the financial section is responsible for providing summary monetary information. In general, all business plans can be written according to different methods and according to different requirements. Their format will largely depend on the goals of the project, its scope and main characteristics. The same differences may be present in the financial sections of such plans, however, as a rule, the process of writing this chapter can be divided into several main stages, namely:
- Settlement standards;
- General production expenses;
- Cost estimate and calculation of the cost of goods or services;
- Report on the main financial flows;
- Gains and losses report;
- Estimated financial balance of the project;
- Analysis of the main financial indicators;
- Description of the method (methods) of financing.
Business plan financial plan structure
1. Calculation standards
In this paragraph, the following points should be defined and described:
- Prices that will be indicated in the business plan (permanent, current, with or without taxes);
- The taxation system, the amount of the tax, the timing of its payment;
- The terms covered by the business plan (planning horizon). As a rule, this period is about three years: the first year is described in more detail, divided into monthly periods, while the following years are divided into quarters.
- Indication of the current inflation rate, inflation data for the last few years. Accounting for this factor regarding prices for consumables, raw materials, etc. - everything that will need to be purchased for the implementation of the described project.
2. General production costs.
The data on salaries correlate with those previously presented in the organizational and production plans information.
Variable, situational costs depend on the characteristics of production, goods, services. Various factors can be taken into account here, for example, seasonality. Correct calculations of variable costs can only be made by analyzing the volume of output of goods or services and approximate levels of sales.
Fixed, recurring expenses depend on a single variable - time. These costs include business management, marketing, facility maintenance, equipment maintenance, etc.
3. Cost estimate and calculation of the cost of goods or services
The cost estimate (investment costs) is, in fact, a list of expenses that will need to be incurred in order to implement the project outlined in the business plan. This item should be described in as much detail as possible, as it allows you to determine the financial viability and efficiency of investments.
If a business project involves the production of certain products, the costs of its organization and implementation should be covered with the help of initial working capital, which are also part of the investment costs.
The sources of such funds can be investments and, for example, credit funds.
The cost of production is calculated based on information about costs, salaries, overheads, etc. It also needs to take into account total production volumes and sales levels for a specific period of time (for example, a month or a year).
4. Report on the main financial flows
This item includes a description of all cash flows. Undoubtedly, this report is one of the main parts of the financial plan, as it is intended to show that the project will be financially secure at any stage of its activity and that there will be no cash gaps during the project.
5. Profit and loss statement
In this paragraph, a financial assessment of the activities of the enterprise is carried out, its income, expenses, profits and losses are described.
6. Financial balance of the project
To write this section, it is necessary to make a balance forecast based on all previous calculations or existing reports (if the enterprise is already operating). This forecast is also divided into months, the first year, quarters of subsequent years and the third year of operation.
7. Analysis of financial indicators of the project
After you draw up a balance sheet, you can analyze the main financial indicators. Such an analysis is done for the entire period of implementation of the plan, after which the financial characteristics of the project are summed up: its sustainability, solvency, profitability, payback period, present value of the project.
9. Descriptions of financing methods
In this paragraph, it is necessary to describe on what funds the project will be implemented. There are several types of financing, namely equity, leasing and debt. The sponsor can be the state in the form of subsidies or loans or private investors, and this must be indicated in the financial section of the business plan.
In the same paragraph, you need to describe the process of borrowing and repaying borrowed money, indicating sources, amounts, interest rates and a debt repayment schedule.
It should be emphasized that the financial plan is the most important and complex part of the business plan. Any mistake made can result in a refusal of funding, which means that it is better to entrust its compilation to a competent person. However, if your project is simple and does not involve, for example, the production of large batches of goods and their further sale, you can compose it yourself.
The financial plan in the business plan is responsible for planning the cash flow in the process of doing business. The success of the business largely depends on how competently and realistically the financial part is drawn up. Read about it in our article.
What is the financial part of a business plan
The financial plan in the business plan is the part of the business plan that is responsible for financially supporting the remaining sections. The financial plan determines how each item of the business plan will be implemented.
