Since mid-October, Muscovites have been complaining about the smell of burning, smoke and hydrogen sulfide in the air, and last week there was information about a mercury spill in Moscow. At the same time, official assessments of what is happening run counter to expert ones. For example, officials explain the appearance of the smell of burning by burning logging residues and the fight against the bark beetle, and environmentalists argue that "judging by the direction of the wind, the burning of logging residues cannot be the main cause of smoke."
The situation is similar with the investigation into the circumstances of the appearance of the smell of hydrogen sulfide. The authorities are nodding at the Moscow oil refinery in Kapotnya, while Gazprom Neft, which owns the plant, still denies that the refinery is involved in spoiling the city's air.
To shed some light on the situation, The Village correspondent Vitaliy Mikhailyuk interviewed city activists and experts about which city enterprises poison their lives the most.
Waste incineration plant No. 4
Kosino-Ukhtomsky district, Eastern Administrative Okrug
This plant in the east of Moscow, burning up to 250 thousand tons per year, began to be built back in 1996, and launched in 2004. Now, as Aleksey Tikhanovich, an activist of the Green Kozhukhovo movement, told The Village, residents of nearby areas are complaining about the nauseating smell of burning coming from the factory. The concentration of substances emitted into the atmosphere, according to him, is so high that if, leaving the apartment, people leave the windows open, then the clothes in the closets smell bad. According to the residents, emissions peak at night, when most people are already asleep. They claim that they see smoke coming out of the chimneys, which, according to the norms, should not be.
Very close to the main incinerator was the Ecologist plant, where waste of biological origin, including infected materials and tissues, was disposed of. According to the Mosekomonitoringa station, in neighboring Kozhukhov, the main excesses of air pollution are for formaldehydes and nitrogen dioxide. “Last year we came across the report of the Department of Natural Resources for 2012. It was written there that in our region, for 183 days a year, excesses of average daily concentrations were recorded,” says Aleksey Tikhanovich.
Starting in 2006, the Kozhukhovites began to advocate for clean air in their area. When letters to various authorities, from the council and the prefecture to the Presidential Administration and environmental organizations, did not bring the desired result, concerned residents held a series of rallies. Their activity was one of the reasons why Ecologist was closed in the fall. “However, no documents were provided to us. I can't confirm, but most likely it was transferred to the territory of Incinerator No. 4. Moreover, it has always been one enterprise located in different buildings,” believes Sergey Zhukov, coordinator of the Ecopolis project.
According to Zhukov, Muscovites living near the incinerator complain of discomfort and dryness in the airways. However, the emissions produced by such enterprises sometimes have a more serious effect. “Based on foreign studies, it can be said that the substances emitted by waste incineration plants cause, in particular, cancer,” says Ivan Blokov, Program Director at Greenpeace in Russia.
On the other hand, the head of the Quality Prediction Laboratory environment and Public Health of the Institute for Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Revich believes that Moscow's waste incinerators are not a threat: “I have research data that I am not inclined to distrust. I believe that Moscow incinerators do not affect the health of residents. According to the concentrations that exist there, the situation is quite favorable, if we consider it from the perspective of risks.”
Municipal solid waste landfill "Kuchino"
Balashikha urban district, Moscow region
This enterprise is located outside Moscow, however, located at the very border of the Eastern Administrative District, it has long been the object of hatred of the residents of Kozhukhov, Novokosin and Nekrasovka. This landfill was formed back in the 1970s and, according to local residents, was built then without any modern standards. Ecopolis coordinator Sergey Zhukov interview The Village claims that the lack of waterproofing is polluting the groundwater and therefore the rivers in the area. The danger of a solid waste landfill lies in the fact that fires occur on it due to chemical processes occurring in the body of the landfill itself. Local activists took measurements of the level of radiation, but found nothing.
“It is very difficult to conduct any research there. We tried to do something, but the guards attacked us. We communicated with people who live in close proximity. They said that at one time armed guards stood around the perimeter of the training ground. The business is profitable, so closing it, I think, is almost impossible,” says an activist from Novokosin.
