Patrol boats are designed to protect coastal waters. Such ships can be produced for inland waters - rivers and lakes. In this case, the emphasis is on the fight against poachers by the forces of internal affairs. Also, such boats can conduct search and rescue operations.

Patrol boat for the marine area is designed to protect borders and coastal waters from violators and smuggling. The advantage of such boats is speed and maneuverability, which makes it possible to effectively carry out interception operations.

"Mongoose" 12150 is a modern planing boat, which is in service with the Border Guard Service of the Russian Federation. Tactical, technical and running properties allow it to be used both in border patrols and in rescue operations.

History of creation

The project of a modern patrol boat was developed in the second half of the 1990s. The development was carried out by the Almaz design bureau in St. Petersburg. The project was initially focused on the needs of the border service, as well as the use in the Ministry of Emergency Situations and law enforcement agencies. The main goal was to replace the boat "Vostok", the technical characteristics of which began to become obsolete.

Serial production of the new ship began in 2000 at the Vympel shipyard in Rybinsk. The first samples entered the service of the Border Troops, after which modifications were produced for other departments.

In 2013, project 12150 "Mongoose" patrol boats were modified by order of the Russian Navy. The boat received an enlarged superstructure and a modified layout of the interior. A machine gun mount was also added with the ability to remote control. Eventually a new version improved all the characteristics of the base model.

Taking into account developments for various departments, there are several modifications of this vessel:

• 12150M - multi-purpose search and rescue ship;
• 12150A - anti-sabotage patrol vessel for the Russian Navy;
• 12150V - a boat with missile weapons on board;
• 12151 - a boat without its own weapons, designed for the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Boats of the Mongoose series continue to be used by law enforcement agencies and border services. This is due to good technical characteristics, improved with the last revision of the project in 2013, as well as the versatility of the vessel.

The main purpose of the ships

"Mongoose" 12150 was designed specifically for the armed forces. Even at the development stage, the main tasks of the ship were patrolling territorial waters, conducting raids and operations of various government agencies. Until now, the vessel has successfully coped with these tasks due to its technical characteristics.

The boat is used by the customs coastal service, the marine police, the fishing guard inspection, the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Used for protection state borders, suppression of smuggling, conducting special operations and raids, patrolling, preventing poaching. It is often used to organize search and rescue operations both in the inland waters and in coastal waters.

Design features

The basis of the design of the boat "Mongoose" is a V-shape, made by external contours. This option is considered standard for all planing boats, as it provides optimal driving performance and hydrodynamic resistance for a smoother ride.

The design also takes into account the safety of the ship during rough seas. To do this, there are side spoilers that allow you to maintain the stability of boats with a V-shaped shape. Thanks to this design, the ship can develop top speed with an excitement of two points. At low speed, it can go at four points.

boat hull

The hull of the boat is made of a modern alloy of aluminum and magnesium, which makes the design lighter and stronger. The V-shape combined with good streamlining ensures optimal planing, high speed and ship maneuverability. It is these qualities that make it in demand in patrolling and special operations.

Engine

The power plant "Mongoose" consists of two diesel-geared units (DRA). Initially, domestic M470M diesel engines for 12 cylinders were used in construction. Later they were replaced with four-stroke German installations 10V 2000 M93 for 10 cylinders. However, since 2015, domestic M470MK engines have returned during the import substitution program.

The new unit is produced by the Zvezda machine-building enterprise, it also has 12 cylinders and is equipped with an air compressor. The total power of two such engines is 2600 hp. With. Thanks to this indicator, the vessel is capable of speeds up to 50 knots, approximately 92 km/h. The most economical fuel consumption is recorded at a speed of 36 knots (67 km/h).

Onboard electronics

On-board electronics of the vessel is represented by three areas: navigation equipment, communications and surveillance. The first one includes:

• integrated navigation system kit;
• magnetic compass "Azimuth" 90-1;
• gyrocompass PGM-C-009.

Surveillance and communication facilities are represented by the following equipment:

• station satellite communications Inmarsat Sailor 500 Fleet Broadband;
• MF/HF radio set with digital selective calling (DSC) and telex Sailor 6300;
• ultrashortwave (VHF) radio station with DSC Sailor 6222;
• satellite station Inmarsat-С Sailor 6110 mini-C;
• receiver NAVTEX NX-700A;
• emergency beacon of the COSPAS-SARSAT TRON 40S system;
• two TRON SART radar transponders;
• three SP3520 portable VHF radios;
• means of intraship communications and broadcasting.

The operation of the electronic equipment is provided by an additional 16 kW diesel generator. This unit generates three-phase alternating current to power the entire on-board network with a voltage of 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. Additionally, 12/24 V batteries are available.

ship bottom

Like the hull, the bottom of the boat is made of modern alloys. Outside, a two-layer protection is provided from a protective electrochemical and paint coating. A special anti-corrosion coating was used. This technology provides not only better glide, but also significantly reduces wear on the hull and bottom of the boat during operation.