The purpose of the financial plan in business planning is to calculate such a positive balance between income and expenses, in which to keep this business will be appropriate.
The structure of the financial section of the business plan
Each component of the structure serves ultimate goal. If at least one is not worked out, proportionality will be violated, and the entire financial plan will be unfeasible. It is appropriate to calculate the financial part of the new business for 2-3 years ahead.
Sales Forecast
When drawing up a business plan, it is imperative to consider what niche the new enterprise will occupy. And it’s better to prepare the ground in advance: verbally agree with potential partners, conclude an agreement with clients or start running a group on VKontakte / Instagram, interview consumers in thematic groups.
Profit and loss assessment
This item is made up of the following:
- income from sales;
- production costs;
- total profit;
- overhead costs;
- net profit (minus costs).
In this part of the financial plan, the main thing is to reflect how profit will change and for how long.
Cash flow analysis
Profit - the main objective business. But often an entrepreneur is faced with a problem when, with a good profit, there is not enough cash. . A common mistake: a businessman invests most of the money earned in the development of the business, which increases the share of low-liquid capital in total assets (there is a building, land, extensions, cars on the balance sheet, but they cannot pay bills).
Annual balance sheet
The balance sheet is prepared at the end of the year. The balance between assets and liabilities is important not only for banks when applying for a loan, but also for an entrepreneur. For business, it is important to invest in the development of the enterprise (production, marketing), while the bank is interested in fixed assets, on the security of which it will issue a loan.
Important! When calculating, take into account estimated prices, the taxation system, planning periods, risk factors, as well as inflation and possible currency fluctuations.
How to determine the "golden mean" in planning? How much money to send from income production capacity? Or maybe buy another car or invest in advertising?
Experts talk about the optimal distribution of income: 40% - 40% - 20%.
40% of income pays current bills, i.e.:
- permanent (rent, gasoline, utility bills);
- variables (depreciation of machine tools, repair and replacement of equipment);
- target needs (taxes, salaries and other deductions).
- for business development (offline or Internet expansion, other startups, promotion);
- investment (purchase of real estate, land plots, buildings, shares).
20% of income - "airbag" in case of unforeseen expenses in the form of bank deposits or cash.
Obviously, in the first year of work in the distribution Money there will be an imbalance, but for a comfortable business, you need to strive for this model.
Financial indicators of the business plan
Financial indicators - a quantitative expression of production and marketing indicators, objectively reflecting the state of affairs in business.
Financial indicators are needed both for banks and for an entrepreneur, since they allow you to calculate your own liquidity and help in managing the enterprise and employees.
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Key financial indicators |
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Investment costs (rub.) |
The sum of all funds invested in the project = own + borrowed funds |
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Operating costs (rub.) |
Amount of daily expenses, fixed and variable |
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Gross revenue (rub.) |
Total profit minus cost of production |
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Own funds (rub.) |
Personal funds invested in business |
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Taxes (rub.) |
Tax burden, taking into account the taxation system |
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Net profit (rub.) |
Gross profit, other operating profit and financial profit minus taxes |
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Product profitability, in % |
Krp = profit before tax / cost of goods sold * 100% |
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Return on assets |
Kra = net income / total assets |
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Return on equity invested in the business |
Krss \u003d net profit / average equity * 100% |
These are simple financial indicators. The more complex the enterprise, the deeper the financial analysis necessary for an objective picture. Of course, drawing up a quality financial plan takes time and effort - sometimes to the detriment of other important things. Finding an opportunity for a full-fledged analysis will help outsourcing some of the routine tasks.
Sample financial plan in a business plan
On the Internet, there are templates and diagrams for compiling the financial section of a business plan to help an entrepreneur.
An example of calculating a financial plan in a business plan. Project "Cat Cafe"
Condition: there are no establishments of this type in the city. Cats from the city animal shelter are selected for sale. An agreement is drawn up with the shelter. Cafe area of 50 sq.m. – a room with 2-3 tables (drinks and snacks), a room for playing with cats and board games, a resting place for cats where they can hide, eat and rest.
