Fedorov's handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises. Fedorov's handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises Fedorov's handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises

Power supply guide industrial enterprises Fedorov 1973

Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences. M. RGGRU, 2008. 100. Merkulov M.V. Kosyanov V.A. Heat engineering and heat supply for exploration works. Theory, design and calculation. N.G. Yudushkin, 195585. Gas burners. Yu.V. Ivanov, 197286. Low power gas turbine engines. A. Judge. Energy today and tomorrow. A.N. Protsenko, 1986282. Eureka series. Abstracts of the VI International Conference "New Ideas in the Earth Sciences". Part 2. M. MGRU, 2003. 53. Kosyanov V.A. Substantiation of marginal distances of placement of receivers from the energy source according to the conditions for ensuring the required voltage level.

Per. with him. V.V. Pruss-Zhukovsky and I.N. Pruss-Zhukovskaya under the total. ed. M.P. Kostenko, 1961696. Electric micromachines. G. Stelting, A. Beisse. Industrial electrical networks. M. Energy, 1980. 576 pages. Textbook for universities. 2nd ed. revised and additional Volume 3. I.I. Artobolevsky, 1979149. Mechanisms in modern technology Reference manual. In 7 volumes. Ed. 2nd, revised.

Ed. D.V. Galtsova, 1989431. Task book on heat and mass transfer processes Tutorial for universities. V.V. Avchukhov, B.E. Payuste, 1986432. Task book on heat transfer Textbook for universities. 4th ed. revised and additional E.A. Krasnoshchekov, A.S. Sukomel, 1980433. Task book on thermal power plants. A practical guide applicable to all branches of technology. P.S. Vyshinsky, 1904654. Hutte. Ed. M.O. Shteinberga, 1992300. Handbook of low capacity boiler plants. K.F. Roddatis, A.N. Poltoretsky. Compiled for the cadet classes of the Naval Cadet Corps by Lieutenant General A.N. Krylov, 1913650. Textbook on fluid dynamics651. Chemical current sources Textbook for chemical-technol. specialist. universities. V.N. Varypaev and others. Materials VIII International Conference "New Ideas in the Earth Sciences". Volume 6. M. RGGRU, 2007. 55. Kosyanov V.A. Limitovsky A.M. Gulyaeva L.A. Implementation of overhead lines with insulated wires for power supply of exploration works. The third edition of the book has been significantly revised and supplemented, taking into account the work carried out after the publication of the second edition in 1972. The textbook is intended for university students studying the issues of power supply to industrial enterprises and in-house power supply.

Issue. 6) Information about the book ... Belyaev A.V. Choice of equipment, protection and cables in 0.4 kV networks - Leningrad branch. Energoatomizdat, 1988 Information about the book ... Karpov F. F. How to choose the cross section of wires and cables. Central Bureau of Labor Standards at the Research Institute of Labor of the State Committee for Labor and social issues Council of Ministers of the USSR. M. 1978. 25. Ermolenko M.N. Rational use of heat in heating and ventilation systems of compressor stations of main gas pipelines. Compiled by G.B. Gorelik, 2001194. A course of lectures on hydraulics195. Course of lectures on heat engineering196. Lasers. Ed. 5th. A.A. Eichenwald, 1928706. Electrical safety during the operation of electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V Handbook. G.A. Dulitsky, A.P. Komarevtsev, 1988707. Electrical measuring equipment. Ed. 4th, revised. G.V. Zeweke, P.A. Ionkin et al. 1975272. Fundamentals of the theory of electromagnetic shielding. D.N. Shapiro, 1975273. Fundamentals of heat transfer.

Ed. 5th, revised. and additional N.V. Chernobrov, 1974385. Relay protection. The book "Power supply of industrial enterprises" (power stations, electrical networks and power supply) was written in accordance with the program of the course in the specialty "Electric drive and automation industrial installations» Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Lecture notes. A.V. Golgovskih, 2001375. Relay protection and automation of elements of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise. IN AND. Khuduguev, 1996376. Relay protection and automation. The first edition of the book was published in 1974. In the second edition, changes and additions were made in accordance with new trends in the energy sector.