6 compartments

The internal layout of the vessel divides it into 6 compartments. Their location allows you to comfortably accommodate 6 crew members - there are two single cabins, a cockpit, a wardroom combined with a galley. The engine room is located at the rear of the boat. The whole layout is thought out in such a way that when one or two compartments are flooded, the ship can remain afloat.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Specifications patrol boat "Mongoose" significantly improved the performance of the ships "Vostok" and remain in demand to this day. The vessel is characterized by good sailing performance, adapted to work at sea with waves up to 4 points. This makes the ship universal for use in any operations in inland and border waters.

Displacement

Full displacement of the boat "Mongoose" with fuel loading, drinking water and other materials - 28.7 tons. The standard displacement of a fully equipped ship with a crew is 27.2 tons.

Body length

The dimensions of the boat are as follows:

• hull length - 19.45 m;
• width - 4.4 m;
• height amidships - 2.2 m.

These performance characteristics make the vessel quite compact and at the same time comfortable. Crew size is designed for 3-6 people.

Vessel's draft

The average draft of the boat is 0.89 m at full displacement. The maximum in terms of performance characteristics is 1.16 m. This makes the boat convenient for patrolling inland waters, including small rivers.

Max speed

The patrol boat Mongoose is capable of speeds up to 50 knots with sea waves of no more than two points. The optimum value for fuel consumption is 36 knots. At this speed, the ship can cover a distance of 410 miles. Autonomy of navigation - up to two days.

Regular weapons

The armament of the boat "Mongoose" differs depending on the application and tasks. The standard provides for the presence of a universal combat module with remote control "BDM -" Uprava-Kord ". There is also a naval pedestal machine gun mount (MTPU) 14.5 mm. It is located at the stern, can fire at surface, ground and air targets. Destruction range - 2 km, height - 1.5 km.

Taking into account the use of the boat, it is allowed to install interchangeable weapons. It is referred to as such.

The characteristic of a vessel consists of several criteria or parameters. This applies not only to river and sea watercraft, but also to aircraft. Consider the types of classification parameters in more detail.

Linear Criteria

One of the most important characteristics of a ship is its dimensions. The maximum length is measured from the extreme bow to the stern equivalent mark (Lex). Also included in this category are the following sizes:

• The length of the object, fixed at the level of the waterline from the stock steering axle to the front part of the stem (L).
• The maximum width of the vessel between the outer edges of the frames (BEX).
• A similar indicator recorded on the midship frame in the area of ​​the summer load waterline (B).
• The indicator of the height of the sides (D). The gauge is measured amidships from the end edge of the upper deck beam to the identical point on the horizontal keel. Also, the parameter can be controlled up to the intersection of the theoretical contours of the side and the upper deck (on ships with a rounded joint).
• Draft (d). The criterion is fixed amidships from the waterline to the top of the horizontal keel.

Types of draft

The general characteristics of the vessels also include draft fore (dh) or stern (dk). This criterion is measured by the marking of the recess, which is available at the end of the sides. On the right side of the object, it is applied in Arabic numerals (in decimeters). On the left side put marks in feet in Roman numerals. The height of the signs and the distance between them is one foot, on the starboard side - 1 decimeter.

The resulting drafts from the recess marks show the vertical distances between the waterline and the lower edge of the horizontal keel at the points where the marks are applied. The midsection (average) draft is obtained as half the sum of the bow and stern indicators. The difference between the parameters is called the trim of the court. For example, if the stern is more submerged in the water than the bow, such an object has a trim to the stern, and vice versa.

Volume parameters

This characteristic of the ship includes the volume of all rooms oriented to the transportation of cargo in cubic meters (W). Capacity can be calculated according to several criteria:

1. Transportation of piece cargo in bales. The parameter covers the volume of all cargo compartments between the internal parts of the protruding elements (carlings, frames, protective and other parts).
2. Cargo capacity in bulk. This includes the total indicator of all free volumes of transport premises. This criterion is always greater than the bale capacity.
3. The specific characteristic falls on one tonne of the net carrying capacity of the object.
4. Gross tonnage (measured in register tones). It is designed to calculate fees for the use of canals, pilotage services, plants in docks, and the like.

The general characteristics of the vessel include the capacity of containers. The indicator is measured in DEF (the equivalent of twenty-foot containers that can fit on deck and in the holds). In place of one forty-foot box, two twenty-foot boxes can be installed, and vice versa. On Ro-Ro models, cargo capacity is indicated in thousands of cubic meters. m. For example, the designation Ro / 50 indicates a parameter of 50 thousand cubic meters.

