Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On State Energy Supervision". The system of state energy supervision in the Russian Federation. Tasks, functions and structure of Mosgosenergonadzor. Relations between state energy supervision authorities and consumers of electricity. Features of training and testing the knowledge of electrical personnel. Objectives, content and sequence of the course. Guidelines preparation for the knowledge test and registration of the results of the test.
Section 1. Electrical Management
Topic 1.1. Training of personnel for the operation of electrical installations
Obligations, responsibility of consumers for compliance with norms and rules safe operation electrical installations. Selection of electrical and electrotechnological personnel. Periodic medical examinations workers. Conducting safety training and fire safety. Training and testing of knowledge of electrical and electrotechnological personnel. Ensuring the labor protection of personnel, environment during the operation of electrical installations. The procedure for appointing a person responsible for electrical facilities and his deputy. Features of imposing the duties of the person responsible for the safe operation of electrical installations on the head of the Consumer. Responsibilities of electrical and electrical personnel. Assignment to non-electrical personnel of group I for electrical safety. Assignment to electrical and electrical personnel of group II (III, IV, V) for electrical safety. Mandatory forms of work with electrical and electrical personnel. Types of knowledge checks. Requirements for the commission to test the knowledge of electrical and electrical personnel.
Topic 1.2. Electrical management system
Organization of development and maintenance necessary documentation on the operation of electrical installations. Organization of operational maintenance of electrical installations and liquidation emergencies. Operational development of the consumer's power supply scheme to meet its needs for electricity. Improvement of energy production and implementation of energy saving measures. Introduction and development of new equipment, technology of operation and repair, effective and safe methods of organizing production and labor. Operational management of electrical facilities. Use in the power industry ASUE. Compilation procedure general schemes power supply. Acquisition of jobs in electrical installations.
Section 2. Electrical installations
Topic 2.1. Basic provisions of electrical engineering
DC electrical circuits. Classification of electrical circuits. Potential distribution in an electrical circuit. Sources of electricity. Ohm's law. Kirchhoff's laws and their application. Calculation methods and properties of electrical circuits.
Electrical circuits of alternating current. Representation of sinusoidal functions in various forms. Electrical elements and parameters of electrical circuits. Circuit power. Three-phase circuits. Multiphase power supplies. Parameters of a three-phase electrical circuit. Power balance. Branched electrical circuits. Rotating magnetic field. Operating principle electrical machines.
Electrical circuits of non-sinusoidal current. Nonlinear electric and magnetic circuits. Symmetrical components of a three-phase system. Measurements of electrical quantities.
Topic 2.2. General provisions rules for the installation of electrical installations
Terminology in the electric power industry. Alphanumeric and color designations in electrical installations. Classification of premises in relation to the risk of injury to people electric shock. Categories of electrical receivers to ensure the reliability of power supply. Classification of electrical installations in relation to security measures. Characteristics of electrical installations of TN-C, TN-S, TN-C-S, IT, TT systems. Protective measures against direct contact. Protective measures for indirect contact. Grounding devices of electrical installations. Insulation of electrical installations.
Topic 2.3. Electrical equipment of residential and public buildings
Introductory devices, switchboards, distribution points, group shields. Internal wiring. Internal electrical equipment. Protective security measures. General requirements to electric lighting. Implementation and protection of lighting networks. Emergency lighting. Internal lighting. Outdoor Lighting. Illuminated advertising, signs and illumination. Lighting control. Lighting and electrical devices. Electrical installations of entertainment companies, clubs and sports facilities. Electrothermal and electric welding installations.
Topic 2.4. Electrical equipment of switchgears of substations and electrical networks. Mobile electrical installations
Electrical equipment of switchgears in electrical rooms, industrial premises and outdoors. Open and closed switchgears and substations. Converter substations and installations. Installation of electrical equipment in electrical rooms. Protection and automation of electrical networks, telemechanics. Secondary circuits of electrical installations.
Cable power lines (choice of laying method; choice of cables). Connections and terminations of cables. Laying cables in the ground, wells, tunnels and cable structures.
Overhead power lines. Wires and fittings. The location of the wires on the supports. Dimensions, intersections and convergence. Passage of overhead lines in populated and uninhabited areas. Security zones VL and KL. Mobile electrical installations. Features of connection to mobile electrical installations of electricity consumers. Portable electrical receivers. Classes of electrical receivers. Features of connecting portable electrical receivers to electrical network. Electrical equipment of special installations.
Section 3. Operation of electrical installations of consumers
Topic 3.1. Technical operation of electrical installations
Maintenance, repair, modernization and reconstruction of electrical equipment. Drawing up annual schedules for the repair of major equipment. Technical diagnostics. Provision of the Consumer with spare parts and materials. Operation of power transformers, reactors, switchgears and substations, overhead and cable power lines, electric motors, relay protection, electroautomatics, telemechanics and secondary circuits, grounding devices, electric lighting. Technical operation of electrical installations for special purposes. The procedure and standards for testing electrical equipment and devices of electrical installations of the Consumer.
Topic 3.2. Admission of electrical installations to operation, elimination of accidents and failures in the operation of electrical installations
The procedure for admitting new and reconstructed electrical installations into operation. The procedure for the admission of electrical installations with a seasonal nature of service. Acceptance tests of electrical installations.
Instructions for the investigation and accounting of violations in the operation of energy facilities of consumers of electricity. Types of accidents at energy facilities. The procedure for eliminating accidents in electrical installations. Accounting for accidents and other violations of the normal operation of electrical installations. Failures in the operation of electrical equipment. Organization of repair of electrical equipment.
Section 4. Methods and means of protection in electrical installations
Topic 4.1. Methods of protection in electrical installations
Application in electrical installations of the main insulation of current-carrying parts. Compliance with safety distances to live parts. The use of protective and closing devices. The use of blocking devices and enclosing devices. Ensuring reliable and fast automatic shutdown of the emergency mode of electrical installations. Application of proper voltage in electrical installations. The use of devices for signaling the strength of electric fields to acceptable values. The use of warning signals, inscriptions, posters.
Topic 4.2. Means of protection in electrical installations
Classification of means of protection. Use of protective equipment and devices. The order of maintenance, control over the condition and use of protective equipment. Requirements for protective equipment and devices. Periodicity and standards for testing dielectric protective equipment. Requirements for electrical laboratories. Means of protection against electric fields of increased intensity. Personal protective equipment. Rules for the use of protective equipment. Standards for the acquisition of protective equipment.
Section 5. Electricity metering and energy saving
Topic 5.1. Electricity use
Limits of responsibility between the consumer and the power supply organization. The content of the contract for the use of electricity by a subscriber with an energy supply organization, a subscriber with a sub-subscriber. Power cut conditions. Responsibility of the power supply organization to the subscriber. Obligations of the subscriber when using electricity. The procedure for connecting to a personal household network. The procedure for limiting or stopping the supply of electricity to the consumer. The procedure for paying for electricity. Electricity tariffs, the procedure for their regulation.
Topic 5.2. Electricity metering
Power quality indicators. Permissible calculated contribution of the consumer to the quality of electricity. Features of consumption (generation) of reactive energy. The program for organizing power quality control. Electricity metering devices, requirements for them. Organization of operation of electricity metering devices. Metrological supervision of electricity metering devices.