Part 1. V.A. Kostrykin, I.G. Shelepov, A.L. Shubenko, 2007530. Theory of electrical circuits Textbook for technical schools. I.N. Dobrotvorsky, 1989531. Theory of electricity. Download the book "Busbars in the electrical networks of industrial enterprises" (DjVu) Kozlov V. A. Power supply of cities. Turbines and pumps Textbook for high schools. G.I. Krivenko, 197870. Hydraulics. Ed. 4th, revised. and additional A.A. Fedorov, V.V. Kamenev, 1984279. Fundamentals of power supply Textbook on discipline Power supply. Yu.Ya. Chukreev, 2001280. Fundamentals of electrical engineering. M.I. Kuznetsov.

Under total ed. K.D. Lavrenenko, 1979752. Energy of Russia during the Great Patriotic War. Ed. A.A. Zhukauskas and E.K. Kalinina, 198897. Testing of steam turbine generators Methodological guide. M.A. Ukhobotin, 195298. Energy sources. P. Voinilovich, P. Albychev. Per. with him. ON THE. Golubev, ed. G.N. Petrov, 193532. Electric cars. Ed. E.V. Sarnatsky, S.A. Chistovich, 1990430. Dictionary of Electrical Engineering (English, French, German, Dutch, Russian), 1985431. Reducing heat loss in buildings. J. Rzehanek, A. Janousz.

Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional G.P. Pankratov, 1986410. Collection of problems in technical thermodynamics Textbook. 2nd ed. D.L. Zhukhovitsky, 2004411. Collection of problems in technical thermodynamics. T.N. Andrianova et al. Industrial electrical networks, published in 1980. The first edition was published in 1973 in two books. The second edition takes into account new regulations and new types of equipment. Hydrostatics. Collection of typical tasks93. Hydraulics. N.Z. Frenkel, 195694. Hydraulics. Proceedings of the IX International Conference "New Ideas in the Earth Sciences". Volume 2. M. RGGRU, 2009. 57. Kosyanov V. A. Bashkurov A. Yu. Energy-technological complex of drilling. The principles of drawing up equivalent circuits of direct, reverse and zero sequence for the calculation of short-circuit currents are considered. Textbook for universities. 2nd ed. correct and additional F.F. Tsvetkov, B.A. Grigoriev, 2005554. Heat transfer in furnaces of steam boilers. A.G. Bloch, 1984555. Heat transfer and hydrodynamic resistance. Ed. SOUTH. Barybina et al. 1990471. Reference book on the design of electric power systems. S.S. Rokotyan, I.M. Shapiro, 1985472. Handbook for the calculation of wires and cables. The first edition appeared in 1973 in two books. The second edition contains new types of equipment, requirements of new GOST, PTE and other regulatory materials. Download the book "Power supply of industrial enterprises" (DjVu) Knyazevsky B.A. Lipkin B.Yu. Power supply of industrial enterprises M. Higher School, 1969 510 pages Volume 2. I.I. Artobolevsky, 1979209. Mechanisms in modern technology Reference manual. In 7 volumes. Ed. 2nd, revised.

Proceedings of the X International Conference "New Ideas in the Earth Sciences". Volume 2. M. RGGRU, 2011. 65. Kosyanov V.A. Limitovsky A.M. Badulin O.V. Methodical clarifications on the determination of the average and calculated electric power at drilling operations. The information necessary for the calculation of the starting modes of electric motors and the choice of loads is given. Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional P.N. Shlyakhin, 1974298. Steam and gas turbines Textbook for technical schools. A.N. Smolensky, 1977299. Steam boilers with natural circulation. 1. Averkiev Yu.V. Diesel-electric units of the RUMO plant for small-scale power generation. Part 1, 1992274. Collection of guidance materials of the Main Technical Department of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR (Electrotechnical part). Ed. 4th, revised. and additional Ed. A.N. Ledovsky, 199135. SF6 circuit breakers of the VGT36 series. Electricity, magnetism and electrical engineering in their historical development. Volume 2. Ed. A.A. Fedorova, 1986488. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises Design and calculation. A.S. Ovcharenko, M.L. Rabinovich, V.I. Mozyrsky, D.I. Rozinsky, 1985489. Handbook of electrical materials. Yablochkov is the glory and pride of Soviet electrical engineering. ON THE. Kaptsov, 1948230. Non-synchronous inclusions and resynchronization in power systems. With the assistance of G. Luks and Dr. Michalke, 1909105. Chemical power sources Textbook for chemical-technol. specialist. universities. V.N. Varypaev and others.

LITERATURE
Main
1. Fedorov A.A., Kameneva V.V. Fundamentals of power supply of industrial enterprises. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1984.

2. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises. In two volumes. /Under the general editorship of Fedorov A.A. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1980.

3. Handbook of power supply design. / Under the editorship of Barybin A.N. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1991.

4. Regulatory framework for the device and operation of electrical installations. Glavgosenergonadzor of Russia, 1998.
Additional
5. Fedorov A.A., Starkova L.E. Proc. allowance for course and diploma design. Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1989.

6. Mikhailov V.V., Polyakov M.A. Consumption electrical energy-reliability and modes. Moscow: Higher school, 1989.

7. Budzko I.A. Power supply of agricultural enterprises and settlements. M., Kolos, 1975.

8. Industrial thermal power plants. Bazhenov M.I., Bogorodsky A.S., Sazanov B.V., Yurenev V.N.; Ed. E.Ya. Sokolova.-2nd ed., revised. Moscow: Energy, 1979.

Fokin Yu.A. Reliability and efficiency of networks of electrical systems. M.: Higher. school, 1989.

Determination of electrical design loads for each workshop separately and for the enterprise as a whole.
Choice of voltage supply and distribution networks.
The choice of the number and power of transformers GPP and shop substations.
Choice of plant power supply scheme.
Choice of the scheme of electrical connections of GPP or TsRP.
Selection of the brand and cross-section of conductors in the supply and distribution networks.
Calculation of short circuit currents and selection of electrical equipment of the power supply system.

Graphic material

Master plan of the plant with the mapping of loads, the center of electrical loads, the intra-factory network, substations and distribution centers.
Single-line power supply scheme (past version).
Single-line power supply scheme (2 failed options).

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COURSE PROJECT
The first stage in the design of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise (EPS) is the determination of electrical loads. According to the magnitude of the calculated electrical loads, at various stages of the EPP system, the number and power of the GPP transformers and shop TP are selected, the electrical equipment of the EPP system is checked, etc. The capital costs, operating costs for the EPP system, and the reliability of electrical equipment depend on the correct assessment of the expected loads.

The initial data for the calculation are the installed capacities for the workshops of the plant, which are represented by a statement of loads and demand factors ().

The design load (active and reactive) of power receivers of workshops is determined from the ratios:

;

,
Where
- the total installed capacity of all receivers of the shop, is taken according to the initial data; - the average demand coefficient, taken according to the reference data ;
- corresponding to the weighted average value of the power factor characteristic of the receivers of this workshop.

The design load of the lighting receivers of the workshop is usually determined by the installed power and the demand factor for lighting:

,
Where
- coefficient of demand for lighting, taken according to reference data;
- installed power of electric lighting receivers.

The value can be given by the formula:

,
Where
- specific load, W / m 2;
- workshop area.

The total design power of power and lighting receivers of the workshop is determined from the ratio:

.
Receivers with voltages above 1000 V are accounted for separately. Estimated active and reactive power of groups of receivers above 1000 V and total are determined from the expressions:

;

;

,
Where ,
,
- active, reactive and apparent power of the high-voltage load.

Total apparent power of power and lighting load:
.
Since the transformers of the workshop and the main step-down substation are not selected at this stage of the calculation, the power losses in them are approximately determined by:

,

To determine the full design capacity of the enterprise as a whole, it is necessary to take into account all types of load, including:

power load with voltage up to 1000 V;
power load with voltage above 1000 V;
lighting load;
power losses in transformers;
power of compensating devices (in order to reduce the number and power of transformers, as well as the consumption of conductor material).

The calculated power of compensating devices is determined by:
,

Where
- average annual capacity of the enterprise;
- total active power of power and lighting load;
- the number of hours of using the maximum active power, taken according to reference materials ; - the annual number of hours of operation of the enterprise;
- coefficient of reactive power of the load of the enterprise;
- set value of reactive power factor.

Estimated capacity of the enterprise, taking into account power losses in transformers, the power of compensating devices and the difference in time of load peaks:
,
Where
- coefficient of difference in time of load maxima (characterizes the shift of load maxima of individual groups of receivers in time).

According to the full design capacity of the enterprise, it is necessary to determine the type of receiving substation GPP or TsRP, determine the power of GPP transformers. The power of transformers must be determined taking into account their overload capacity. The overload capacity depends on the characteristics of the load curve, which is characterized by the fill factor of the curve. The total overload in this case should not exceed 30-35%.

,
Where
- rated power of the transformer.