Tax system - USN, UTII
1. Estimated sales volume.
Kotokafe is a kind of anti-cafe, the time spent in the institution is paid: the first hour - 200 rubles, the second - 150, the third and further - 100 rubles per hour per person. From the edible, you can order drinks in cups with a lid, at the bar there is only a mixer, a coffee machine, a water cooler and snacks. In order not to have problems with SES and work without a kitchen, an agreement was concluded with a catering company for the delivery of sandwiches and burgers. The institution is designed for small companies or families: the average check from a company of 4 people for three hours is from 2,000 rubles. The approximate number of checks is 10-15, depending on the day of the week. The planned minimum revenue per day is 30,000 rubles, per month - 900,000 rubles.
2. Profit and loss assessment and cash flow analysis
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Income and expense transactions |
Amount, 1 month, before opening |
Amount, 2 months, after opening |
Amount, 3 months, after opening |
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Own funds |
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Borrowed funds |
1,000,000, for 3 years at 12% |
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Profit from sales, 1 month |
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Opening costs: IP registration - 8,000; designer services - 15,000; contracts with the veterinary service, a cat shelter, selection of friendly cats, vaccinations, preparation of animals "for work" - 50,000; renovation of the premises - 400,000; purchase of equipment (carpets, pillows, low sofas, interior items, installation of wooden crossbars for cats, toys, board games) - 200,000; coffee machine, cooler, mixer - 100,000; marketing campaign - 150,000; installation of a video surveillance system, an agreement with a security company - 100,000; online cash desk and software - 30,000; other - 25,000. |
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Fixed costs: hiring employees: 2 administrators, training, salary 20,000; gasoline - 5,000; rent - 150,000 (regions); utility bills - 50,000; an agreement with a company for the disposal of animal waste - 10,000; catering contract - 100,000; replacement of toys, board games - 5,000; |
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Target spending: taxes, UTII payment of interest on a loan |
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TOTAL: |
Arrival - 1 500 000 |
Parish - 900 000 |
Parish - 900 000 |
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Consumption - 1,293,000 |
Consumption - 522,000 |
Consumption - 595,000 |
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3. Profitability calculation
It should be noted that the return on assets is low: the ratio of net proceeds to the value of own assets (comprises all purchased equipment), because the property is leased. However, the forecast for net profit is not bad - 30% of revenue. In terms of financial performance and under current conditions, the Kotokafe project will pay off in about 7-8 months.
Checking the financial plan
You can check the validity of the figures on paper only by implementing the project.
At the end of the quarter, competent accounting assistance in preparing reports for regulatory authorities will be provided to you by specialists
For small business news, we launched a special channel in Telegram and groups in
The main objective of any business is to make a profit, but nothing is given to a person without any cost. Sometimes expenses are not covered by income from year to year and a business idea constantly requires new investments.
In most cases, this does not happen because luck has “forgotten how to smile”, it’s just that the financial plan (FP) was not sufficiently thought out or not drawn up at all. Sometimes small, timely adjustments can make a big difference.
What is a financial plan. Its main goals and objectives
The financial plan is the most important section, reflecting all the activities of the enterprise (income, expenses, forecasts, etc.) in monetary terms.
Its competent compilation allows you to calculate for several years ahead, track deviations from the plan and timely regulate business processes, attract investors, creditors and partners.
In financial planning important not only mathematical calculations, but also the ability to predict and analyze. In the conditions of today's instability, there are constant changes in demand, tougher competition, rising prices for raw materials, materials and energy resources. All these nuances must certainly be taken into account when drawing up the OP, otherwise it will be impossible to adhere to it, and the document itself will become useless.
primary goal financial planning is the control over the ratio of income and expenses of the enterprise, contributing to profit.
To reach the goal needs to be determined:
- The amount of capital required to ensure production.
- Sources of financing.
- A list of essential expenses for equipment, materials, rent of premises, recruitment of personnel, advertising, payment of utility bills and taxes, etc.
- Conditions for maximum profit and security financial stability.
- Strategy for achieving the investment attractiveness of the enterprise.