Cargo indicators

The cargo characteristics of the vessel include the following data:

• Specific cargo capacity.
• Coefficient for correcting design differences in holds.
• The number and dimensions of hatches.
• Limit parameters of loads on decks.
• Carrying capacity and number of special ship facilities.
• Technical ventilation devices, including climate control in transport compartments.

Since the specific cargo capacity is closely related to the net indicator, the technical characteristics of ships in this regard can be considered a constant value only taking into account the true carrying capacity parameter. Comparison of these indicators makes it possible to calculate the capabilities of the object when it is loaded different type materials. For bulk tankers, the parameter of their specific carrying capacity is also taken into account.

Peculiarities

The specific load capacity criterion is a general characteristic of ships, showing the number of tons or kilograms that an object can accommodate in terms of one cubic meter.

As a rule, the specific cargo capacity is taken into account at the design stage of the ship and, depending on its purpose, is distributed as follows:

• Ro-ro - from 2.5 to 4.0 m 3 / t.
• Universal modifications - 1.5 / 1.7 m 3 / t.
• Timber carriers (pictured below) - up to 2.2 m 3 / t.
• Container versions - 1.2-4.0 m 3 / t.
• Tankers - up to 1.4 m 3 / t.
• Ore carriers - 0.8-1.0 m 3 / t.

Below are the provisions of the International Convention on the General Characteristics of Ships in terms of measurement (of 1969):

• Take into account the final parameters in cubic meters.
• Minimize the benefits of shelter-deck and similar versions.
• Gross tonnage designation - GT (Gross Tonnage).

According to these rules, gross tonnage GT and NT characterize the total and commercial useful volume, respectively.

Fleet types

Vessels, depending on the purpose and features of operation, are classified into several types:

• Fishing fleet - for the extraction of fish and other ocean or marine life, transshipment and delivery of goods to their destination.
• Mining vessels - seiners, trawlers, crab, squid, algae mining ships and their analogues.
• Processing Fleet - floating facilities focused on the reception, processing and storage of seafood, fish and sea animals, simultaneously providing medical and cultural services to crew members. This category also includes refrigerators and mother ships.
• Transport vessels - serve the mining and processing fleet. The main feature is the presence in the equipment of specially equipped holds for storing products (receiver-transport, refrigeration and similar ships).
• Auxiliary fleet - bulk carriers, cargo-passenger, tankers, tugs, sanitary and fire modifications.
• Special vessels - equipment designed for advanced, training, operational reconnaissance, scientific research.
• Technical fleet - floating workshops, dredging shells and other port facilities.

Registered tonnage

This conditional indicator is also included in the general characteristics of the vessel. It is measured in register tons, one unit equals 2.83 cubic meters or 100 feet. This parameter is focused on comparing the values ​​of objects and fixing the amount of various port dues, including statistics on the accounting of cargo mass.

Varieties of registered tonnage:

• Gross - the volume of all compartments of the vessel in the superstructures and below deck, designed to be equipped with ballast tanks, wheelhouse, auxiliary devices, galley, skylights and other things.
• Net register tonnage. This includes the useful volume that serves to transport the main cargo and passengers. Register exchange is confirmed by a special document (measuring certificate).

Coefficient of constructive difference of holds

The value of this technical characteristic of ships varies between 0.6-0.9 units. The lower the criterion, the higher the parking rate when performing cargo operations. The number and dimensions of hatches are one of the defining criteria for carrying out cargo operations. The quality and speed of loading and unloading operations, as well as the degree of comfort during operations, depend on the number of these elements.

The level of convenience and general characteristics of the vessels of the Russian Federation is largely determined by the lucidity coefficient, which is the ratio of the total volume of transport movements to the average cargo capacity of the object.

Decks and their area

Among the permissible loads on the deck, the depth of the hold plays a decisive role, especially on single-deck boats. Transportation of packaged cargo in several tiers and restriction of transportation of high objects depends on this parameter. Usually, most of the materials are transported taking into account the restriction on the installation height, in order to prevent crushing and crushing of the lower layers.

In this regard, an intermediate (tween deck) deck is additionally mounted on universal devices, which makes it possible to protect the load on the hold. It also makes it possible to increase the total space for transporting bulky and bulky items. The technical characteristics of Ro-Ro in terms of carrying capacity are among the most important parameters. To increase the working area, such structures are equipped with removable and intermediate decks.

Equipping with technical means

On Ro-Ro, each job site must be designed to support the double load of a 25 tonne DEF. For other types of watercraft, this indicator is calculated within the following limits:

• Ore carriers - 18-22 t / m 2.
• Universal modifications - on the upper deck up to 2.5 tons, tween deck - 3.5-4.5 tons, cargo hatch covers - 1.5-2.0 tons.
• Timber carriers - 4.0-4.5 t / m 2.
• Container ships (photo below) - the minimum load of the DEF is 25 tons per six tiers.