Topic 5.3. energy saving
Law of the Russian Federation "On Energy Saving". Federal program "Energy Saving of Russia". Energy efficiency indicators. Directions for improving the efficiency of energy use in the organization. Renewable energy sources. Alternative fuels in the energy saving program.
The duration of the internship is set individually depending on the level vocational education, work experience, profession (position) of the student.
During the internship, the employee must:
- learn the requirements of the rules of operation, labor protection, fire safety and their practical use at work;
- study diagrams manufacturing instructions and instructions on labor protection, knowledge of which is mandatory for work in this position (profession);
- work out a clear orientation in your workplace;
- to acquire the necessary practical skills in the performance of production operations;
- to study the methods and conditions for trouble-free, safe and economical operation of the serviced equipment.
Occupational Safety and Health
On-the-job training program for an electrician repairman
Read also: Blood group in the passport
The internship is carried out under the direct supervision of experienced and qualified
employees and specialists of the enterprise, who are appointed by order of the enterprise.
The employee during the internship must learn:
design features, the principle of operation of complex equipment and installations
methods and rules for regulating the operation of complex electrical machines, electrical apparatus and electrical appliances
techniques and methods for dynamic balancing of anchors of electric machines of all types with the installation of balancing weights.
An employee in the process of internship, under the guidance of a qualified employee, must learn:
Accuracy testing, testing and regulation of complex electrical machines, electrical apparatus and electrical appliances.
Dynamic balancing of anchors of electric machines of all types with the installation of a balancing weight.
Testing and adjusting electrical remote control systems
In addition, the internship program includes familiarization of the employee;
- With a workplace.
- With the territory adjacent to the workplace.
- With equipment, fixtures, tools that are used in the work.
- Instructions with safety requirements from manufacturers of equipment on which the employee will work.
- The main production factors that arise in this process.
- Dangerous zones of machines, mechanisms on the site.
- Instructions of the enterprise on labor protection.
- Instructions of the enterprise with fire safety.
- Instructions of the enterprise on electrical safety
- Overt means of individual and collective protection.
- Requirements of the internal labor regulations.
- Location of fire extinguishers.
- The location of the medical kit.
- The place of emergency disconnection of equipment from the mains.
- Safety requirements when working with lifting equipment.
The employee during the internship must:
- Learn and practice safe techniques and methods for preparing the workplace.
- Learn and master in practice safe methods and techniques in the process of performing work.
- Learn and master in practice safe techniques and methods of work after the end of the main work.
- Learn and learn safe techniques and methods of their actions in the event of a fire and emergency situations.
- Learn and master safe methods and techniques for releasing the victim from the action of electric current and providing first aid. medical care.
- Learn the device and learn the principles of operation of primary fire extinguishing equipment and learn how to use them.
- Practically learn safe techniques and methods of work without violating the requirements of labor protection.
Compiling an internship program at the workplace - a sample
Workplace internship program sample This document is often required by personnel officers. It describes in detail the knowledge and skills that the employee should receive during the internship. Let's figure out what is needed to create such a program.
When are internship programs by profession required?
The need for an internship is provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Yes, Art. 212 of this code, among other duties that are assigned to the employer, mentions the need to train the employee in safe ways of working, including through briefings, internships and a final test of the acquired knowledge and skills. It should be noted right away that an internship is an obligation not only of the employer, but also of the employee: Art. 214 of the code indicates that the employee is required to undergo labor protection training, including an internship.
Internships are divided into 2 types:
- Mandatory by law. It must be passed by workers of professions to which special requirements for security measures are imposed. In accordance with paragraph 2.2.1 of the Procedure for training in labor protection (approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of January 13, 2003 No. 1/29), employees engaged in working professions must undergo training. At the same time, clause 2.2.2 of the same act indicates that the internship is carried out where there are harmful or dangerous conditions work. Also in this matter, you can be guided by the norms of the current GOST 12.0.004-2015 (approved by order of Rosstandart of 06/09/2016 No. 600-st).
- Established by internal regulations of the organization. The management of the enterprise has the right to tighten measures related to labor protection, and accordingly expand the list of professions that require internships before starting independent performance of duties.
The internship can be carried out both during the initial employment and during the transfer to new job, the execution of which regulations requires an internship. For example, when training drivers, the guiding document RD-200-RSFSR-12-0071-86-12 of the Ministry of Autotrans, adopted in the RSFSR, is used. Despite the fact that the document was approved back in 1986, it is still in use, since it has not been canceled or replaced. For instance, Supreme Court The Russian Federation, when issuing a decision on the administrative case No. 34-AD14-5 dated September 22, 2014, among other acts, was also guided by the regulation approved by this governing document.
In order to conduct an internship, it is required that the enterprise has a program in place according to which employees are trained. Moreover, the program is necessary in all cases, because without it it is impossible to competently and correctly determine the stages of the internship and its content.
Standard procedure for conducting an internship
Regardless of the reasons for which an internship is required, it is usually carried out as follows:
- An employment contract is drawn up with an employee in accordance with the rules established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. It is also possible to draw up an additional agreement to employment contract, if the employee is not accepted for an open vacancy, but is transferred within the organization to a position that requires an internship.
- Briefing is provided regarding the methods and methods of safe implementation of labor functions. Unlike an internship, the briefing should be carried out for all employees of the enterprise, and not just for those who are busy in hazardous work.
- An order is issued by the head to send the employee for an internship. The same order appoints a curator (head of the internship), under whose control this event will be held.
- The internship itself is carried out. Its duration is determined by the internship program at the workplace, approved by the enterprise, the passage is recorded in the occupational safety journals.
- At the end of the internship, the employee takes a knowledge test theoretical foundations safe work in office.
- If the exam is passed, an order is issued to allow the employee to work. It is this document that allows him to carry out labor functions independently, without the supervision of a curator.
How is a typical internship program designed in the workplace?
In order for the program to be applied, it must be developed and approved by the management of the enterprise. At the same time, the specific procedure for its development and approval is not determined by law.
In practice, this usually happens as follows:
- The subdivision of the enterprise in which the internship is to be carried out develops a draft document.
- The project is coordinated with the labor protection unit (or with a specific employee responsible for compliance with safety regulations, if there is no such unit in the structure of the organization).
- The agreed project is approved by the order of the enterprise management.
A different procedure is also allowed - in accordance with the rules of office work in force at the enterprise. The main thing is that the program be approved by the director or another person acting on behalf of the organization.
The content of the internship program, the stages of the internship by the employee
State regulations do not contain requirements regarding what exactly the internship program should contain and what structural parts it should consist of. In practice, a certain approach has been formed, according to which such a program includes sections describing:
- The purpose for which the internship is carried out. Usually it is indicated here that the goal is to familiarize yourself with the structure of the unit in which the labor activity employee, and the technological and production processes taking place there. Also among the goals are the development of skills for the safe performance of work duties and the consolidation of theoretical knowledge related to safety.
- General requirements. This section of the program indicates a list of what the employee must study during the internship (safety instructions, hazards when doing work, etc.). It also states that the internship is conducted under the guidance of the head (curator) of the internship, appointed by order of the organization from among the managers or specialists of the enterprise, and also determines the procedure for admitting an employee to an internship.