- Intermediate and final results of activity in the financial plan.
The main task of the FP is to create an effective mechanism that manages all the financial resources of the enterprise and demonstrates to investors a profitable prospect of cash investments.
Sections and their content
The legislation of the Russian Federation establishes three forms of financial reporting, whose presence in the business plan is mandatory:
Only a comprehensive study of all three reports will allow an objective assessment of the financial condition of the company.
The composition of the financial statements is described in this video:
If you have not yet registered an organization, then the easiest do it with online services, which will help you generate all the necessary documents for free: If you already have an organization, and you are thinking about how to facilitate and automate accounting and reporting, then the following online services come to the rescue, which will completely replace an accountant in your enterprise and save a lot of money and time. All reporting is generated automatically, signed electronic signature and sent automatically online. It is ideal for an individual entrepreneur or LLC on the simplified tax system, UTII, PSN, TS, OSNO.
Everything happens in a few clicks, without queues and stress. Try it and you will be surprised how easy it got!
Calculation and analysis of risks
Business is always accompanied by certain risky situations that need to be foreseen and analyzed in advance. He who is forewarned is forearmed - this is a well-known fact. Calculating all the negative consequences, trying to avoid them or quickly finding a way out of an unpleasant situation with minimal losses is not an easy task.
Each line of business has its own certain groups risks, therefore, at the planning stage, it is very important to identify their most likely list for a particular type of activity.
To clearly define all possible negative consequences risks are divided into three main categories:
- Commercial risks arise in the process of interaction of the enterprise with partners, the external environment and its factors:
- Decrease in demand for products for various reasons.
- The emergence of new competitors.
- Unfair attitude of partners (delivery of low-quality raw materials or equipment, late deliveries, etc.).
- Rise in the price of materials and components.
- Raising tariffs for certain services: rent, transport, utilities, etc.
- Financial risks- this is the failure to receive the expected profitability and the loss of the financial stability of the enterprise for the following reasons:
- Growth and non-payment (late payment) by counterparties of the products received.
- Raising interest rates by lenders.
- Legislative changes, tax increases, etc.
- Fluctuations in exchange rates (especially should be taken into account by organizations working with imported raw materials and equipment)
- Production. The reasons for these risks include:
- Incompetence and dissatisfaction of employees (strike, acts of theft and sabotage).
- Production of defective products, lack of professionalism of the staff.
- Absence necessary equipment, quality control. Safety violations that contribute to the occurrence of fires, floods, accidents at work.
All of the above factors can destroy a business that has taken a lot of money and effort to build. Preventive measures will help to avoid sad consequences: property insurance, monitoring the activities and pricing policy of competitors, creating a financial reserve for unforeseen expenses, etc.
Mathematical literacy does not play the most important role here, much more important is the expert ability to recognize the type of risks and their sources, as well as to minimize losses and the likelihood of critical situations.
Calculation of performance indicators
To the main indicators efficient operation
enterprises include: profitability, profitability, payback and the need for additional financing. It is by these criteria that one can judge what fate is in store for the enterprise, its reliability and prospects.
To calculate these indicators, there are a number of simple formulas, but you should only operate with current numbers, otherwise all mathematics will be useless "monkey labor".
Net present value(NPV or NPV). Any income depends on the level of inflation, so it is calculated using a discount rate.
Approximate calculation for three years existence of the organization
NPV \u003d - NK + (D1-R1) / (1 + SD1) + (D2-R2) / (1 + SD2) + (D3-R3) / (1 + SD3)
where: NK - capital of initial investments and costs
D - income for the first, second, third year in accordance with the numbers next to it
P - expenses for the first, second, third year in accordance with the numbers next to it
SD - discount rate (accounting for inflation for the calculated year)
If, when calculating NPV = 0, the enterprise has reached TB (point of no loss).
Profitability of the enterprise- the indicator is not as unambiguous as income or expense. This indicator is often compared with efficiency (efficiency). Actions can be useful in different ways, just as the profitability of an enterprise is determined by more than one criterion.