In terms of equipping with technical equipment for ventilation and microclimate provision, ships are divided into three categories:

1. Models with natural forced ventilation. Here, the air flow into the tween decks and holds is supplied through air ducts and deflectors. Such a scheme is ineffective for storing cargo in difficult hydrometeorological conditions, especially on long-distance trips.
2. Versions with mechanical system. They are equipped with air distributors and electric fans. The performance of the mechanisms depends on the specified exchange rate air flow. For standard universal vessels, this indicator is enough within 5-7 cycles. On ships transporting vegetables, fruits or other perishable goods, this parameter should be at least 15-20 units of air exchange per hour.
3. Options with air conditioning in the cargo compartments.

Speed ​​and cruising range

Vessel speed is a determining parameter indicating the carrying capacity and period of cargo delivery. The criterion largely depends on the power of the power plant and hull contours. The choice of speed when creating a project is uniquely decided taking into account the capacity, lift and power of the main motor of the craft.

The considered main characteristic of the vessel is determined by several varieties:

1. Delivery speed. The parameter is fixed according to the measured line when the engine is turned on at maximum power.
2. Passport (technical) acceleration. This indicator is controlled when the power plant is operating within 90 percent of its capabilities.
3. Economy speed. This takes into account the minimum fuel consumption required to overcome one unit (mile) of the path. As a rule, the indicator is about 65-70 percent of the technical speed. Such a measurement is appropriate if the characteristics of the vessel under the project include a margin of time for delivery to the destination or lack of fuel due to certain circumstances.
4. Autonomy and range. The specified criterion depends on the volume of the fuel tanks, the flow rate is from 40 to 65 percent when operating at maximum load.

Main engine and fuel type

The characteristics of the courts of the Russian Federation according to such parameters are subdivided as follows:

• Steamboats with piston-type engines.
• Motor ships with diesel engine.
• Steam and gas turbines.
• Nuclear-powered objects.
• Diesel-electric versions and similar analogues.

The latter options are most popular in configurations with low-speed transmission and low specific fuel consumption. Such power plants are as close as possible to the optimal combination of consumption, quality, price and efficiency.

On modern ships, small and lightweight main motors are predominantly mounted, operated using a reduction gear. In terms of their resource and reliability, they are as close as possible to their low-speed counterparts, which are distinguished by their smaller dimensions and high productivity.

In accordance with the positions of the International Aviation Federation, aircraft are divided into several categories:

• Class "A" - free balloons.
• Version "B" - airships.
• Category "C" - seaplanes, helicopters and others aircraft.
• "S" - space modifications.

Taking into account the brief characteristics of the vessels, the version under the “C” index is further subdivided into a number of categories (depending on the type and power of the engine), namely:

• The first category - 75 and more tons.
• The second - 30-75 tons.
• Third - 10-30 tons.
• Fourth - up to 10 tons.

Classification

Aircraft characteristics combine typical parameters determined by technical and economic indicators. In fact, the units under consideration are a flying unit, which is maintained stably in the atmosphere due to interaction with air reflected from the Earth's surface.

An airplane is an apparatus that is heavier than air, designed to fly with the help of power engines that create thrust. Also involved in this process is a fixed wing, which, when moving in the atmosphere, receives an aerodynamic lifting force. The features by which aircraft are classified are diverse, interconnected and form single system, which also provides for many market criteria.

Depending on the technical characteristics of the vessel and the type of operation, civil aircraft are divided into the following categories: GA (general aviation) and commercial modifications. Technology located in regular operation companies for the transportation of goods and passengers, refers to the commercial direction. The use of aircraft and helicopters in personal or business purposes refers them to the AON class.

IN Lately the popularity of general-purpose aircraft is expected to grow. This is due to the fact that the devices are capable of performing tasks that are not typical for commercial units. This includes:

• Agricultural work.
• Transportation of small loads.
• Educational flights.
• Patrolling.
• Tourist and sports aviation.

At the same time, caller ID significantly saves users' time, which is achieved due to the ability to move without being tied to a schedule. For takeoff and landing of most of these units, small airfields are sufficient. In addition, the consumer does not need to issue and register a ticket, choosing a direct route to the required destination.

With few exceptions, general purpose aircraft have takeoff weight up to 8.5 tons. Depending on the purpose, two categories are distinguished, regardless of operating conditions: multi-purpose and specialized modifications. The first group is focused on performing a wide range of tasks. This possibility is due to the re-equipment and modernization of a certain aircraft with minimal structural changes to solve a specific task. Multi-purpose analogues are divided into variants with ground and water (amphibian) bases. Specialized units are aimed at performing one specific task.

Aerodynamic schemes

The type of aerodynamics means a certain system of bearing parts of an aircraft. These elements include wings (participating in the creation of the main aerodynamic thrust) and additional plumage. It is focused on the stabilization of equipment in the atmosphere and its control.