The choice of transformer power is made according to the calculated total power of the plant, taking into account the load factor of the transformer in normal and emergency mode, as well as taking into account the overload capacity. The load of the transformer in normal mode is:

,
in post-emergency mode (when one transformer is disconnected):

.
To determine the location of the GPP, TsRP, TP, when designing the power supply system of an industrial enterprise, a load cartogram is applied to the master plan. When constructing a cartogram, it is necessary to know the full design capacity of the shops. A certain scale is adopted, and in the selected scale, the areas of the circles of the cartogram are equal to the calculated loads of the shops.

The area of a circle on a scale is:

,
where is the radius of the circle:

,
Where - power -th workshop;
- an arbitrary scale for determining the area of a circle.

The main step-down substation and workshops should be located as close as possible to the center of electrical loads, thereby ensuring the construction of a rational power supply system. The center of electrical loads is located separately in terms of active power, since reactive loads are powered from other installations (generators, compensating devices).

The coordinates of the center of electrical loads of the plant are determined by the formula:

,

,
where - calculated active loads of shops;

, - coordinates of the location of workshops on the general plan.

To determine the coordinates and build a cartogram, it is necessary to plot the coordinate axes on the master plan (arbitrarily).

For enterprises of significant power at a great distance from electrical systems substations, the external power supply of the plant is carried out by overhead lines with a voltage of 35 - 110 (220) kV, which are brought to the open part of the GPP. The presence of consumers of the first category requires the plant to be powered from two independent sources, which are busbar sections of two transformers of the substation of the system, which have two power sources.

Transformers are installed on the open part of the GPP, connected through switches 35 - 110 kV on the upper side of the transformer. On the lower side of the transformer with a voltage of 6 - 10 kV, the equipment is carried out by KRU-type devices, from which electricity is distributed to individual substations of workshops and distribution points of installations (compressor, pump, etc.)

When the plant is located within the city district substations of the energy system, power is usually provided by 6-10 kV cable lines, which feed one or two distribution points of the plant, from which power is supplied to the transformer substations and distribution centers of workshops and electrical installations.

The power supply of individual workshops is carried out by workshop and inter-shop substations, depending on the magnitude and nature of the electrical loads of the workshops and their location on the general layout of the plant, taking into account the reliability of power supply in accordance with the categories of electricity consumers.

The choice of brand of conductors for electrical networks of enterprises depends on the nature of the environment and the method of laying cables. Conductor cross-sections cable lines up to and above 1 kV is carried out under the following conditions:

for heating by long-term permissible load current;
by voltage loss;
by mechanical strength;
by crown;
by economic current density (for cables above 1 kV);
for thermal resistance to short-circuit currents.

RULES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND REGISTRATION

COURSE PROJECT*
The coursework must be explanatory note and drawings.

An explanatory note is drawn up on sheets of A4 paper on one side. The volume of the explanatory note should be no more than 50 pages of text.

The first page of the explanatory note is title page, then there is a task for a course project, a table of contents, a text, a list of references.

The presentation in the text of the material should be in the first person plural (“define”, “accept”) or an indefinite form (“determined”, “selected”) can be used. Abbreviations of words in the text and captions above illustrations are not allowed.

When performing calculations, formulas should be taken out of the general text material in a separate line. The decoding of letter designations and numerical coefficients is given directly after the formula. The first line of the decryption must begin with the word "where", without a colon after it.

In the settlement and explanatory note, a single terminology should be observed.

The results of similar calculations are summarized in tables.

Illustrations to the relevant parts of the text can be located in the text of the note, at the end of it or in the appendix. All illustrations are numbered with Arabic numerals, for example, “Fig. 1". In the text, references to illustrations are given by type (Fig. 1).

When choosing and justifying technical solutions and performing calculations, the text of the note should be accompanied by the necessary graphic material (for example, electrical connection diagrams of substations, equivalent circuits, etc.).

The adopted technical decisions on the main design issues should be briefly and clearly formulated and highlighted in the text in paragraphs.

Each chapter or section of the explanatory note should end with a general conclusion. In conclusion, based on the performed calculations and decisions taken, provides guidance on a particular design issue discussed in this chapter or section.

The letter designations of general technical and electrical quantities used in the text must be adopted in accordance with the standards.

After the numerical value of the dimensional quantities, it is necessary to indicate the units of measurement.
_____________________

* Given in accordance with the typical methodological guide For

part-time students of engineering and technical specialties
The graphic part of the project is carried out in pencil in compliance with the current GOSTs for technical drawing and conventional graphic symbols in electrical circuits, stamp samples, specification forms. The graphic part of the project must be done on drawing paper. The volume of the graphic part is 2 sheets of A1 format. Computer drawings are allowed.