Boris Revich, head of the laboratory for forecasting the quality of the environment and public health, calls landfills "absolutely old technology." “Of course, as much waste as possible should either be burned or recycled, but to fence these Mont Blancs around Moscow is a worthless thing, the most The best way- this is recycling, but for this it is necessary to establish logistics for different types of waste, which is not done in Moscow at all, ”the scientist said in an interview with The Village.
Kuryanovsk treatment facilities
District Pechatniki, SEAD
Interviewed residents of the south-east of the capital call the aeration fields in the Kuryanovo microdistrict, where city wastewater is cleaned, another of their misfortunes. Now they are one of the largest such enterprises in Europe and serve 60% of the territory of Moscow. They began to build them here back in 1939, and launched already in 1950. Then it was the outskirts of Moscow, and the now densely populated areas of Pechatniki and Maryino were only villages in the neighborhood. Since then, the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities have been a disaster for these areas, aggravating the already unfavorable situation in the SEAD.
For six years, an initiative group of environmentalists from the district has been trying to install ASKZA in Pechatniki - an automatic station for monitoring air pollution. In the end, the station was set up, but in a place where emissions do not always reach. “At first, they constantly broke down and gave incorrect data, which was explained by the fact that ASKZA had overheated. This year, we recorded an excess of 30 MPC (maximum permissible concentration) for hydrogen sulfide. I’m already silent that emissions of 10 MPC happen almost every day, ”Maxim Motin, a deputy from the Pechatniki district, told The Village. According to him, all this leads to the fact that residents of neighboring areas are more likely to suffer from asthma and cancer.
The smell of hydrogen sulfide, which was felt in most areas of Moscow on November 10, is a common thing for Pechatnikov in the summer. According to the program director of Greenpeace, the release that everyone is talking about could theoretically happen in Kuryanov.
Local residents have repeatedly complained to various authorities. At first, the authorities did not recognize that there was any harm from aeration fields at all. Now residents are being reassured that by 2018 one of the units of the treatment plant will be reconstructed, covered with special ceilings.
Moscow Oil Refinery
Kapotnya district, SEAD
The oil refinery in Kapotnya was one of the first to fall under suspicion when hydrogen sulfide smelled all over Moscow. However, local residents, who have set up a special Facebook group "MNPZ" to share news about the plant, say they encounter this kind of thing more often.
“A group of independent ecologists monitors atmospheric pollution measurement stations. As soon as the excesses begin, either the electricity or the Internet is turned off there. We recorded 22−24 MPC for hydrogen sulfide. This usually happens on weekends and late at night. Since we mostly have northwesterly winds, only we suffer.
When the southeast wind blew, all of Moscow understood what was happening,” explains Aleksey Mazur, a resident of neighboring Lublin, who in 2011 held a picket outside the factory building with several supporters.
Now, according to official data, the Moscow Refinery is undergoing modernization, which should be completed by 2020 and reduce the amount of harmful substances entering the atmosphere. Aleksey Mazur is skeptical about this: “The windows of my apartment overlook the Moscow Oil Refinery, and I can see everything that happens at the plant from the window. It is especially funny to hear when they say that a reconstruction is taking place. If it happened, I would see it from the window, but nothing happens at all.
Waste incineration plant No. 2
Otradnoye District, North-East Administrative District
Incinerator No. 2 in Otradnoye has a smaller capacity than two other Moscow waste incineration plants, but it causes no less discontent among the townspeople living nearby. Interviewed local residents claim that contrary to the SanPiN standards, which establish a sanitary protection standard with a radius of one kilometer, the nearest houses are 180 meters from the plant, and 24 institutions for children fall into this very minimum zone.
According to members of the VKontakte community "Let's close the waste incineration plant in SVAO / Otradnoye", they are suffocating from the night smell of burning and smog that fills their apartments at night and spoils their health. Muscovites living nearby applied to the prosecutor's office, Rospotrebnadzor, the health department, the prefecture and the council, but received an answer that the plant uses highly environmentally friendly German equipment.
“We are holding open collections of signatures for the closure of the incinerator, but only about 30% of the residents of nearby neighborhoods know about it,” local resident Dmitry, who lives in Otradnoye and asked not to be named, tells The Village. - Many associate the smell of burning at night with peat fires. Even on frosty January nights, oddly enough.”