Below is a brief description of vessel in terms of existing aerodynamic schemes:

• "Tailless".
• Normal-standard scheme.
• "Duck".
• Integral and convertible design.
• With front or tail horizontal plumage.

Air units, according to some signs of aerodynamics, are classified according to the design parameters of the wing (see the table for information).

Wing configuration and placement	Variety of power elements	Planform
Braced monoplane or biplane	Combined scheme	Parabola
biplane cantilever	Monoblock option
	Caisson system
Parasol	Spar version	Trapeze
strut monoplane	truss type	Triangle with or without influx
One and a half plan		Arrow design
		Rectangle
Monoplane		Animated form
		ring view
		Reverse or variable sweep

In addition, aircraft are classified by fuselage design, landing gear parameters, types power plants and their placement.

Important for civil aviation is the division of aircraft, depending on the range of their flight:

• Nearby trunk units of the main airlines (1-2.5 thousand kilometers).
• Medium aircraft (2.5-6.0 thousand km).
• Long-distance units (over 6 thousand km).

General arrangement of courts Chainikov K.N.

§ 10. Tactical and technical (or combat) qualities of naval ships

The tactical and technical (or combat) qualities of the ships ensure the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to us, just as the operational qualities ensure compliance with the purpose of civilian ships. These qualities are:

ship's combat readiness - the ability to strike at the enemy with the aim of destroying him, while maintaining or supporting his weapons and technical means;

the survivability of a ship is its ability to withstand combat and navigational damage, the effects of fires, atomic and chemical weapons. The struggle for the survivability of a ship also means the struggle for unsinkability, putting out fires, repairing damage to the hull and combat installations, and switching over power assets and their lines.

The rest of the combat (or tactical and technical) qualities of the ships are already familiar to us: speed, maneuverability, cruising range, autonomy and habitability.

From the book Small high-speed automated fighter submarine pr. 705 (705K) author author unknown

Tactical and technical elements of the submarine pr.705 - type. . OK-550 - composition 1 AR

From the book Battleship "PETER THE GREAT" author Arbuzov Vladimir Vasilievich

Tactical and technical elements of submarine pr.705K , m: - working 350 - limiting 420 Energy

From the book Rockets and Space Flight by Leigh Willy

Tactical and technical data of the training ship "Peter the Great" Back in early August 1907, the Minister of Marine, having familiarized himself with the progress of work and the degree of readiness of the new training ship *, ordered in the first days of September to enter it into a month and a half campaign for testing

From the book Heavy Tank T-10 author Mashkin A.

From the book History of the Russian Machine Gun author Monetchikov S. B.

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL DATA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCKETS AND MISSILE WEAPONS.

From the book Back to the Future the author Shaydurov Ilya

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL DATA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCKETS AND MISSILE WEAPONS.

From the author's book

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL DATA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCKETS AND MISSILE WEAPONS. GREAT BRITAIN There is almost no published data on the development of missiles and rockets in the UK. However, it must be admitted that not much has been done. It is officially reported that all developments

From the author's book

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL DATA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROCKETS AND MISSILE WEAPONS.

From the author's book

PERFORMANCE DATA AND TABLES OF ROCKET LAUNCHES

From the author's book

PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY TANKS Self-propelled launcher SM-SP21 of the RT-20P missile based on the chassis of the T-10 heavy tank Self-propelled launcher SM-SP21 of the Gnome missile based on the chassis of the T-10 T-10 heavy tank in the Museum of Military Glory, Saratov T-10A on the military

From the author's book

Table 1 Tactical and technical characteristics of assault rifles, carbines and light machine guns under the "intermediate" cartridge Name Fedorov assault rifle arr. 1916 AK AKS SKS AKM AKMS RPK RPKS Caliber (mm) 6.5 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 7.62 Weight (kg) 4.4 4.86 4.86 3.9 3.6 3 .8 5.6 5.9 Overall length

From the author's book

Table 2 Tactical and technical characteristics of assault rifles and light machine guns chambered for a "low-pulse" cartridge Name AK-74 AKS-74 AKS-74U RPK-74 RPKS-74 AK-74M RPK-74M Caliber, mm 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5.45 5 .45 5.45 Weight, kg 3.6 3.67 3.0 5.46 5.61 3.6 5.46 Total length, mm 940 940 730 1060 1060 940 1065

From the author's book

Table 3 Tactical and technical characteristics of assault rifles for a "low-pulse" cartridge Name AK101 AK102 AK103 AK-104 AK-105 AKK-971 AN-94 A-91 A-91 A-91 Caliber, mm 5.56 5.56 7.62 7.62 5.45 5 .45 5.45 5.45 5.56 7.62 Weight, kg 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 4.3 1.75 1.75 1*75 Overall length, mm 943 824 943 824 824 965 943 604 604 604 Length folded