- The content of the program itself, indicating the number of hours or shifts during which the internship should take place.
PRE-EXAM TRAINING PROGRAMS ON ELECTRICAL SAFETY OF ELECTRICAL STAFF OF ENTERPRISES AND ORGANIZATIONS
Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from harmful and dangerous impact electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity (GOST 12.1.009-82. SSBT. Electrical safety. Terms and definitions).
The electrical safety system covers the stages of design, installation, operation, repair of electrical installations and electrical equipment. Main normative base systems:
Electrical Installation Rules (7th ed.);
- Rules for the technical operation of consumer electrical installations, approved. Order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated January 13, 2003 No. 6;
- Rules on labor protection during the operation of electrical installations, Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Labor and social protection RF No. 328n dated July 24, 2013 (POTEU);
For the direct fulfillment of obligations for organizing the safe operation of electrical installations, the employer by order appoints a person responsible for electrical facilities and his deputy. These persons are appointed from among managers and specialists after testing their knowledge and assigning them the IV group for electrical safety in the operation of electrical installations up to 1000 V and V group - above 1000 V.
Given the increased risk to humans electrical energy Only qualified service personnel are allowed to operate electrical installations.
Pre-examination training of electrical personnel (III, IV electrical safety groups)
The degree of qualification of personnel is determined by the amount of knowledge about the danger of electric current and the ability to provide first aid in case of accidents, in accordance with which they are assigned an electrical safety group: from I - the lowest to V - the highest (for work in electrical installations above 1000 V).
To conduct a knowledge test and assign electrical safety groups to employees, the employer appoints by order a commission consisting of at least 5 people. During the verification procedure, at least three members of the commission must be present, including the chairman (or deputy chairman) of the commission. The chairman of the commission (deputy) must have group IV - for consumers with electrical installations only up to 1000 V and group V - up to and above 1000 V.
All members of the commission must have a group on electrical safety, and the chairman and two members of the commission must pass a knowledge test in the commission of the Energy Supervision Authority.
Each employee's knowledge is checked individually. Based on the results of the check, an electrical safety group is established for the personnel, an entry is made in the Logbook for checking the norms and rules of work in electrical installations, and a certificate of the established form is issued. By doing official duties The worker must carry a certificate.
Checking the knowledge of employees is primary and periodic (regular and extraordinary). The primary knowledge test is carried out for employees who first entered the work related to the maintenance of electrical installations (preliminary training is mandatory), or when there is a break in the knowledge test for more than 3 years.
The next inspection should be carried out within the following timeframes:
For electrical personnel directly organizing and carrying out maintenance work on existing electrical installations or performing adjustment, electrical installation, repair work or preventive tests in them, as well as for personnel entitled to issue orders, orders, conduct operational negotiations - 1 time per year;
For administrative and technical personnel not belonging to the previous group, as well as for labor protection specialists admitted to inspect electrical installations - 1 time in 3 years.
An extraordinary knowledge test is carried out regardless of the period of the previous test:
When the Consumer enters into force new or revised rules and regulations;
When installing new equipment, reconstructing or changing the main electrical and technological schemes (the need for an extraordinary check in this case is determined by the technical manager);
When appointed or transferred to another job, if new duties require additional knowledge of the rules and regulations;
In case of violation by employees of the requirements of normative acts on labor protection;
At the request of state supervisory authorities;
According to the conclusion of the commissions investigating accidents with people or violations in the operation of the energy facility;
When increasing knowledge to a higher group;
When testing knowledge after receiving an unsatisfactory grade;
When there is a break in work in this position for more than 6 months.
Description of the programs of pre-examination training in electrical safety for 3, 4 groups.
The program is intended for electrical personnel of enterprises.
Full-time form of education. Training is conducted in Russian.
Electrical personnel - personnel with the right to sole maintenance, inspection, connection and disconnection of electrical installations from the voltage network up to and above 1000 V. The 3rd and 4th groups are assigned only upon reaching the age of 18. For specialists (engineers) in labor protection, experience in production is required, at least 3 years in any position.
The main goal of training under the program is to improve and (or) acquire new competencies necessary for professional activity, and (or) professional development within the existing qualifications.
The main task of training is to update and systematize the knowledge of the personnel of organizations of various industries (regardless of their organizational and legal forms) about working with electrical installations, ensuring safe work, consolidating first aid skills in case of electric shock, training in briefing and monitoring subordinates in compliance with the norms and rules of labor protection (electrical safety
The pre-examination preparation program consists of 40 academic hours of lecture material, with intermediate certification carried out in the form of a test. Final certification is carried out by Rostekhnadzor
More information about the program can be found in the Annotations.
Upon completion of training and a qualifying exam, the student receives a certificate confirming the electrical safety clearance group.
Pre-exam preparation programs for 3.4 electrical safety groups
Requirements for personnel allowed to service electrical installations. According to clause 1.4.1 of the PTEEP, the operation of electrical installations (EI) must be carried out by trained electrical personnel.
Maintenance of electrical installations(electric welding, electrolysis, electrothermy, etc.), as well as complex energy-saturated production and technological equipment, the operation of which requires constant maintenance and adjustment of electrical equipment, electric drives, manual electric machines, portable and mobile power receivers, portable power tools, must carry out electrical personnel. He must have sufficient skills and knowledge to safely perform the work and maintenance of the installation assigned to him.
Electrotechnological personnel production workshops and sites that are not part of the Consumer's energy service, operating electrical installations and having electrical safety group II and above, in their rights and obligations are equated to electrical engineering.
Managers who are directly subordinate to electrotechnological personnel must have an electrical safety group no lower than that of subordinate personnel.
The list of positions and professions of electrotechnological personnel who need to have an appropriate electrical safety group is approved by the head of the Consumer.
Personnel admitted to the operation and maintenance of electrical installations must: - have vocational training corresponding to the nature of the work. In the absence of professional training, such workers must be trained (before admission to independent work) in specialized personnel training centers;
Pass a medical examination. The health status of electrical personnel serving electrical installations is determined by a medical examination upon employment and then checked periodically within the time limits established by the health authorities. Employees from electrical personnel should not have permanent injuries and diseases that interfere with production work;
Prior to being admitted to independent work, undergo training in the methods of releasing the victim from the action of electric current and providing first aid in case of accidents;
Complete on-the-job training to the extent required for the profession (position).
Electrical personnel prior to admission to independent work or upon transfer to another job (position), as well as during a break in work for more than one year, is obliged to undergo on-the-job training. The industrial training program is drawn up by the person responsible for the electrical facilities of the unit and approved by the person responsible for the electrical facilities of the enterprise;
Pass a knowledge test of the MPOT (PB) EEU, PTEEP and other regulatory and technical documents (rules and instructions for technical operation, fire safety, use of protective equipment, electrical installations) within the requirements for the relevant position or profession. He must be assigned the appropriate electrical safety group and issued a certificate of the established form;
Complete an on-the-job training of at least 2 weeks. Admission to internships and independent work for engineers is issued by order for the organization, for workers - for the unit;
Get permission to work independently (in writing).