There are various indicators of profitability: investment, fixed assets, sales - again, it all depends on the versatility company activities.
In this case, the calculation of profitability will be considered main activity of the enterprise:
ROOD = POR / PZ
where: ROOD - profitability from the main activity;
POR - profit from sales; PP - incurred costs.
They are measured, of course, in units of time, not in currency.
The formula looks like this:
CO = NK / NPV
where: SO - payback period; NK - initial investment, it is necessary to add to them additional investments, if they were (loans, etc. during the existence of the organization); NPV is the company's net discount income.
Example: Business investment 100,000 rubles, average monthly income 12,000 rubles, total: CO = 100,000/12,000 = 8.33 months. That is, in nine months the company will pay off its debts and begin to generate income. (The own costs are calculated here if we are talking about the loan, it is necessary to take into account the interest rate of 100 thousand + annual interest). 
Data analysis
It is necessary to analyze a business plan, taking into account several main aspects. This approach will reveal weak sides and make fine adjustments. After all, this grandiose work can be corrected and should not be written off as scrap.
So, the basics of a successful financial plan:
- Maximizing profit while reducing costs.
- Thorough calculation and insurance of possible risks.
- Tracking the competitiveness of a business idea.
- Availability of initial capital and own property (premises, Vehicle, equipment).
- The idea must be real, feasible, and the products must be in demand.
- Projected income and expenses should be documented based on the activities of similar enterprises.
Produced analysis must confirm: a positive financial result of the enterprise, a minimum of risk with promising profits. Initially, the entrepreneur himself should make sure of financial success, and only then attract investors. However, the risk is a noble cause, gentlemen!
For the analysis and interpretation of financial statements, see the following video lesson:
FINANCIAL SECTION - one of the most important sections of the business plan, as it is the main acceptance criterion investment project to implementation. The financial plan is necessary to control the financial security of the investment project at all stages of its implementation and reflects the upcoming financial costs, sources of their coverage and expected financial results, as well as the results of calculations that are carried out during its development in a certain sequence.
The financial section of the business plan includes several main documents: the balance sheet of the organization, the profit and loss plan, the cash flow forecast, the operating plan, the income and expenses plan. These documents are of a planning and reporting nature, such planning is carried out on the basis of a forecast of the future activities of the company within a certain period of time, and the data given in these documents are used for analysis financial condition firms.
Let us briefly describe the main documents included in the financial section of the business plan:
Operational plan- reflects the results of the interaction of the company and its target markets for each product on the market for a certain period, this document is developed by the marketing service at the company. The set of indicators presented in the operational plan helps to demonstrate to the company's management what market share is occupied by the company for each product and what it is expected to win. The structure of the income statement is relatively simple, it usually includes revenue from the sale of goods, production costs, tax and other deductions. Based on these indicators, the profit remaining at the disposal of the company after the payment of dividends is calculated, according to this section, you can determine whether a particular product makes a profit, compare different products in terms of profitability in order to determine the feasibility of further production. Thus, the ultimate task of this document is to show how profit will change and form during the first and second years quarterly and further - per year. Plan - a cash flow statement shows how much cash is available to the company and what is the company's need for them. This report is compiled as a summary result of the company's activities for all types of goods and services, its structure, in particular, includes planned and actual investments in the company's activities for the reporting period. The final document of the financial plan is the balance sheet, its peculiarity lies in the fact that it does not reflect the results of the company's activities for a certain period, but captures the strengths and weaknesses in terms of finance for this moment. Any single element of the balance sheet on its own means little, however, when all these elements are considered in relation to each other, it allows one to judge the financial position of the company. Compiling such a report is easy enough: it shows how the start-up capital(source of debt + equity) and how it is supposed to be spent. In the projections of the balance sheet for the next period, the initial balance sheet, as well as the features of the company's development and the results of its financial and economic activities, should be taken into account.
An important component of the financial section of the business plan is determination of sources of capital, necessary for the operation of the company. This part of the financial plan is relevant for both small, just entering the business firms, and for large enterprises in need of additional capital inflows. Data on sources of capital are linked to the use of funds with a specific indication of the methods and directions of use of capital.
