preferences. How can women be forced to take on difficult and thankless domestic work? Only by socializing them in such a way that they want to have a husband, children and a household and feel miserable without them. How to force a person with free will to obey the laws and moral norms that restrict his freedom, often difficult for him? Only by cultivating in him those feelings, desires and aspirations that will lead to the desire to streamline his life and obey the laws of society in order to feel confusion and irritation if these laws are violated.
Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is accepted and assimilated in the course of socialization seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.
2. Group pressure inherent in any social group and expressed in the fact that each individual in the group must fulfill a certain set of requirements, instructions, etc., coming from it, corresponding to the norms adopted in it.
A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.
Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group.
Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group.
At the same time, the effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and, above all, on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.
The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disengaged group.
3. Coercion - the application of certain sanctions (threat, punishment, etc.), forcing individuals and groups to comply with the norms and rules of behavior prescribed by society (community), and punishing those responsible for violating these norms.
Many traditional societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms, that is, through informal group control of the primary group; therefore, formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual can easily get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and formal control becomes necessary. For example, in a tribal clan of two to three dozen relatives, a system of informal control over the sharing of food may well operate. Each member of the clan takes as much food as he needs and contributes as much food as he can to the common fund. This was observed in the distribution of products in small peasant communities in Russia. However, in a village with a few hundred inhabitants, such a distribution is no longer possible, since it is very difficult to count receipts and expenditures on the basis of mere observation, and besides, the laziness and greed of individuals make such a system of distribution impossible.
Thus, in the presence of a high population of a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to be applied - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. IN modern societies there are strictly designed rules, or a system of control through enforcement, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norms.
As a result of socialization, most people act in accordance with generally accepted standards without any coercion. But since socialization is not always ideal, social control is designed to regulate the implementation of the standards that have developed in society.
In order to prevent deviation, reduce its level and guide deviants on the true path, as T. Parsons established, the following methods of social control are most often used:
1. Insulation, i.e. excommunication of the deviant from other people (for example, imprisonment).
2. Isolation - limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not his complete isolation from society. This allows deviants to return to society when they are ready to comply with its norms. Such methods include, for example, undertaking not to leave, house arrest, placement in mental asylum).
3.Rehabilitation, i.e. preparing deviants to return to normal life and to fulfill their inherent social roles in society (for example, groups of "anonymous alcoholics" carry out the rehabilitation of persons suffering from drunkenness).
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Question 22.
social control - a mechanism by which society and its subdivisions (groups, organizations) ensure compliance with certain restrictions (conditions), the violation of which damages the functioning of the social system. Such restrictions are legal and moral norms, customs, administrative decisions. S.'s action to. is reduced mainly to application of various sanctions to infringers of social restrictions. At the same time, S. to. also enjoys incentives for their observance. However, S. to. in the narrow sense should be distinguished from the stimulation mechanism. S. to. acts as an organic element of any management system social process as a mechanism feedback, which ensures the execution of the commands of the control body.
Thus, socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and establishing order in society. It eases the difficulties in making decisions, suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a given life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is accepted and assimilated in the course of socialization seems to us inappropriate, unfamiliar and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the internal control of the individual over his behavior is carried out.
Social control through group pressure. A person cannot participate in public life based only on internal control. His behavior is also imprinted by his involvement in social life, which is expressed in the fact that the individual is a member of many primary groups (family, production team, class, student group, etc.). Each of the primary groups has a well-established system of customs, mores and institutional norms that are specific both for this group and for society as a whole.
Thus, the possibility of exercising group social control is due to the inclusion of each individual in the primary social group. A necessary condition for such inclusion is the fact that the individual must share a certain minimum of the cultural norms accepted by this group, which constitute a formal or informal code of conduct. Every deviation from this order immediately leads to a condemnation of the behavior by the group. Depending on the importance of the violated norm, a wide range of condemnation and sanctions on the part of the group is possible - from simple remarks to expulsion from this primary group.
Example.
The variation in group behavior resulting from group pressure can be seen in the example of the production team. Each member of the team must adhere to certain standards of behavior not only at work, but also after work. And if, say, disobedience to the foreman can lead to harsh remarks from the workers for the violator, then absenteeism and drunkenness often end in his boycott and rejection from the brigade, as they inflict material damage to each member of the team. As we can see, social control in this case ends with the application of informal sanctions against an individual who violates the norms.
The effectiveness and timeliness of the application of social control is far from always the same in all primary collectives. Group pressure on an individual who violates the norms depends on many factors, and above all on the status of this individual. Individuals with high and low status in the group are subject to completely different methods of group pressure. A person with a high status in the primary group or group leader has as one of his main duties the change of old and the creation of new cultural patterns, new ways of interaction. For this, the leader receives a credit of trust and can deviate from group norms to one degree or another. Moreover, in order not to lose his status as a leader, he should not be completely identical to the members of the group. However, when deviating from group norms, each leader has a line that he cannot cross. Beyond this limit, he begins to experience the effect of group social control on the part of the rest of the group members and his leadership influence ends.
The degree and type of group pressure also depend on the characteristics of the primary group. If, for example, group cohesion is high, group loyalty to the group's cultural patterns also becomes high, and, naturally, the degree of social group control increases. The group pressure of loyal group members (i.e. group members committed to group values) is stronger than members of a disengaged group.
Social control through coercion. Many primitive, or traditional, societies successfully control the behavior of individuals through moral norms and, therefore, through informal group control of the primary group; formal laws or punishments are not required in such societies. But in large, complex human populations, where many cultural complexes are intertwined, formal controls, laws, and punishment systems are constantly evolving and becoming mandatory. If the individual may well get lost in the crowd, informal control becomes ineffective and there is a need for formal control.
Thus, in the presence of a high population and a complex culture, the so-called secondary group control begins to apply - laws, various violent regulators, formalized procedures. When an individual is unwilling to follow these regulations, the group or society resorts to coercion to force him to act like everyone else. In modern societies, there are highly developed rules, or a system of control through enforcement, which is a set of effective sanctions applied in accordance with various types of deviations from the norms.
Smelzer.
In deviance studies, social control refers to the efforts of others to prevent deviant behavior, punish deviants, or correct them. However, since socialization is never perfect, social control is also intended to regulate the implementation of social standards.
Parsons (1951) analyzed three methods of social control.
ñ Insulation used for the purpose of weaning the deviant from others, it does not even provide for an attempt at rehabilitation. This is how hardened criminals are kept in prisons.
ñ Isolation provides for limiting the deviant's contacts with other people, but not complete isolation from society. This allows deviants to return to society when they are ready to comply with its norms. It's about about such methods, when, for example, a person is placed in a psychiatric hospital for a limited period. /227/
ñ Finally, thanks to rehabilitation deviants can prepare to return to normal life and fulfill their roles in society. Many prisons have rehabilitation programs, and groups like Alcoholics Anonymous provide rehabilitation for deviants who are not criminals. In order to help deviants find their place in life and adapt, psychotherapy is also used.
Exist formal And informal methods of social control. Informal control involves "informality" and is usually applied in small groups. Formal control is associated with "formality" and is usually carried out in large organizations, such as police services.
informal control.
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