1.2.3. Admission to independent work
Again accepted workers or who had a break in work for more than 6 months, depending on the category of personnel, receive the right to independent work after passing the necessary safety briefings, training (internship) and testing knowledge, duplication in the scope of the requirements of the "Rules for working with personnel ...".
Admission to independent work is issued by an administrative document of the head of the organization or structural unit.
During a break in work from 30 days to 6 months, the form of personnel training for admission to independent work is determined by the head of the organization or structural unit, taking into account the level of professional training of the employee, his work experience, official duties, etc. In this case, in any case, an unscheduled briefing must be carried out on labor safety.
Before the admission of personnel who have had a long break in work, regardless of the forms of training carried out, they must be familiarized with:
with changes in equipment, schemes and modes of operation of power plants;
- with changes in the instructions;
with newly enacted regulatory and technical documents and other materials.
In case of long-term downtime of equipment (preservation, etc.) or a change in its operating conditions, the procedure for admitting personnel to its management is determined by the head of the organization.
1.3 Electrical safety qualification groups
The assignment of an electrical safety group is a prerequisite for obtaining a permit for maintenance and operation
operating electrical installations. This requirement also applies to non-electrotechnical personnel working in electrical installations.
Electrical personnel who have undergone medical
examination, special training and knowledge testing, an electrical safety group is assigned (from II to V, table 1)
depending on the length of service in electrical installations, education, theoretical knowledge and practical skills in working with registration in the journal of the established form (Appendix B).
Initially, a person of electrical personnel may be assigned group II. It is possible to assign electrical safety groups only sequentially, it is impossible to “jump” over a group. Persons under 18 years of age are not allowed to assign a group above II.
The requirements for personnel in relation to electrical safety given in Table 1 are minimal and can be supplemented by the decision of the head of the organization.
Group I applies to non-electrotechnical personnel. The list of professions, jobs that require the assignment of production personnel to group I is determined by the head of the organization. Personnel who have learned the requirements for electrical safety related to their production activities are assigned group I with registration in the journal of the established form (Appendix G to these Rules). Assignment of group I is made by conducting a briefing, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral questionnaire and (if necessary) testing the acquired skills in safe working methods or first aid in case of electric shock. The assignment of group I is carried out by an employee from among the electrical personnel who has group III, appointed by order of the head of the organization.
Group III can be assigned to employees only upon reaching the age of 18.
When applying for a job (transferring to another area of work, replacing an absent employee), the employee, when testing knowledge, must confirm the existing group in relation to the equipment of electrical installations in the new area.
When transferring an employee engaged in the maintenance of electrical installations with voltages below 1000 V to work in the maintenance of electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V, as a rule, he cannot be assigned an initial group above III.
Requirements to | 1. Elementary technical knowledge about the electrical installation and its equipment 2. A clear idea of the danger of electric current, the danger of approaching to live parts. |
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Minimum work experience in electrical installations, months | trainees | Institutes and technologists (college) | not standardized |
|
vocational schools | ||||
Organization staff | With higher electrical engineering education | |||
With secondary electrical and higher technical education | ||||
With secondary education | After studying the program for at least 72 hours |
|||
Not having a secondary education | ||||
Electrical Safety Group | ||||
8 | 3. Knowledge of basic safety precautions when working in electrical installations.4. Practical skills in providing first aid to victims | 1. Elementary knowledge in general electrical engineering.2. Knowledge of the electrical installation and its maintenance.3. Knowledge of general safety regulations, including the rules for admission to work and special requirements related to the work performed.4. The ability to ensure the safe conduct of work and to supervise those working in electrical installations.5. Knowledge of the rules for releasing the victim from the action of electric current, first aid and the ability to practically provide it to the victim |
7 | 3 in previous group |
|
6 | 6 in previous group |
|
5 | 1 in previous group |
|
4 | 2 in previous group |
|
3 | 2 in previous group |
|
2 | 3 in previous group |
|
1 | III |
8 | 1. Knowledge of electrical engineering in the scope of a specialized vocational school.3. Knowledge of these rules, rules for the technical operation of electrical equipment, electrical installations and fire safety in the scope of the position held.6. Knowledge of the rules for the release of the victim from the action of electric current, the provision of first aid and the ability to practically provide it to the victim. |
7 | – |
6 | – |
5 | 2 in previous group |
4 | 3 in previous group |
3 | 3 in previous group |
2 | 6 in previous group |
1 | IV |
8 | 1. Knowledge of electrical engineering in the scope of a specialized vocational school2. A complete understanding of the dangers when working in electrical installations.3. Knowledge of these Rules, rules for the technical operation of electrical equipment, rules for the use and testing of protective equipment, electrical installations and fire safety in the scope of the position held.4. Knowledge of the schemes of electrical installations and equipment of the serviced area, knowledge of technical measures that ensure the safety of work.5. Ability to conduct briefings, organize safe work, supervise team members.6. Knowledge of the rules for the release of the victim |
7 | – |
6 | – |
5 | 3 in previous group |
4 | 6 in previous group |
3 | 12 in previous group |
2 | 24 in previous group |
1 | V |
2 The effect of electric current on a person
2.1 Negative effect of electric current on
human
There are three types of negative effects of electric current on the human body: thermal, electrolytic and biological. thermal the action is manifested in burns of body parts, heating of blood vessels, blood, nerves, etc. electrolytic the action is manifested in the decomposition of blood and other organic body fluids and causes significant disturbances in their physico-chemical state. biological the action manifests itself in the form of a violation of the normal functioning of the nervous system and leads to irritation and excitation of the living tissues of the body, to involuntary convulsive contractions of the muscles, including the lungs and heart.
The action of electric current can lead to two types of injury: local electrical injuries or general electrical injuries, the so-called electric shocks.
Local electrical injuries are: electrical burns, electrical signs, skin plating, electrophthalmia and mechanical damage.
Electric burn - most common electrical injury. There are two types of burns: current (contact) and arc. Current burn is caused by the passage of current through the human body as a result of contact with the current-carrying part and is a consequence of the conversion of electrical energy into heat. Current burns occur at voltages not higher than 1 ... 2 kV and in most cases are burns of I and II degrees (redness, blistering). An arc burn occurs at higher voltages between the current-carrying part and the human body, when an electric arc is formed (arc temperature is above 3500 0 C), which causes an arc burn. Arc burns are usually severe - III or IV degree.
Electrical signs - clearly defined spots of gray or pale yellow color on the surface of human skin in places where electric current is applied. In most cases, electrical signs are painless and heal well.
Leather plating- this is the penetration into the upper layers of the skin of the smallest particles of metal that has melted in an electric arc, as a result, burns occur. This can happen during a short circuit, turning off the breaker and other cases.
Electrophthalmia- eye damage caused by ultraviolet radiation from an electric arc.