At the end of the summer of 2013, Otradnoye was suffocating from burning, Dmitry turned to Mosekomonitoring, and at his request, checks were scheduled for the night of August 28. “Until August 25, the plant smoked with might and main, and two days before the start of the inspection it simply stood up: it turns out that the law obliges the controlling structure to notify the plant several days in advance. We began to breathe fresh air again. Naturally, the results of this check showed that everything is in order. If there was a check at all,” he says.
Photos: 2 - Sergey Mikheev / Kommersant, 3 - Roman Galkin / RIA Novosti, 4 - TASS
Text: Vitaly Mikhailyuk
] waste incineration plants, and it is planned to launch new project for the construction of a number of such plants throughout the country by a subsidiary of Rostec [ ] . This method allows to reduce the amount of household waste for disposal by about 10 times [ ] , as well as use additional energy from combustion for electricity generation or heat supply. But the coefficient of performance (COP), much lower than gas combustion, also remains open questions environmental hazard, since the combustion of chlorine-containing polymer materials leads to the formation of toxic substances, dioxins and furans [ ]
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✪ Waste incineration plant Energia. Educational film on ecology
Subtitles
Technologies
Exist various technologies waste incineration in waste incineration plants, they are mainly divided according to the type of furnaces in which they are burned.
Layer combustion
Stratified combustion is characterized by the supply of hot air currents on a layer of waste loaded onto a grate. There are several types of layered combustion: with a fixed grate, incineration with a fixed layer of waste, with a movable chain grate, with a fixed one.
Fluidized bed technology
In the fluidized bed technology, the waste is first separated into homogeneous fractions and then burned in special chambers in the presence of sand, dolomite chips or other absorbent that has a high thermal conductivity. In the process of combustion, the layer particles under the action of air jets begin to actively move, so that this behavior resembles the behavior of a liquid and also obeys the laws of hydrostatics. This method allows to reduce the emission of toxic substances during combustion. This method for the disposal of mixed waste is poorly suited, since a high amount of slag and emissions are generated.
Pyrolysis and gasification
Pressurized waste is heated in an oxygen-free environment. The result is liquids and gases with high specific heats of combustion that can be used as fuels. Pyrolysis is also used for the thermal disposal of hazardous waste. It is one of the most promising.
Dioxin afterburners
The destruction of the dioxin lattice occurs at a temperature above 1250 C, which must be maintained for at least two seconds. In this regard, volatile gases obtained from waste incineration are passed through a special chamber, where they are re-burned in order to reduce the concentration of dioxins to acceptable values.
Environmental Safety
At the moment, there are a large number of scientific studies confirming both the safety of incineration plants for the population, with strict observance of combustion technologies, as well as studies confirming the danger of emissions from such plants, as well as in the case of emergencies. in 2015, a study was published in the journal Waste Management, confirming that incinerators release only 0.09% (3.4 g per year) of dioxins into the air from the total amount in the air. The most dangerous were solid waste landfills, if the technology of burial of unseparated waste fractions and illegal dumps that produce 1300 grams of dioxins per year into the atmosphere were not observed. With the observance of technologies for the separate collection of waste, landfills are safer than such plants.
In 2015, the journal "Atmospheric Environment" published a study showing that an analysis of 6 waste incineration plants in the UK proved that the presence of thermal waste treatment plants does not increase concentrations heavy metals suspended particles and within a radius of 10 km.
In an analysis of 3 waste incineration plants in the Netherlands over a period of 10 years (2004-2013) it was proved that the concentration of mercury, dioxins and heavy metals in milk and plants grown directly next to the plants is similar to the average level in the Netherlands. The proximity of waste incineration plants does not reduce the quality of agricultural products.
Independent Scientific research from the UK Environmental Services Association found that incinerators operating in the UK do not have a significant detectable effect on the likelihood of cancer, infant mortality and respiratory diseases.
Emissions
Dioxins and furans
When burning waste containing chlorinated plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride, highly toxic substances are released - polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlordibenzodioxins (furans and dioxins). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (English) Russian, when burning one kilogram of waste containing chlorinated plastic (it is included in products such as packaging, plastic bottles, linoleum and others), about 40 micrograms of dioxins are released.
CO2
As a result of burning one ton of solid waste, approximately the same (1 ton) amount of carbon dioxide is released.