From the author's book

Table 4 Tactical and technical characteristics of assault rifles for special cartridges Name APS 9 A-91 VSK-94 VSS AS SR-3 "Whirlwind" Caliber, mm 5.66 9 9 9 9 9 Weight, kg 2.46 2.55 3.34 3.41 2.96 2.0 Total length, mm 823 604 900 894 875 640 butt, mm 615 384 - - 615 396 Barrel length,

From the author's book

Table 5 Tactical and technical characteristics of the weapon Barysheva AB -5.45 AV-7.62 AVK CPB AR GB Weight, kg 3.4 3.6 4.7 13.2 15.3 Overall length, mm 865 960 1000 1455 950 Length with butt folded, mm 645 710 750 1215 700 Barrel length, mm 415 415 500 750 300 Muzzle velocity, m/s 900 715 800 840 185 Rate of fire,

From the author's book

The performance characteristics of the KM2K knife Total length - 305 mm Total length with sheath - 327 mm Blade length - 172 mm Blade width - 30 mm Blade thickness - 4.6 mm Sheath dimensions: length x width - 196 x 30 mm Knife weight - 303 g Knife weight with sheath – 516 g Blade material –

Annotation.

7 figures, 24 pages, 7 tables.

IN term paper a review of scientific and technical literature is given, which examines the history of creation and design, technical and combat characteristics, as well as the reasons for the appearance of the light cruiser of the USSR, named after the outstanding Russian commander Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov.

Introduction.

The Great Patriotic War dealt a huge blow to the Soviet Union. Many enterprises were destroyed because of this, the development of the country, including the Navy, was suspended and we lagged behind many countries.

In the first ten post-war years, the development of the Soviet Navy proceeded along the path of excluding obsolete ships, aircraft and coastal facilities from its composition, modernizing ships, weapons, military equipment and building new modern ships and combat equipment. The USSR, having no real technical capabilities to create a powerful ocean-going nuclear missile fleet, was forced to build ships with conventional artillery and torpedo-mine weapons. During this period, the USSR fleet retained the status of a coastal fleet and was intended mainly for solving defensive tasks. In accordance with this, the development of the project "68-bis" of the cruiser of the "Sverdlov" type was carried out. These ships were the largest cruisers in the history of the Soviet Navy and the most numerous in their subclass.

The serial construction of a light cruiser of this type was carried out in accordance with the first post-war military shipbuilding program of the USSR, adopted in 1950. By the mid-1950s, 25 units were planned for construction under the 68-bis project. Actually completed in various modifications -14 units. The cruisers of the 68-bis project were one of the largest cruising series in the world. From 1956 to mid-1960, they were the main ships of the Soviet Navy.

general characteristics historical period.

World War II 1939-1945, unleashed by Germany, Italy in Europe and Japan on Far East ended in their complete defeat. The victory was achieved by the joint efforts of the countries of the anti-fascist coalition, but the decisive contribution to it was made by the Soviet Union.

After the war, the United States became the leader of the capitalist world. Their competitors were either crushed or weakened. During the years of the war, the United States became the main international creditor, they penetrated into the economy of the most developed capitalist countries. The US military potential was already enormous in the mid-1940s. Their armed forces included 150 thousand different aircraft and the largest fleet in the world, which had only aircraft carriers (of various types) over 100 units. They had a monopoly on the atomic bomb. The entire arsenal of propaganda tools was aimed at glorifying American atomic omnipotence and intimidating peoples. In fact, the United States and NATO turned the World Ocean into an arena for unleashing war against the USSR and other socialist countries. In order to resist them, a powerful fleet was needed, and because of the small amount of resources, it was quite difficult to saddle it, but already in 1946 the development of the 68-bis project began, and on June 14, 1947 it was approved by the decision of the USSR Council of Ministers. Probably, "68-bis" absorbed the distant echoes of the old Russian cruisers (part of the so-called Vladivostok detachment, which raided the Japanese coast in 1904) and German lone raiders who piracy almost with impunity in the Atlantic during the first stage of World War II . The chief designer of the 68-bis project, A.S. Savichev, managed to create a new generation artillery ship. Something in the ship was from the Italians, from the German heavy cruisers of the Admiral Heater type and, of course, all the best from the 68-bis and 68-K projects. The first ship of this project was the artillery cruiser "Sverdlov", which marked the beginning of the commissioning Navy USSR large series of artillery cruisers. Summing up the results of the shipbuilding program of 1946-1955, we can say that it was not completed to the end due to the insufficient growth of the country's production capabilities as a whole, since this was the post-war period. But with the beginning of the 50s, great changes took place in the field of naval installations and military equipment, which for the better changed their views on the composition of the armament of warships, but also on the types and classes of both submarines and surface ships.

The main goals and objectives of the creation of the ship.