The graphic part is developed by the student in the process of working on a rough sketch project, and then drawn up on drawing paper. The materials given in the graphic part of the project must correspond to those set out in the settlement and explanatory note.

VARIANTS OF TASKS FOR THE COURSE PROJECT
Each student completes a course project according to his individual task, indicated by the last two digits of his educational code in the grade book (the first digit is the task number, the second digit is the option number).

(1907 - 1985)

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR and ChuvASSR Anatoly Anatolyevich Fedorov is the founder scientific school on industrial power supply systems. He developed a method for optimizing power supply systems.
Fedorov A.A. started his labor activity in 1924 as an electrician. After graduating from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1931, he was appointed head of the Main Directorate educational institutions Energy Center of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR.
Working from 1933 to 1935 at the Moscow Electromechanical Institute of Engineers railway transport, A.A. Fedorov introduced a number of new courses and created a complex of electrical laboratories.
His contribution to the development of the electric power industry in the eastern regions of the country is significant, where he worked in 1935-1942 on leadership positions Norilskstroy, Irtyshgesstroy, Altaienergo.
Professor A.A. Fedorov was a prominent scientist in the field of industrial energy. His works on the optimization of power supply systems for industrial enterprises have received wide recognition from the engineering and scientific community in our country and abroad.
Since 1942 A.A. Fedorov teaches at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. From 1964 to 1972 he was Vice-Rector of MPEI. In 1966, the Department of Intraplant Power Supply was organized, which was later renamed the Department of Power Supply of Industrial Enterprises, which was headed by A.A. Fedorov from 1966 to 1981.
The scientists of the department under the leadership of Fedorov A.A. methods for choosing the optimal number, capacity and location of substations of industrial enterprises and methods for selecting parameters were developed essential elements power supply systems, taking into account the growth dynamics of electrical loads. Research was carried out on the quality of electrical energy, as well as methods for assessing the reliability of power supply systems, which made it possible to create rational systems for in-house power supply. The Department of Power Supply of Industrial Enterprises completed fundamental research for a number of specific power supply systems such as the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Soyuzkhimpromenergo, Mosobleelectro.
For further development scientific work the branch laboratory for industrial electric power industry was created at the department. The main results of research work carried out at the department under the leadership of A.A. Fedorov are reflected in textbooks and monographs. The textbook by A.A. Fedorov "Fundamentals of power supply of industrial enterprises", which went through several editions and was translated into a number of foreign languages, including on English language. Also known is the "Handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises", which has withstood several reprints.
Professor A.A. Fedorov was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and five medals of the USSR.

Fedorov's handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises

Selection of sections of wires and cables according to the heating condition 4-1. Permissible current loads on wires, cables and tires 4-2. Choice of overcurrent protection of lines 4-3. The choice of sections of wires and cables Section five. Semenov V.A. 2004 Anti-emergency automation in load nodes with powerful synchronous electric motors. Electrical energy is used wherever heat, light, mechanical energy, it is widely used in the municipal sphere and in everyday life. The second edition is distinguished by the presence of a new type of equipment, the requirements of new GOST, PTE, as well as the presence of other regulatory materials. Ashkenazi G.I. Udolsky A.K. 1976 Power supply for civil buildings and utilities.

Handbook of power supply of industrial enterprises Fedorov

Today, our life cannot be imagined without the use of electrical energy. The handbook is designed for electrical engineers working on the design of industrial and utility power networks, and can also serve as a guide for electrical engineers and electricians involved in the installation and operation of electrical networks. Sometimes horizontally laid strips or round steel are used as independent ground electrodes. Volume 2 Borovikov V.A. Electric networks and systems But D.A. Energy storage devices Vasilyeva R.N. Electrical installation devices and products Venikov V.A. Electrical systems. T1. Mathematical problems of electric power industry Venikov V.A. Electrical systems. Overhead lines 6-10-35 kV are also not always operated correctly, the main cause of intense damage is multiple switching in the winter.