Mechanical damage arise due to convulsive contraction of muscles under the influence of electric current, which leads to rupture of the skin, blood vessels, nerve tissues, and can also lead to dislocations of the joints, ruptures of ligaments and even bone fractures. These electrical injuries include bruises and fractures resulting from a person falling from a height when exposed to current.
electric shock- this is the excitation of the living tissues of the body by an electric current passing through it, accompanied by continuous convulsive muscle contractions. According to the severity of the consequences, electric shocks are divided into four degrees:
- the first - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
- the second - convulsive muscle contraction, loss of consciousness, breathing and heart activity are preserved;
- the third - loss of consciousness, a violation of cardiac activity or breathing, or both;
- the fourth - clinical death, i.e. lack of respiration and circulation.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of clinical (imaginary) and biological (true) death in case of electric shock. Duration clinical death is determined by the time from the moment of cessation of cardiac activity and respiration until the onset of death of brain cells. In healthy people, exposed to current, the state of clinical death does not exceed 7–8 minutes. With a longer stay of a person without signs of life, irreversible changes occur in the cells and tissues of the body, i.e. biological (true) death occurs.
The damaging effect of current on the human body depends on many factors: the magnitude of the current, the duration of its exposure, the type and frequency of the current, the path of the current in the human body and the individual properties of the person.
current value, passing through the human body is the main factor determining the severity of electrical injuries. There are three degrees of current impact on the human body and three threshold values corresponding to them: perceptible, non-release and fibrillation effects.
Sensible current- an electric current that causes tangible irritation when it passes through the body. A person begins to feel the effects of alternating current of industrial frequency
(f= 50 Hz) in the form of a slight "itch" and slight tingling when it
the value will reach 0.6 ... 1.5 mA. A direct current is felt at values of 6 ... 7 mA. A perceptible current causes little painful (or painful) irritations in a person, and a person can independently free himself from a wire or live part that is under voltage. The indicated current values are threshold sensible currents.
Continuous current- an electric current that causes uncontrolled convulsive muscle contractions when passing through a person. The value of the threshold non-releasing current is 10 to 15 mA for alternating current and 50 to 60 mA for direct current. With such current values, a person can no longer independently disconnect from the electrical circuit.
fibrillation current- an electric current that causes fibrillation of the heart when it passes through the body. The threshold value of fibrillation current is 100 mA for alternating current and 300 mA for constant current with a duration of action from 1 to 2 seconds along the path "hand - hand" or "hand - feet".
Cardiac fibrillation is a chaotic multi-temporal contraction of the fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils), in which blood circulation stops.
The danger of electric shock due to cardiac fibrillation depends on which phase of the cardiac cycle coincides with the time of passage of current through the region of the heart. If the duration of the current passage is equal to or exceeds the time of the cardiocycle (0.75 ... 1.0 s), then the current “meets” with all phases of the heart (including the most vulnerable), which is very dangerous for the body. If the time of current exposure is less than the duration of the cardiocycle by 0.5 s or more, then the probability of coincidence of the moment of passage of the current with the most vulnerable phase of the heart, and consequently, the risk of damage is sharply reduced. Reducing the duration of exposure to electric current reduces the risk of human injury due to some features of the heart.
Picture 1 – Cardiocycle of one period
In every cardiocycle 
(Figure 1) there is a period of systole (from the Greek systole - contraction), when the ventricles of the heart contract (QRS wave) and push blood into the arterial vessels. During the time corresponding to the ventricular Q-R-S-T complex, the heart muscle is non-excitable. Phase T corresponds to the end of the contraction of the ventricles, and they go into a relaxed state. During diastole (from the Greek diastole - expansion), the ventricles fill with blood. Phase P corresponds to atrial contraction. It has been established that the heart is most sensitive to the effects of electric current during the T phase of the cardiocycle, and vice versa, the electric current is the least dangerous for the heart during the R period, and that fibrillation most often occurs if the moment of electrical injury coincides with the rising part of the T phase, the duration of which is 0, 15…0.2 s. With a reduction in the duration of exposure to electric current, the likelihood of such a coincidence becomes less, and therefore, the risk of cardiac fibrillation decreases. This circumstance is used in high-speed residual current devices, in which the response time is less than 0.2 s.
... atexploitationelectrical installations atexploitationelectrical installations... to staff in relation to electrical safety
Intersectoral rules on labor protection (safety rules) for the operation of electrical installations with amendments and additions
Document... atexploitationelectrical installations atexploitationelectrical installations... to staff in relation to electrical safety
... atexploitationelectrical installations(2nd ed., revised and supplemented - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1989) and Safety regulations atexploitationelectrical installations... to staff in relation to electrical safety are minimal and the decision of the head ...
Intersectoral rules on labor protection (safety rules) for the operation of electrical installations pot r m-016-2001 rd 153-34 0-03 150-00
Document... atexploitationelectrical installations(2nd ed., revised and supplemented - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1989) and Safety regulations atexploitationelectrical installations... to staff in relation to electrical safety are minimal and the decision of the head ...
Personnel authorized to operate and maintain electrical installations must:
Have professional training appropriate to the nature of the job. In the absence of professional training, such workers must be trained (before admission to independent work) in specialized personnel training centers;
Pass a medical examination.
Prior to being admitted to independent work, undergo training in the methods of releasing the victim from the action of electric current and providing first aid in case of accidents;
Complete on-the-job training to the extent required for the profession (position). Prior to admission to independent work or upon transfer to another job (position), as well as during a break in work for more than one year, electrical personnel must undergo on-the-job training. The pr-th training program is compiled by the department responsible for the electrical facilities and approved by the enterprise responsible for the electrical facilities;
Pass a knowledge test of the MPOT (PB) EEU, PTEEP and other regulatory and technical documents (rules and instructions for technical operation, fire safety, use of protective equipment, electrical installations) within the limits of the requirements for the relevant position or profession .;
Complete an on-the-job training of at least 2 weeks. Admission to internships and independent work for engineers is issued by order for the organization, for workers - for the unit; - get permission to work independently (in writing).
The assignment of the electrical safety group is necessary condition to obtain a permit for the maintenance and operation of existing ones. Electrical personnel who have passed a medical examination, special training and knowledge testing are assigned an electrical safety group (from II to V) depending on the length of service in electrical installations, education, theoretical knowledge and practical work skills. Initially, a person of electrical personnel may be assigned group II. It is possible to assign electrical safety groups only sequentially, it is impossible to “jump” over a group. Persons under 18 years of age are not allowed to assign a group above II.
Types of lightning impact on humans and industrial facilities
Lightning is an electrical discharge several kilometers long that develops between a thundercloud and the ground or any ground structure.
The effects of lightning are usually divided into two main groups: primary, caused by a direct lightning strike, and secondary, induced by its close discharges or brought into the object by extended metal communications. A direct lightning strike causes the following effects on the object:
Electrical, associated with the defeat of people or animals by electric current and the appearance of overvoltages on the affected elements. The overvoltage is proportional to the amplitude and steepness of the lightning current, the inductance of the structures and the resistance of the grounding conductors, through which the lightning current is diverted to the ground. Even when performing lightning protection, direct lightning strikes with high currents and steepness can lead to overvoltages of several megavolts. In the absence of lightning protection, the spreading paths of the lightning current are uncontrollable and its strike can create a danger of electric shock, dangerous step and touch voltages, overlapping on other objects;
Thermal, associated with a sharp release of heat during direct contact of the lightning channel with the contents of the object and when the lightning current flows through the object. The energy released in the lightning channel is determined by the transferred charge, the duration of the flash and the amplitude of the lightning current; and 95% of cases of lightning discharges, this energy (based on a resistance of 1 Ohm) exceeds 5.5 J, it is two to three orders of magnitude higher than the minimum ignition energy of most gas, vapor and dust-air mixtures used in industry .;
Mechanical, due to a shock wave propagating from the lightning channel, and electrodynamic forces acting on conductors with lightning currents. This impact can cause, for example, flattening of thin metal tubes. Contact with a lightning channel can cause sudden vapor or gas formation in some materials, followed by mechanical failure, such as splitting wood or cracking concrete.