Other releases
The burned ton of waste accounts for 4 to 8 m³ of gaseous emissions, which contain nitrogen oxides, sulfur (IV), sulfur (VI), hydrochloric acid, heavy metals (, cadmium, lead and others) and dispersion dust.
cleaning
and sedimentation), a reactor with an additional input of active carbon, dust filters. For Russia, it is planned to use the dry scrubber technology, in which, due to the tangential swirling of the flow from flue gases and activated carbon, harmful substances are adsorbed on the surface of activated carbon. The advantage of this technology is the absence of toxic Wastewater and the need for subsequent filtration. The disadvantage of this technology is the settling of highly toxic slag, which is difficult and dangerous to bury.Waste incinerators in Russia
Existing waste incinerators in Russian Federation according to their waste disposal technology are outdated and are on the borderline of compliance with safety standards. At this point, the implementation of a pilot project for the construction of 4 plants in the Moscow region and 1 plant in the Republic of Tatarstan is implied. Upon completion of this project, the construction of such plants is planned in each region.
The pilot project for the construction of 4 plants in the Moscow region and 1 plant in the Republic of Tatarstan is called "Energy from waste" and received a negative assessment of the majority of the environmental community of the Russian Federation, some experts on the economic and energy development of the country.
The main reasons for the negative 1. There are other methods for reducing landfills, for example, technologies for separate collection of waste, followed by recycling of recyclable materials into new products . 3. In Europe, there is a shortage of waste for incineration and energy production, since there is a shortage of natural gas for thermal power plants in some EU countries, it is more environmentally friendly to export waste to other countries than to burn it in the territory of the Russian Federation. 4. Most of the EU countries refuse the proposed technology, and in general from waste incinerators, and recommends that the international community support the initiative of abandoning the construction of new waste incinerators.
Editor's note: Today, there are about 400 waste incineration plants (WIP) operating in the EU countries, most of which are located in France, Germany, Italy and Denmark. Many incineration plants in Europe dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) with further generation of heat and electricity. For example, in France and Denmark, the priority for loading energy sources is given first of all to incinerators, and only then, as the load grows, all other stations that burn biomass and fossil fuels are loaded. We bring to your attention an article on the experience of the first Russian waste incineration plant, which was visited in June 2010 by a delegation of NP "Russian Heat Supply" (NP RT) and specialists from the Riga heat supply organization JSC "Rigas Siltums".
Work experience of waste incineration plant No. 2 in Moscow
A.S. Lantsev, corresponding member. International Academy of Management, Director of the Moscow waste incineration plant No. 2,
B.V. crafts, Chief Engineer Moscow waste incineration plant No. 2, State Unitary Enterprise EcoTechProm, Moscow
Introduction
"Spetszavod No. 2" of the State Unitary Enterprise "EcoTechProm", located in the north of Moscow, was put into operation in 1975 (at that time it was located in an industrial area on the outskirts of the capital), which became the first waste incineration plant in the territory former USSR, which fully meets all the requirements for environmental protection in force at that time.
Technological equipment for the plant, consisting of two production lines with a capacity of 8.3 t/h of MSW each, supplied by the French company KNIM, made it possible to neutralize 72,000 tons of household waste per year. The gas-cleaning equipment consisted of electrostatic filters, which ensured that the standards in force at that time for emissions of harmful substances.
However, over the 20 years of operation of the plant, the requirements for the organization of the waste incineration process and the quality of flue gas cleaning, environmental safety and technological reliability of the equipment have increased significantly, despite the fact that during this time the city itself has grown, and the waste incineration plant ended up in a residential area. Therefore, in accordance with the "Program of Sanitary Cleaning of the City of Moscow" in 1995, the plant was stopped for reconstruction.
During the reconstruction, the choice for the supply of the main technological equipment justifiably fell on the same French firm, tk. For 20 years of the plant's operation, there were no complaints about the process equipment. Included in delivery
French equipment included three technological lines, consisting of steam boilers with grates for burning household waste, a complete gas cleaning system, a process control and management system, a continuous environmental monitoring system and overhead cranes. Increasing the number of production lines from two to three, while maintaining their unit capacity of 8.3 t/h of MSW, made it possible to increase reliability, ensure stable operation of the plant and increase its annual productivity to 150,000 tons of MSW.