Heading: Equipment Name: Reference book on power supply of industrial enterprises. Moscow-Leningrad, publishing house "Energy", 1984 Discuss the handbook on the calculation of wires and cables. Volume 1 Borichev I.E. Reference book on electrical installations of industrial enterprises. The 3d edition, revised and enlarged. - M. Energoatomizdat, 1984. - 448 pp. 4. Rules of Establishment of Electric Installations. Part 1 Syusyukin A.I. Fundamentals of power supply of enterprises In two parts. Instead of a clutch on cable lines, dry termination is used, which drastically reduces their reliability. The reason for the low reliability of 35 kV overhead lines is mainly unfavorable weather conditions, aging of insulators.

The commonly used length of vertical electrodes is 2 - 3 m. The use of longer electrodes (5 - 20 m) is advisable with high soil resistance and a small area allocated for the grounding device. Chisinau: "Cartya moldovenyaske", 1979. - 207 p. 42. Mordovin BM Electrical networks and lighting. L. "Energy", 1975.-57 p. 43. Reliability of energy systems. The use of rods instead of pipes and angles leads to metal savings (about 6.5 tons per 100 electrodes). Vertical electrodes immersed in the ground are connected with steel strips laid at a depth of 0.5 - 0.8 m and welded to the upper ends of the vertical electrodes. Goldstein E.I. 2000 How to design a small electrical installation. List of used literature: 1. Granovsky V.A. Siraya T.N. Methods for processing experimental data during measurements. — L. Energoatomizdat. It is more expedient to use angle steel, as it is cheaper than pipes. The greatest resistance occurs in winter when the soil freezes and in summer when it dries. Power supply. Fedorov A.A. (ed), 1986 Handbook of power engineering of industrial enterprises.

This reference manual is aimed at all engineers, as well as technicians who work in the divisions of the main power engineers of industrial enterprises. Volume 1 - 1996 Fedorov A.A. Reference book on power supply and electrical equipment. Book 1 Fedorov A.A. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises. General Information 1-1. Conventions and supporting tables 1-2. Basic information from the theory of electrical engineering 1-3. Definitions 1-4. Rated voltages 1-5. Basic requirements for electrical networks Section two. The 6th edition. - M. Energoatomizdat, 1986. - 648 pp. 5. Sobirova Sh. R. Priority Streamlines of the Development of Tajikistan Energetic Complex // Bulletin of TSULBP. 2014, No. 5 (61) - pp. 126-135. 6. Reference-book on Electricity Supply and Electric Equipment. In 2 volumes.

The rational use of natural grounding simplifies and reduces the cost of the construction of grounding devices. For timely and high-quality power supply to consumers, power systems operate, which are subject to high requirements for reliability, reliability and quality of the provided electrical energy. The choice of conductors for thermal and dynamic resistance to short-circuit current Section seven. Using reinforced concrete structures in order to be able to connect them to each other and to the grounding network, reinforcement outlets to the outside should be provided in advance. The advantage of the considered natural grounding conductors is their low spreading resistance. Kireeva E.A. Tsyruk S.A. 2005 Power supply of computer and telecommunication systems. KSM Products and Services: Site Optimization Discuss Handbook on Calculation of Wires and Cables Energia Publishing House 1984 The book contains reference tables for the calculation of power networks with voltage up to 10 kV inclusive, according to heating conditions, allowable voltage loss and economic current density. Determining Design Electrical Loads 3-1. Estimated loads of industrial enterprises 3-2. Estimated loads of residential and public buildings Section four. Losses of power and electricity in electrical networks Section ten. Tables are accompanied summary calculation methods and solving explanatory examples.

With a decrease or increase in voltage, the heating of network elements increases, power and electricity losses increase, operational reliability decreases, the service life of electric motors and transformers decreases, and negative electromagnetic phenomena appear in the system. It is advisable to place the ring below the freezing level. The smallest dimensions of steel ground electrodes and conductors in terms of corrosion resistance are as follows: round steel diameter 6 mm, strip thickness 4 mm, strip cross section 48 mm, thickness of corner shelves 4 mm, pipe wall thickness 3.5 mm. When electricity consumption is limited, there are sharp jumps in the supply of electricity to power distribution networks. Even brief or infrequent power outages under the aforementioned conditions can lead to long-term disruption. technological process, stop the process and other consequences. Fig.8-9. Loop earthing B Lately vertical ground electrodes in the form of rods made of round steel with a diameter of 12-16 mm are gaining popularity. Handbook for the calculation of wires and cables, ed. 2nd. M.-L. Energiya Publishing House, 1984. 224 p. with hell. Dyakov A.F. 2003 Management and marketing in the electric power industry. Sleptsov M.A. (ed), 2006 Overvoltage and dielectric strength of high-voltage insulation. Belyaev A.V. 2005 Anti-emergency control in load nodes with high power synchronous electric motors. Kaminsky E.A. 1980 Compensation of capacitive currents in networks with ungrounded neutral.