Secondary manifestations of lightning are associated with the action of the electromagnetic field of nearby discharges on the object. This field is usually considered in the form of two components: the first is due to the movement of charges in the leader and the lightning channel, the second is due to the change in the lightning current with time. These components are sometimes called electrostatic and electromagnetic induction.
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Question. What is the procedure for training personnel for independent maintenance of electrical installations?Answer. Persons accepted to perform work in electrical installations must have professional training appropriate to the nature of the work. In the absence of such training, they must be trained (before admission to independent work) in specialized personnel training centers according to a special 72-hour program that meets the requirements for knowledge of group II personnel in electrical safety.
Prior to being allowed to work independently, electrical personnel must be trained in the methods of releasing the victim from the action of electric current, providing emergency resuscitation and first aid.
Upon completion of training, employees are tested for knowledge of the Rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers, Intersectoral rules for labor protection (safety rules) during the operation of electrical installations, operational, job descriptions and instructions for labor protection.
After checking the knowledge, each employee of the operational and operational-repair personnel undergoes an internship at the workplace (duplication) for at least 2 weeks under the guidance of an experienced employee, after which he can be allowed to work independently.
The trainee may carry out operational switching, inspections or other work in the electrical installation only with the permission and under the supervision of the trainee.
The trainee and the trainee are responsible for the correctness of the trainee's actions and compliance with the safety rules.
Admission to internships and independent work is carried out for engineering and technical workers by an order for the enterprise, for workers - by an order for the workshop.
For maintenance personnel, duplication is not required.
Professional training of personnel, improvement of their qualifications, testing of knowledge and briefings are carried out in accordance with the requirements of state and industry regulatory legal acts on the organization of labor protection and safe work of personnel.
Checking the health status of an employee is carried out before hiring him, as well as periodically, in the manner prescribed by the Ministry of Health of Russia.
Question. What are the terms for the next checks of knowledge of the Safety Rules and the operating rules for personnel operating electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V and above?
Answer. Work in existing electrical installations is carried out along with a permit, by order, according to the list of works performed in the order of current operation.
Unauthorized work is not allowed, as well as the expansion of jobs and the scope of the task determined by the order or order. The performance of work in electrical installations in the coverage area of another order must be coordinated with the person conducting work on this order or issuing the order. Coordination is made before the preparation of the workplace
An entry in the margins of the order (near Table 2) "agreed" and the signature of the coordinating person.
Repairs of electrical equipment above 1000 V, work on current-carrying parts without removing voltage in electrical installations above 1000 V, as well as repairs of overhead lines, regardless of voltage, as a rule, must be carried out according to technological maps or a work plan (PPR).
Question. What conditions must be met when working under voltage in electrical installations up to 1000 V.?
Answer. In electrical installations up to 1000 V, when working under voltage, it is necessary to protect other live parts located near the workplace that are under voltage, which may be accidentally touched, work in dielectric galoshes or standing on an insulating stand or on a rubber dielectric carpet, use an insulated tool for work ( screwdrivers must have an insulated shaft), use dielectric gloves.
It is not allowed to work in clothes with short or rolled up sleeves, use hacksaws, files, a metal meter, etc.
Question. What organizational measures ensure the safety of work in electrical installations with voltage up to and above 1000 V?
Answer. Organizational measures that ensure the safety of work in electrical installations are:
Registration of work with a work permit or an order or a list of works performed in the order of current operation;
Work permit;
Supervision during work;
Registration of a break in work, transfer to another workplace and end of work.
Question. What is a work permit for the performance of work in electrical installations with voltage up to and above 1000 V?
Answer. The order is a written assignment for work in electrical installations, which determines the place, start and end time of work, the conditions for its safe conduct, the composition of the team and persons responsible for the safety of work.
Question. Who has the right to issue orders and give orders?
Answer. The right to issue orders and orders is granted to persons from the electrical personnel of the organization who have electrical safety group V in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V and IV in installations with voltages up to 1000 V.
In the absence of persons who have the right to issue orders during work to prevent accidents and their elimination, it is allowed to issue orders and orders to workers with group IV from the operational and operational and repair personnel of this electrical installation. Granting this staff the right to issue orders is formalized in writing by the head of the organization.
Question. Who is responsible for work safety?
Answer. Responsible for the safe conduct of work are:
Issuing work permit, issuing an order, approving the list of works performed in the order of current operation;
admitting;
Responsible work manager;
Producer of works;
Watching;
Brigade member.
Granting the rights of the issuer of the order, order; allowing; responsible work manager; manufacturer of works; supervisor is carried out on the written instructions of the head of the organization.
Question. What is the responsibility of the person issuing the order or giving the order?
Answer. The person issuing the order, giving the order, determines the need and possibility of safe performance of work. Responsible for the sufficiency and correctness of the safety measures indicated in the work order, for the qualitative and quantitative composition of the team and the appointment of responsible persons, as well as for the compliance of the work performed with the electrical safety groups listed in the work order.
Question. When is a responsible leader appointed and what is he responsible for?
Answer. The responsible work supervisor is appointed when working in electrical installations above 1000 V. In electrical installations up to 1000 V, the responsible supervisor may not be appointed. The responsible work manager is responsible for the implementation of all the safety measures specified in the work order and their sufficiency, for the additional safety measures taken by him, for the completeness and quality of the targeted briefing of the team, including those conducted by the permitter and the work foreman, as well as for organizing safe work.
Persons of administrative and technical personnel with group V are appointed as responsible work producers. In cases where individual work (stages of work) must be performed under the supervision and control of a responsible work manager, the issuer of the work order must record this in the "Separate instructions" line of the work order.
Question. When performing any work in electrical installations, a responsible work manager is appointed?
Answer. The responsible work manager is appointed when performing work using mechanisms and lifting machines; with disconnection of electrical equipment (with the exception of work in electrical installations where voltage is removed from all current-carrying parts, in electrical installations with a simple and clear diagram); on a cable power line and a cable communication line in the areas of communications and heavy traffic; when two or more teams work at the same time; for the repair of air lines. The need to appoint a responsible work manager is determined by the issuing work order, which is allowed to appoint a responsible work manager for other works in addition to those listed.
Question. What are the responsibilities of the admitter and what is he responsible for?
Answer. The admitting officer is responsible for the correctness and sufficiency of the security measures taken and their compliance with the measures indicated in the order, the nature and place of work, for the correct admission to work, as well as for the completeness and quality of the brigade briefing he conducts.
Admitters are appointed from operational and operational-repair personnel. In electrical installations above 1000 V, the admitting one must have group IV, and in electrical installations up to 1000 V - group III. The admitting person must be admitted to operational switching by an administrative document of the head of the organization.
Question. What is the producer responsible for?