You can also imagine the following version of the structure of this section of the business plan in terms of R&D.
1. Current state. Describe the current status of each product or service and explain what needs to be done to bring it to market. It is useful to indicate what skills an enterprise has or should have in order to perform these tasks. If possible, list the customers or end users who are involved in the development and testing of products and services. It is necessary to indicate the current results of these tests and when the finished product is expected to be received.
2. Problems and risk. Highlight any major perceived problems in the design of the product under development and approaches to solving them. Assess the possible impact of these issues on product development costs and time to market.
3. Product improvement and new products. In addition to describing the developments and initial products, indicate the work on their improvement planned to maintain their competitiveness, and work on the creation of new products and services that can be offered to the same group of consumers. Indicate the consumers who take part in these developments and their opinion about the prospects of the latter.
4. Costs. Submit a cost estimate for R&D, including wages, material costs, etc. Please note that underestimating this estimate can affect the expected profitability, reducing it by 15-30%
5. Property issues.
List any patents, trademarks, copyrights you own or intend to acquire. Describe any contracts or agreements that give you exclusivity or ownership of designs or inventions. Describe the impact of any outstanding issues, such as ownership disputes, on the competitive edge you have.
It is also worth noting that this area of activity requires significant capital investments, the presence of highly qualified specialists and managers, a high degree of production specialization, small firms that are just starting a business are often content with using existing developments, certain production technologies and goods. The business plan also includes risk assessment and insurance. Any plan does not provide a guarantee of success. A condition for the skillful management of the resources provided is to take into account the possible risk of the project. Risk is the likelihood of a positive outcome in entrepreneurial activity. Here, the size of the risk (possible losses in the implementation of the project), the probability of the risk, the degree of controllability of a specific risk are set.
In the financial section of the business plan, the investment risk is also calculated, of course, the business plan will look much more attractive if it reflects the investor's gain in terms of minimizing losses and obtaining the planned profit, therefore, in planning it is necessary to provide an overall assessment of commercial risk, to predict to what extent the risk is associated with investment infusions into the project. Along with the need to predict risk in terms of the plan, the head of the enterprise must have knowledge of the basic patterns of risk reduction:
* effective forecasting and systematic planning of the company's activities,
* insurance and self-insurance,
* hedging futures transactions,
* issue of options, diversification.
The financial justification of the project is a criterion for making an investment decision, so the development of a financial plan should be carried out very carefully. Goals and objectives of forecasting financial economic activity investment object are, first of all, in the assessment of costs and results, expressed in financial categories.
The financial section of the investment project consists of the following items.
1. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise during the three (and preferably five) previous years of its operation.
2. Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise during the preparation of the investment project.
3. Forecast of profits and cash flows.
4. Evaluation financial efficiency investment project.
Let us dwell briefly on each item of the financial section of the investment project.
Financial analysis of the previous work of the enterprise and its current position usually comes down to the calculation and interpretation of the main financial ratios that reflect the liquidity, solvency, turnover and profitability of the enterprise. Calculate the financial ratios that characterize each planning period, then analyze the ratios over time and identify trends in their change. An investor, before investing in a specific project, analyzes its functioning (activity) in order to assess the future state and development prospects, and the effectiveness of investments. The indicators (coefficients) used to analyze and evaluate an investment project are not limited to those discussed below, since there is no such set of them that would fully meet the objectives and satisfy all the goals of the analysis.
The predicted financial indicators and project efficiency obtained as a result of calculations can be presented in the business plan in the form of a table.
Project performance indicators
Solvency ratios are used to assess a firm's ability to meet long-term obligations. Turnover ratios make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of operating activities and policies in the field of prices, sales, and purchases. Profitability indicators are used to assess the current profitability of an enterprise participating in an investment project.
The values of the corresponding indicators must be analyzed in dynamics for a number of previous years and the main indicators should be compared by years. The list of coefficients is determined by the specifics of the project.