Mukoseev Yu.L. Power supply of industrial enterprises M:, "Energy", 584 p.

The book is intended as a textbook for students of energy and polytechnic universities. It contains the main chapters: electrical loads and power consumption graphs, power distribution at voltages up to and above 1000 V, workshop transformer substations, power supply reliability, reactive power modes in networks and its compensation, voltage modes in networks of industrial enterprises, electricity metering and saving, features of protective grounding and safety measures in industrial electrical installations.

Fedorov A.A., Kameneva V.V. Fundamentals of power supply of industrial enterprises. 1979. - M .: Energy, - 408 p., ill. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional Textbook for high schools.

The book provides the basic initial data for the creation of power supply systems for industrial enterprises: electrical loads, the basics of technical and economic calculations, the quality of electrical energy, the choice of transformers, wire and cable cross-sections, the location of supply substations, reactive power compensation issues.

The third edition of the book has been significantly revised and supplemented, taking into account the work carried out after the publication of the second edition in 1972. The textbook is intended for university students studying the issues of power supply to industrial enterprises and in-house power supply.

Fedorov A.A. Power supply of industrial enterprises. 1961 - Moscow, Gosenergoizdat 3rd ed. 744 pp.

The book deals with the main issues of power supply of industrial enterprises: the definition and classification of electricity consumers, the definition of electrical loads, the distribution of electricity at low and high voltage substations of industrial enterprises, increasing the power factor, saving electricity, relay protection, automation and dispatching.

Knyazevsky B.A., Lipkin B.Yu. Power supply of industrial enterprises M.: Higher School, 1969, 510 pages.

The book "Power supply of industrial enterprises" (electric power stations, electrical networks and power supply) was written in accordance with the program of the course in the specialty "Electric drive and automation of industrial installations" of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.

Serbinovsky G.V. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises. Industrial electrical networks. M. Energy, 1980. 576 pages.

Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises. The book discusses the issues of electrical loads, the choice of devices, and provides materials on overhead power networks of industrial enterprises. The first edition appeared in 1973 in two books. The second edition contains new types of equipment, requirements of new GOST, PTE and other regulatory materials.

Anastasiev P.I., Branzburg E.Z., Kolyada A.V. Design of cable networks and wiring. Under total ed. Khromchenko G. E. - M .: "Energy", 1980, - 384 p.

The book is intended for engineers of design organizations engaged in the design of cable lines and wiring, students of universities in electrical power engineering. The materials necessary for the design of cable networks and wiring of electrical installations of enterprises are outlined. various industries industry, cultural buildings and Agriculture; methods for calculating cable lines and data on the choice of brands of cables and wires according to environmental conditions and laying methods are given.

Ovcharenko A.S., Rabinovich M.L., Mozyrsky V.N., Rozinsky D.I. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises: Design and calculation. 1985. - K .: Technique, 279 p.

The reference book contains data on the calculation of power supply systems for industrial enterprises, electrical circuits and their reliability, short-circuit currents, power quality indicators, reactive power compensation, starting and self-starting of electric motors, relay protection devices and automation. Designed for engineering and technical workers involved in the design and operation of power supply systems for industrial enterprises, and may also be useful to university students.

Barybin Yu.G. Power supply design guide M.: Energoatomizdat, 1990

Contains materials and reference data for the integrated design of power supply systems for electrical installations of industrial enterprises. Reflected are progressive technical solutions for these systems, based on the use of substations with SF6 equipment, low-oil circuit breakers, static and filter compensating devices. Non-contact protection and network automation are considered. For engineering and technical workers involved in the design and operation of electrical installations of industrial enterprises.

Krupovich V.I., Barybin Yu.G. Samover M.L. Power Supply Design Handbook. 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Energy, 1980. - 456 p., ill. - (Electrical installations of industrial enterprises.)

The directory contains technical solutions for power supply systems of industrial enterprises aimed at improving the reliability and efficiency of electrical installations. The second edition appeared in 1974 under the title "Handbook for the design of power supply, transmission lines and networks." In the third edition, all sections have been revised and supplemented to take into account best practices, as well as changes in the requirements of regulatory documents.