In January 1947, a tactical and technical assignment was issued for the development of a project under the code "68-bis". The development of this project was carried out by TsKB-17 under the leadership of the chief designer A.S. Savichev (saving time, they refused to develop a preliminary design). In 1949, at the request of the leadership of the Navy, the working draft was revised taking into account the installation of new radar stations and communications equipment of the Pobeda system. The development of the LKR project under the code "68-bis" is the result of almost 15 years of work by the Central Design Bureau on the creation of Soviet LKR under the leadership of A.S. Savicheva. The cruisers of this series became the basis of the ocean fleet of the USSR, the first to go beyond the seas washing its shores, and “printed out the 30-year heyday of the USSR Navy. The main task for these cruisers was to act as part of a squadron, withdrawing light forces into an attack, supporting ship patrols and reconnaissance, as well as protecting the squadron from enemy light forces.

Resources, scientific-technical and industrial-production base for the creation of a cruiser.

The 68bis project was approved in 1947. In 1940, the weapons adopted by the Soviet Navy were used to a limited extent during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, light cruisers were armed with these guns. By 1940 standards, the MK-5bis was an excellent weapon. It had a sufficient rate of fire and had excellent ballistic characteristics for its caliber. However, by the standards of the 1950s, when the 68K and 68-bis cruisers armed with this artillery system began to enter service, it could hardly be called modern. The main drawback of the gun was its low rate of fire, caused by the use of cap loading. While American light cruisers fired up to 12 rounds per minute. At the same time, all new Western artillery systems had a significant elevation angle and could conduct anti-aircraft fire. Although the Soviet gun was superior to its Western counterparts in terms of firing range. In addition, the powerful artillery of the cruisers could also be used to neutralize American aircraft carriers, and during the period of aggravation of international tension, the cruisers of the 68bis project often accompanied the aircraft carriers of a potential enemy, keeping his ships in the zone of effective shelling. On the deck, the cruiser of this project could take more than 100 ship
barrage mines. The cruiser had a slightly increased power of steam turbine engines at full speed, more powerful artillery of auxiliary and anti-aircraft calibers, the presence of special artillery radar stations in addition to optical means of aiming guns at the target, more modern navigation and radio equipment and communications equipment, increased autonomy (up to 30 days) and cruising range (up to 9000 miles

For the first time, an all-welded hull made of low-alloy steel (instead of a riveted one) has been implemented.
Structural underwater mine-torpedo protection includes: a double bottom of the hull (length up to 154 m), a system of side compartments (for storing liquid cargo) and longitudinal bulkheads, as well as 23 main watertight autonomous hull compartments formed by transverse sealed bulkheads. In the general and local strength of the ship a significant role is played by the mixed hull recruitment system - mainly longitudinal - in the middle part, and transverse - in its bow and stern ends, as well as the inclusion of an "armored citadel" in the power circuit of the hull. The location of office and residential premises is almost identical to the Chapaev-class cruiser (project 68-k).

Characteristics, tactical and technical data and features of the project of the ship.

Basic performance data (TTX):

Displacement: 18,640 tons

Length: 210 m

Width: 23 m

Height: 52.5 m

Draft: 7.3 m

Reservations: armored belt 100 mm

Engines: Two-shaft, two turbo-gear units, type TV-7

Power: 121,000 hp With. (89 MW)

Propeller: 2

Travel speed: 35 knots (64.82 km/h)

Cruising range: 7400 miles at 16 knots

Crew: 1200 people

The ship had two masts, two chimneys, four three-gun turrets of the main caliber artillery. In the middle part of the cruiser, two blocks of superstructures are mounted. The forward superstructure accommodated: a conning tower, a forward control tower for controlling the fire of main battery artillery, two batteries of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery. Two stern MZA batteries and a second KDP of the main caliber were installed on the aft superstructure. Six twin 100-mm universal deck-tower artillery mounts are mounted on the forecastle, three on each side. The cruiser had an all-welded hull and a double bottom. For the manufacture of structures, low-alloy steel of increased strength was used.

Fig 1. General view of the ship

To protect vital important parts the ship provided for general and local armor: anti-ballistic, anti-fragmentation and anti-bullet. The designs used mainly homogeneous armor. The bulk of the armor fell on the citadel, consisting of a side belt and traverses covered with a protective deck. The body armor weight is about 3000 tons.

According to the calculations, it was envisaged that the armor should provide in combat conditions the protection of the vital centers of the ship from the damaging effects of 152-mm and 203-mm armor-piercing shells.

The constructive underwater protection used on the ship against the effects of enemy torpedo and mine weapons was limited only by a double bottom. The system of side compartments and longitudinal bulkheads only limited the flooded volumes inside the hull, but could not localize the impact of the explosion of the torpedo warhead.

Fig 2. Booking.

Armament.

Figure 3.152-mm three-gun turret MK-5

Twelve 152-mm B-38 guns in 4 three-gun MK-5-bis turrets were located in two groups - two turrets in the bow and stern.