The forecast of profits and cash flows in the process of implementing an investment project and assessing the financial efficiency of the project include:
Estimation of the cost of capital attracted for the implementation of the investment project;
Drawing up a consolidated balance of assets and liabilities of the project;
Profit/loss and cash flow forecast;
Evaluation of financial performance indicators of the project.
The evaluation of the financial efficiency of the project is carried out taking into account the principle of "cost of money over time". This principle says: “A ruble is now worth more than a ruble received in a year”, i.e. each new thread money received in a year has a lower value than an equal value cash flow received a year earlier. Therefore, all inflows and outflows received at different stages of the project implementation are reduced to today's (current) value by discounting. This allows you to compare them and calculate the main indicator of the financial efficiency of the project - NPV (Net Present Value) net current (or present) value.
To analyze the feasibility of project implementation, it becomes necessary to forecast inflation rates for the entire period of validity (by periods) of the investment object. In this case, it is desirable to accept several alternative forecasts - pessimistic and optimistic.
When forecasting the financial and economic activities of the project in the business plan, the net profit from the project and the cash flow are calculated, a project balance sheet is compiled (taking into account the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet). These are the three basic forms of financial reporting. Based on all the calculations, three documents are developed:
1. plan of income and expenses;
2. plan of cash receipts and payments (cash flow);
3. plan-balance of assets and liabilities.
Based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the investment project, investors and other participants make decisions on investing, withdrawing from the project, adjusting its parameters, implementation conditions, possible ways improving efficiency, etc.
Introduction
1. Business plan (financial section)
1.1 Business planning as an element of the economic policy of the enterprise
1.2 The main financial and economic indicators of the enterprise
1.3 Financial section of the business plan
2. Evaluation of the financial indicator
Conclusion
Introduction
One of the specific methods of planning economic activity in a market economy, another form of government of its necessity and inevitability is the preparation of business plans.
Business planning is different from management planning, because The entrepreneur is responsible for his own business. An entrepreneur must have a good idea of the main components of his business - finance, production, marketing, management.
The business plan reflects the most important areas of the enterprise's activities - what to produce, from what and how, where and to whom to sell, how to attract consumers, what resources (finance, personnel, equipment, raw materials) are needed and what financial results to be expected from the project. If we summarize all areas of activity, we get the main types of plans: strategic, production, financial, marketing.
Business plan is a document that describes the main aspects of the future enterprise, analyzes all risks, determines ways to solve problems, and answers and ultimately answers the question:
IS IT WORTH INVESTING MONEY IN THIS PROJECT AND WILL IT BRING INCOMES THAT WILL RECOVER ALL EXPENDITURES OF FORCES AND FUNDS?
There are five main functions of a business plan:
1. Business plan as a basis for developing a business concept.
2. Business plan as a tool for assessing the actual results of the enterprise.
3. Business plan as a means of attracting investment
4. Business plan as a means of team building.
5. Business plan as a tool for analyzing one's own activities.
Comparative analysis the business plan and the actual state of affairs at certain stages of activity serves as a means of rethinking one's business experience and general attitudes towards the nature of the business.
Each section of the business plan should have access to the financial section, i.e. contain figures, data by which the corresponding position of financial plans can be calculated.
1. Business plan (financial section)
1.1 Business planning as an element of the economic policy of the enterprise
A business plan is one of the main documents that determines the development strategy of an enterprise. It allows you to solve a wide range of tasks strategic management:
· Substantiation of the economic feasibility of the chosen goals and directions of the company's development;
· Calculation of expected financial results of activity - volume of sales, profit, return on invested capital;
· Determining the need for resources to achieve the goal;
· Planning organizational structure companies;
Market analysis and definition of main directions marketing activities In the project's boundaries;
· Planning of the main stages of production.
The functions that a business plan performs determine the requirements for it. It must be business document, written in strict formal language, with exact figures, quotations, justification of calculations. Business plan - This is an advertisement for your business. You must, with its help, convince the investor (to buy) your project, i.e. it should attract attention, arouse interest and desire to act.
The business plan allows those who get acquainted with it to understand your intention and serves as a basis for attracting various resources, and this circumstance requires that the business plan should have a generally accepted structure and format.