Fedorov A.L., Starkova L.E. Textbook for course and diploma design for the power supply of industrial enterprises. Textbook for universities. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987

The book contains the main provisions necessary for the implementation of course and diploma projects on the power supply of industrial enterprises. Electrical loads are determined that do not overestimate the power consumed by the enterprise, schemes of internal and external power supply systems, resistance of devices to short-circuit currents, technical and economic feasibility of the decisions made. For university students.

Fedorov A.A., Serbinovsky G.V. Reference book on the power supply of industrial enterprises: Electrical equipment and automation. 1981. M.: Energoizdat -624 p., ill.

The handbook contains information on electrical equipment, its permissible overloads, relay protection devices and automation of power supply systems. Material on electrical loads, the choice of devices, overhead power networks was placed in the Handbook on the power supply of industrial enterprises.

Zevakin A.I., Ligerman I.I. Busbars in electrical networks of industrial enterprises. M.: Energy, 1979. -96 p.

The book discusses designs, applications, development prospects, as well as issues of installation and operation of 1000V busbars. domestic production in electrical networks of industrial enterprises. The use of main, distribution, lighting and trolley busbars is considered.

Kozlov V. A. Power supply of cities. Ed. 2nd revised. 280 s. from ill. Publishing house "Energy", 1977

The book discusses the issues of rational construction of power supply to large cities, requirements for the reliability of power supply to urban consumers, technical and economic characteristics of cable lines and transformers, best options power supply systems, features of their construction and design.

Kozlov V.A. City distribution networks. Leningrad: Energoatomizdat, Leningrad. department, 1982. - 224 p., ill.

The issues of building urban distribution electrical networks are considered. The book contains the requirements for the power supply of urban consumers, the definition of design loads, the principles of building distribution networks, the applied protection and automatic devices, the procedure for electrical calculation and selection of parameters for individual network elements, technical and economic calculations.

Lipkin B. Yu. Power supply of industrial enterprises and installations: A textbook for students of technical schools. -3rd ed., translation, and dollars. - M.: Higher. school, 1981. - 376 p., ill.

The textbook provides information about power stations and electrical systems, the main electrical equipment of stations and substations, relay protection and automation devices are described, the electrical loads of industrial enterprises are considered, and calculations of electrical factory and workshop networks are given. Intended for students of secondary special educational institutions. Can be used by engineering and technical workers dealing with these issues.

Tsigelman I.E. Power supply of civil buildings and utilities: Textbook for technical schools - M .: Higher. school. 1988. - 319 pages.

The book discusses general information about power stations and their modes of operation, theoretical issues of lighting engineering are outlined, instructions are given for the design and construction of lighting installations, schematic diagrams for constructing supply and distribution networks with voltage up to 10 kV are given, methods for determining the lighting and power loads of public, residential buildings and enterprises, calculations of electrical networks, general information about the operation of relay protection and the implementation of grounding devices, considered schematic diagrams of distribution points and transformer substations, given the calculation of short-circuit currents and the choice of high-voltage equipment.

Design of power supply systems. Tutorial

Mikhailov VV Tariffs and power consumption regimes. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1986. - 216 p.: Ill. - (Economy of fuel and electricity)

The book discusses the main systems of tariffs for electricity and their impact on the mode of power consumption and finding optimal modes in order to equalize the load schedules of power systems. Electricity metering systems are described. The first edition of the book was published in 1974. In the second edition, changes and additions were made in accordance with new trends in the energy sector. For engineering and technical workers specializing in the field of power supply of industrial enterprises and general energy.

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Zimin E. N. Protection of asynchronous motors up to 500 V. Izd. 2nd, revised, and additional. M. - L., Publishing House "Energy", 1967. 88 p. with hell. (B-ka electrician. Vol. 209)

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Livshits D.S. Heating of conductors and protection by fuses in electrical networks up to 1000 V, M. - L., Energia publishing house, 1959. 43 p. with hell. (B-ka electrician. Vol. 6)

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Belyaev A.V. Selection of equipment, protection and cables in 0.4 kV networks - Leningrad branch: Energoatomizdat, 1988

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Karpov F. F. How to choose the cross section of wires and cables. Ed. 3rd, revised. M., "Energy", 1973. 72 p. from ill. (B-ka electrician. Issue. 386).

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Konstantinov B. A. Zaitsev G. 3. Reactive power compensation. L., "Energy", 1976. 104 p. from ill. (B-ka electrician. Issue. 445.)

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