Answer. The foreman is responsible for the compliance of the prepared workplace with the instructions of the work order, additional security measures required by the working conditions; for the clarity and completeness of the briefing of the members of the brigade; for the availability, serviceability and correct use of the necessary protective equipment, tools, inventory and devices; for the safety at the workplace of fences, posters, grounding, locking devices; for the safe conduct of work and compliance with safety rules by himself and the members of the team; for constant monitoring of the members of the brigade.
The manufacturer of work performed side by side in electrical installations above 1000 V must have group IV, and in electrical installations up to 1000 V - group III, except for work in underground structures where harmful gases may appear, work under voltage, work on hauling and replacing wires with overhead lines up to 1000 V, suspended on line poles with voltages above 1000 V, during which the contractor must have group IV.
The manufacturer of work performed by order may have group III in all electrical installations, except for measuring the voltage on the shaft and the insulation resistance of the rotor of a running generator, which must be performed by two workers with groups IV and III.
Question. In what cases is the supervisor appointed and responsible for?
Answer. An observer is appointed to supervise teams of workers who do not have the right to work independently in electrical installations.
The supervisor is responsible for the compliance of the prepared workplace with the instructions of the order; for the presence and safety of grounding, fences, posters, locking devices of drives installed at the workplace; for the safety of the members of the brigade in relation to the electric shock of the electrical installation.
An employee with group III can be appointed as an observer.
Responsible for safety related to work technology is the employee who leads the team, who is part of it and must be constantly at the workplace. His surname is indicated in the line "Separate instructions" of the order.
Question. What are the members of the team responsible for?
Answer. Each member of the team must comply with the safety rules and instructions received at the time of admission to work and during work, as well as the requirements of local labor protection instructions.
Question. Is it possible to combine the duties of responsible persons?
Answer. One of the combinations of duties responsible for safety is allowed:
outstanding attire May combine the duties of: a responsible work manager, a work foreman who allows access to electrical installations without local operational personnel;
responsible work manager foreman of works, allowing in electrical installations without local operational personnel;
work foreman from operational and repair personnel - allowing in electrical installations with a simple and visual diagram;
work foreman with group IV from the personnel servicing relay protection devices, electric automatics - allowing, while he determines the security measures necessary to prepare the workplace; such a combination is allowed if the preparation of the workplace does not require disconnections, grounding, installation of temporary fences in the part of the electrical installation above 1000 V.
Allowing from the operational and repair personnel may act as a member of the brigade.
On overhead lines of all voltage levels, it is allowed for the responsible manager or the foreman from the repair personnel to combine the duties of allowing in cases where the preparation of the workplace requires only checking the absence of voltage and installing portable grounding at the work site without operating switching devices,
Question. What is the procedure for issuing a work permit?
Answer. The work permit is issued in two copies, and when it is transmitted by telephone or radio, in triplicate. In the latter case, the issuing order writes out one copy, and the person receiving the text in the form of a telephone or radiogram, fax or email, fills in two copies of the order and, after a reverse check, indicates in the place of the signature of the issuer of the order his surname and initials, confirming the correctness of the entry with his signature.
In cases where the foreman is appointed at the same time as allowing, the order, regardless of the method of transfer, is filled in two copies, one of which remains with the issuer of the order.
Question. How many orders can be issued to persons responsible for work safety?
Answer. The number of orders issued for one responsible work manager is determined by the issuing order. The admitting and the work foreman (supervising) may be issued several orders and orders at once for alternate admission and work on them.
Question. What is the duration of the order?
Answer. It is allowed to issue an outfit for a period not exceeding 15 calendar days.
days from the start date. The order can be extended once for a period not
more than 15 calendar days from the date of renewal. During breaks in work
the row remains valid. An employee who issued
this order, or another employee who has the right to issue an order for work in this electrical installation. Permission to extend the work order can be transferred by telephone, radio or by courier to the admitting, responsible manager and foreman; who in this case, behind his signature, indicates in the order the surname and initials of the employee who extended the order.
Question. For what kind of work is the work order valid for one day?
Answer. It is allowed to call one outfit for one day to carry out the same type of work in turn at several substations or several connections of one substation. Such works include: wiping insulators; tightening of contact connections; sampling and adding oil; switching of transformer winding branches; verification of relay protection devices, electric automation, measuring instruments; high voltage test from an external source; checking insulators with a measuring rod; finding the place of damage to the cable line.
The permit for each substation and for each connection is issued in the work order. Each of the substations is allowed to be put into operation only after the complete completion of work on it according to this order.
Question. Is it allowed to work in electrical installations up to 1000 V one at a time at all connections?
Answer. In electrical installations up to 1000 V, with all current-carrying parts completely de-energized, it is allowed to work one at a time on the busbars of the switchgear, switchboards, assemblies, as well as on all connections simultaneously.
Question. For what kind of work is it allowed to issue one outfit?
Answer. One outfit for the simultaneous or sequential performance of work at different workplaces of one or more connections of one electrical installation may be issued in the following cases:
When laying and re-laying power and control cables, testing electrical equipment, checking protection devices, measurements, blocking, electrical automation, telemechanics, communications, etc .;
When repairing switching devices of one connection, including when their drives are located in another room;
When repairing a separate cable in a tunnel, collector, well, trench, pit;
When repairing cables (no more than two), carried out in two pits or a switchgear and a nearby pit, when the location of the workplaces allows the foreman to supervise the team.
At the same time, the dispersal of team members to different jobs is allowed. Registration in the order of transfer from one workplace to another is not required.
All jobs are prepared prior to admission. It is not allowed to prepare for the inclusion of any of the connections, testing of electric motors until the work is completed along the line.
If the team is dispersed over different jobs, one or more members of the team with group III can stay separately from the work foreman. Members of the team, who will be separated from the foreman, should be brought to the workplace and instructed on the safety measures that must be observed when performing work.
Question. How is work organized in switchgears on sections of cable lines?
Answer. Work on terminations and terminations of cable lines located in switchgears is carried out according to orders issued by personnel servicing the switchgear. Access to work on cable lines is carried out by personnel servicing the switchgear.
Work on cable lines passing through the territory and cable structures of switchgears is carried out according to orders issued by personnel servicing cable lines. Access is carried out by personnel serving cable lines, after obtaining permission from the operational or operational and maintenance personnel serving the switchgear.
Question. How is an order for the production of work in electrical installations issued?
Answer. The order is of a one-time nature, its validity period is determined by the length of the working day of the executors. If it is necessary to continue the work, if its conditions or the composition of the team change, the order is given again. During breaks in work during the day, re-admission is carried out by the foreman. The order and admission to work are issued in the Journal of accounting for work on orders and orders and in the Operative journal.
The order to work is given to the producer of the work and the permitter. In electrical installations without local operating personnel, in cases where access to the workplace is not required, the order may be given directly to the person performing the work. The work, the performance of which is provided for by the order, may, at the discretion of the person issuing the order, be carried out along with it. The order may be issued for work alternately at several electrical installations (connections).
Question. What work according to the order can be carried out in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V?
Answer. By order, in electrical installations above 1000 V, operational and operational-repair personnel or under their supervision may carry out urgent work lasting no more than 1 hour, excluding the time for preparing the workplace.