Typically, a business plan consists of the following sections:
1. Introduction or summary of the business plan. Here is a general brief information about the project, on the basis of which a potential investor can conclude whether this project is interesting to him or not.
2. Description of the company (enterprise). This section provides a potential investor with background information about the company - line of business, form of ownership, capital, founders, legal and actual address, bank and other details, names and surnames of managers, contacts and telephone numbers.
3. Analysis of the situation in the industry. A brief description of the state of affairs in the industry or certain areas of business and an explanation of the prospects for the development of the project in terms of its compliance with the change external environment.
4. Product description (goods, services). A detailed description of the products offered by the company for production and sale within the project, including technical description and consumer properties.
5. Marketing plan. Must include general description market and competition, the main elements marketing strategy companies - the target market and its segments, product promotion directions, price calculations.
6. Production plan. The main objective of this section is to determine the needs of the project for the main and working capital and show the investor the possibilities of ensuring the production of the planned volume of products.
7. Investment plan.
8. Organization and management. Successful implementation the business plan largely depends on the organization of the business and the management of the company or project, how the activity of the enterprise will be organized, what will be the structure and form, ownership, how many personnel are needed.
9. Financial plan. Should summarize all the previous sections, presenting them in the form of a structure of income and expenses for a certain period of time. By financial plan the investor judges the attractiveness of the project.
10. Applications. This section includes documents relevant to the case - the results of market research, specifications equipment, expert opinion about products, information about licenses, patents, technologies, trademarks, contracts with suppliers and intermediaries, samples of advertising and information materials. Sometimes the attachments include personal CVs of the manager and other key project figures.
1.2 The main financial and economic indicators of the enterprise
One of the main goals of any business is to make a profit.
But before talking about profit, it is necessary to produce products and sell them. In turn, for the production and sale of products, it is necessary to use resources that have their own cost - raw materials and materials need to be bought, staff need to be paid wages, i.e. bear the costs.
Before you start your own business, you need to think about whether it will be profitable and what needs to be done for this. To do this, it is desirable to imagine - what and how the funds will be spent, where they will come from, i.e. you need to plan income and expenses, the difference between which will be profit or loss. All commercial organizations must pay income tax. There is a legal definition of what counts prime cost, i.e. production and sales costs, and what profit. This is regulated by an official document.
The main types of costs incurred by any organization in the production and sale of products: material costs, labor costs, deductions for social needs, depreciation charges, other expenses.
The total costs should be mentioned production cost, but in accounting and taxation, cost refers to strictly defined costs. At cost, i.e. for what is not taxed can be attributed to all the costs that enterprises incur in the production and sale of products. At the same time, for which expenses (advertising, hospitality and travel expenses) have standards that determine what proportion of the funds spent can be included in the cost of production. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts costs and costs.
In order to consider the following question, it is necessary to recall the structure of the balance sheet and select the concepts of profit and loss from the report;
The column (assets) contains items that reflect the acquisition of the company, committed at different times and still possessing some value for the reporting period. The column (liabilities) contains articles that reflect the sources of funds for the acquisition of everything that is in the column (assets). Non-current assets include such hard-to-measure things as the reputation of the enterprise, patents and licenses, the book value of fixed assets, long-term financial investments. The essential characteristic of these assets is that they are of a long-term nature: good reputation The company is acquired through the long efforts of the team and serves for a long time, the building has been in operation for decades. With current assets otherwise. Inventory in warehouses, accounts receivable, money, short-term bank deposits - are in constant motion. Capital and reserves often referred to as equity, tk. is the capital that the owners have invested in the business.
To analyze the effectiveness of the enterprise, it is necessary to combine equity and long-term liabilities into the concept (invested capital). These balance sheet concepts are enough to discuss the performance of an enterprise, if we add a few concepts from the profit and loss account to them.
Profit and loss scheme
A greater number of financial ratios built on the basis of the balance sheet and income statement and income statement are related to the issue of the efficiency of the enterprise and represent the relationship between these indicators.
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