The installations had their own Shtag-B radar rangefinder (2nd and 3rd towers) and an AMO-3 optical sight. The towers could be controlled both from the inside (local control) and remotely - from the central artillery post using the D-2 remote control system. The surface target detection range was 120 kbt, the accurate tracking range was 100 kbt.

The Molniya ATs-68-bis fire control system was used to control the main fire.

The fire was controlled by the commander of the artillery fire control group of the main caliber division. He was at his command post - in the central artillery post.

Table1. The main characteristics of the MK-5.

Table 2. The ammunition load of the B-38 gun includes:

Universal Artillery

Gun mount SM-5-1

The protection of the ship from the light forces of a potential enemy was provided by twelve 100-mm universal guns mounted in two-gun stabilized SM-5-1 installations. The ammunition included high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation, anti-aircraft and lighting shells (cartridges), as well as shells of passive radar interference.

Fire control was provided by the Zenit-68-bisA PUS system and a universal coordinate converter with the Yakor APLS. Radar "Anchor" was intended to control the firing of guns of universal caliber. The station had a device for automatic tracking of targets in three coordinates. The detection range of air targets was up to 30-160 kbt, surface targets - up to 150-180 kbt.

Table 3. Characteristics of the SM-5-1 gun mount

Flak

Fig 4. B-11 gun mount

The upper part of the cruiser's bow superstructure with 30-mm AK-230 assault rifles

The air defense of the ship in the near zone was provided by 32 37-mm 70-K submachine guns, in twin V-11 gun mounts. The V-11M artillery system was put into service in 1946. The guns were mounted in a common cradle and had water cooling. Food - oboymennoe, manual. Guidance in both planes is manual. To protect the calculation from the fire of onboard weapons, the AU aircraft were equipped with a 10-mm shield covering the gun platform. The maximum firing range on the horizon was 8400 m, on air targets - 4000 m. The ammunition included fragmentation tracer and armor-piercing tracer unitary cartridges.

The installations were placed in two groups, bow and stern, consisting of 4 batteries, 2 on each side. The B-11 installations could fire at air targets at sharp bow and stern angles relative to the plane of the ship.

Table 4. Characteristics of the B-11 installation

Organization that approved the MYFF

Year and place of construction of the lead ship - "Motherland"

Basic indicators

Vessel type - cargo-passenger motor ship

superstructure.

Appointment - transportation of transit passengers and cargoes.

PP class and navigation area - "O" inland waterways

Vessel dimensions overall, m

Length - 95.8

Height from the main line - 16.7

Width - 14.3

Estimated vessel dimensions, m

Length - 90.0

Board height - 3.4

Width - 12.0

Draft at full displacement along ... - 2.5 m

MAP electric motor model - 31-4/12

Power, kW 6/2.5

Speed ​​rpm 1345/368

Anchor-mooring capstan electromanual

MAP electric motor - 31-4/12

Power, kW 6.25

Rescue and lifeboats

Lifeboat 4 (1-motorboat)

Capacity, people 16 (18)

Davits

aluminum work boat

Dinghy, swivel, manual

Life rafts, w 8

Capacity, pers. 10

Fuel reserves

Main fuel Diesel

Reserve, t 39.4

Oil Diesel

Reserve, t 1.6

Disc ratio 0.65

Number of blades 4

Speed, rpm 450

Material cast steel

Direction of rotation right left

Steering gear

Steering wheel semi-balanced outboard

Number 3

Area, 1.82

Rudder height, m ​​1.3

Rudder length, m 1.35

Maximum rudder angle, degrees 40

anchor device

Anchor Hall

Number and weight of bow anchors 2x1000

Stern anchor weight, kg 500

Bow anchor chain caliber and length mm¨m19x125, 19x100

Stern anchor 19x75

Electric windlass

The dialing system is mixed: the body is dialed

according to the transverse system,

main and middle decks - along the longitudinal

Location on sp. 8, 42, 72, 92, 128, 142

watertight bulkheads

Thickness of outer skin sheets, mm

Bottoms at the sides 5

The same in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bboards 126 - 140 sp. 6 and 8

Bulwark 3

Main engines

Number 3

Power, l. With. 400

Speed, rpm 450

Air pressure start 30 kgf/

Engines

propeller type

Number 3

Diameter, m 1.1

Step, m 1, 09

Passenger capacity, pers. 339

Crew places, pers. 72

Number of places:

in the restaurant on the main deck 58

on middle deck 36

Autonomy, days 8

Promenade deck width, m

on the main 1, 5

on average 2.8

Vessel speed in deep water 25.5 km/h

Completeness coefficient at a draft of 1.38 m

Waterlinea= 0.86

Mid-frame b=0.96

Displacements d=0.74

Automation in accordance with the requirements of the RF RR

Case material steel Art. 3; for critical structures - steel according to GDR standards

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