The senior person from the operational or operational-repair personnel, the foreman or the supervisor performing work or supervising those working in electrical installations above 1000 V must have group IV, members of the brigade - group III.
Before work, all technical measures for the preparation of the workplace, determined by the issuer of the order, are carried out.
It is allowed to carry out, by order, also work on the electric motor, from which the cable is disconnected and its ends are closed and grounded; on the generator, from the terminals of which the tires and cables are disconnected; in switchgears on rolled-out trolleys of switchgear, in which the shutters of the compartments are locked.
One employee with group III is allowed to carry out:
Landscaping of the outdoor switchgear, mowing grass, clearing roads and passages from snow;
Repair and maintenance of wired devices - radio and telephone communications, lighting wiring and fittings located outside the switchgear chambers at a height of not more than 2.5 m;
Renewal of inscriptions on equipment casings and fences outside switchgear chambers;
Monitoring the drying of transformers, generators and other equipment taken out of service;
Maintenance of oil cleaning and other equipment during cleaning and drying of oil;
Works on electric motors and mechanical part of fans and oil pumps of transformers, compressors.
Question. What work according to the order can be carried out in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V?
Answer. It is allowed to perform work by order in electrical installations up to 1000 V, except for work on the busbars of switchgears and connections, through which voltage can be supplied to the busbars, on overhead lines using lifting mechanisms, including maintenance of the outdoor lighting network.
In electrical installations up to 1000 V, located in rooms, except for those especially dangerous in relation to electric shock to people, a worker with group III, who has the right to be a foreman, can work alone.
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In order for the electrical installations of enterprises not to become sources of electrical injuries, it is necessary that their operation be in the hands of qualified workers, in the hands of specially trained electrical personnel of the enterprise (energy service personnel and electrical personnel of its individual divisions).
The law establishes that the operation of electrical installations of an enterprise of any voltage refers to work carried out in conditions of increased danger. Therefore, both the installations and the personnel operating them are subject to increased requirements.
The rules clearly define: the operation of the electrical facilities of the enterprise can be entrusted only to electrical personnel specially trained for this purpose. Much depends on the qualifications of persons operating electrical facilities, on the depth of their knowledge of the relevant provisions of the rules and the ability to apply them in a timely and correct manner in their work. practical work. In this regard, the training of energy service personnel at enterprises should be given the most serious attention. This applies to no lesser extent to the training of shop electrical personnel.
At present, when the normal operation of an enterprise is unthinkable without the use of electricity in technological processes, the requirements for personnel servicing electrical installations and some electrified machines and mechanisms of workshops are increasing. Personnel who not only maintain, but also repair the electrical part of such installations, are equated in all rights (and obligations) to electrical engineering and technically subordinate to the energy service.
But such installations are also assigned to personnel who only monitor the production process (operators) and, apart from starting equipment, do not use anything. In this case, he must have at least a minimum amount of knowledge of electrical safety in his workplace.
To obtain such knowledge, this contingent of production personnel is annually instructed at the workplace with a check on the assimilation of the conditions of electrically safe work, after which they are assigned I (without issuing a certificate, against receipt in a special journal). The lack of such instruction or the formalism shown in its implementation and execution often leads to electrical injuries.
The data of the analysis of industrial electrical injuries show that 72% of electrical injuries occurred with production personnel (electrical and other professions) with secondary, incomplete secondary and primary education. Since half of all industrial electrical injuries are accounted for by electricians, this figure shows that among the injured there are a large number of electricians without special education. Therefore, the question of the need to admit to the energy service for work in the electrical economy of the enterprise only persons with special education, and then who have undergone serious training directly in the electrical economy of this workshop, the enterprise where he will work, is so acute at the present time.
Causes of electrical injury
The most common causes of electrical injury are:
the appearance of voltage where it should not be under normal conditions (on equipment cases, on technological equipment, on metal structures of structures, etc.). Most often this happens due to damage to the insulation;
the possibility of touching uninsulated current-carrying parts in the absence of appropriate guards;
the impact of an electric arc that occurs between a current-carrying part and a person in networks with a voltage above 1000 V, if a person is in close proximity to the current-carrying parts;
other reasons. These include: uncoordinated and erroneous actions of personnel, supplying voltage to an installation where people work, leaving the installation energized without supervision, admission to work on disconnected electrical equipment without checking for a lack of voltage, etc.
It should be noted that the number of accidents in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V is 3 times higher than in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V.
This is explained by the fact that installations with voltages up to 1000 V are used more widely, and also by the fact that a larger number of people, as a rule, who do not have an electrical specialty, have contact with electrical equipment. Electrical equipment above 1000 V is less common, and only highly qualified electricians are allowed to service it.
In this regard, we emphasize once again that the issue of training electrical personnel in maintaining the required level of operation of the electrical facilities of the enterprise should be given the highest priority.
For electrical personnel, of course, one briefing is not enough. He undergoes special training with periodic testing of knowledge of the rules and instructions. At the same time, he is assigned a safety qualification group corresponding to his knowledge and skills and a personal certificate is issued for the right to work in electrical installations.
In addition, the energy service provides for constant work with personnel in the form of: briefings on various issues of its activities, analysis of certain provisions of the rules and instructions, directive and regulatory materials, analysis of accidents and accidents, emergency games and training, and much more that is necessary for receiving high professional training.
Special enterprise surveys reveal a very different picture. Regular daily work with the staff, as a rule, is not carried out. Training is irregular. Briefings suffer from small topics and they are conducted not in the form of a personal conversation with each employee, but in a group method, without subsequent verification of the degree of assimilation of the topic under consideration.
Testing the knowledge of electrical personnel is sometimes formal (for example, there are facts when one commission checks from 30 to 70 people in one day), and at the same time, violations of the procedure established by the rules for testing knowledge and assigning qualification groups for TB are still allowed: places of testing, registration of checks, etc. The length of service in electrical installations is not taken into account for assigning one or another group. Emergency drills are either not carried out at all, or are conducted irregularly, and in some cases not at the proper level.
Thus, employees of the energy service (and the electrical personnel of the workshops), not being equipped with an appropriate arsenal of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in working in the electrical facilities of their enterprise, and in some cases having received an overestimated safety group, are unable to organize and carry out the safely assigned work.
Statistics show that almost half of electrical injuries occur where the operation of electrical facilities is carried out by people who do not have the knowledge necessary for this purpose.
An even more serious violation is the admission to independent work in the electrical economy of an enterprise of energy workers who have not passed the knowledge test according to the rules and do not have a safety qualification group that gives the right to such work.
Labor discipline is of great importance in ensuring the electrical safety of workers. Among the main employees of the energy services are persons with qualification groups III and IV of electrical safety admission due to low labor discipline there is a significant amount of electrical shock. Moreover, electrical injuries in persons with 1.5 times higher than in persons with III qualification group.
Based on the above, it begs following output: health and life of the majority of people involved in manufacturing process with the use of electricity, is directly dependent on the quality of work of the electrical personnel of the shops and the personnel of the energy service of the enterprise, on the maintenance by this personnel of such a state of electrical installations that would satisfy all the requirements of the rules and regulations.
Materials of the book "Electrotraumatism and its prevention" are used. Authors: G.Yu. Gordon and L. I. Weinstein.
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