A loan for the reconstruction of the plant was issued by one of the French banks for 10 years, during which the Moscow Government returned to the bank these Money including interest.
The performance of the multi-stage gas cleaning system fully meets the modern requirements of European and Russian standards for flue gas cleaning, which makes it possible to significantly reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
A single automated system fully controls the entire technological process, from waste disposal, flue gas cleaning and ending with environmental monitoring. Thus, the probability of operator error and the risk of an emergency situation are reduced to zero.
The steam generated in the boilers is used for the needs of the plant in heat and electricity.
energy. Electricity is generated in steam turbines, the surplus of which is fed into the city power grid of OAO Mosenergo.
Completion of the reconstruction of the plant and reaching its design capacity in 2001 made it possible to significantly reduce the volume of solid waste landfills and thereby improve the environmental situation in the capital.
We will discuss in more detail the features of the operation of the waste incineration plant below.
Receiving compartment and receiving bin for MSW. Household waste is delivered to the plant by road. Upon arrival, garbage trucks are weighed and checked for the absence of radiation, for which four radiological sensors are installed at the weighing point (during the operation of the enterprise, there were a total of 4-5 cases of exceeding the permissible radiological standards, there is a clear instruction for eliminating such precedents). Having passed the receiving department, the car passes through the overpass for unloading into the storage bunker, the volume of which is 39 thousand m 3 . Two overhead clamshell cranes distribute the garbage over the bunker, mixing it and removing bulky items from the total mass of household waste, after which the garbage is loaded into the receiving funnels of the boilers. The operator controls the cranes and monitors the process of loading garbage into funnels, thanks to the available video surveillance capabilities.
Steam boiler with a grate for burning MSW. After loading into the funnel of the boiler, MSW is fed by a feeder to the grate, where the waste is burned (Fig. 1). The feeder and grate are driven by reciprocating hydraulic cylinders. Primary air heated to +170 °C enters through the gaps between the grates, which is necessary for burning debris and cooling the grates. Secondary air is supplied through nozzles from a common air intake on both sides of the boiler furnace.
The gases formed during combustion with a temperature of about 900 °C enter the steam boiler, built on top of the grate, in which heat is recovered and the temperature of the flue gases is reduced to 240 °C. The steam produced in the boiler at a pressure of 15 atm and a temperature of 240 °C is sent to one of the three turbogenerators with an electric power of 1.2 MW each. A third of the generated electricity fully meets the plant's own needs, and the surplus is supplied to the city electrical network. The balance of generation and consumption of electricity is shown in fig. 2. The generated steam also fully covers the plant's own needs for thermal energy, the rest of the steam is sent to air condensers, and the resulting water at the outlet of the condensers is reused in the technological cycle.
Sludge department. The slag formed after burning garbage on the grate is sent to a water bath for cooling to a temperature of 50-60 ° C, from where it is unloaded by a special device onto a belt conveyor, with the help of which it is fed into the slag storage bunker. Ferrous metal is separated from the slag along the way to the storage bunker, which is then pressed (Fig. 3) and sold for processing, the annual volume of this metal is about 1.5 thousand tons. 1/12 part by volume. The slag from the storage bin is packed and sent to our two landfills for disposal, it can also be used for backfilling roads or making paving slabs. Thus, almost waste-free production is realized.
Gas purification system. For the first time in Russia, the enterprise has organized a four-stage gas cleaning system that fully meets the requirements of European standards for emissions of harmful substances, and even exceeds them in some positions.
Technological equipment for cleaning flue gases from the waste incineration boilers of the plant, with the exception of nitrogen oxides, was supplied complete with the main equipment by a French company. To clean gases from nitrogen oxides, a domestic technology was used, developed and patented by the Russian state university oil and gas them. THEM. Gubkin.
Flue gas cleaning begins already in the boiler, which is a kind of first stage of flue gas cleaning: by optimizing the combustion mode, a temperature of 900 °C is maintained in the radiant part of the boiler, and the flue gases are in this zone for more than 2 seconds, which ensures the decomposition of dioxins (the presence which is the main environmental problem when burning MSW, so it is very important to ensure their decomposition). If the temperature drops below 850 °C, the gas burner automatically turns on, which maintains the afterburning temperature in the desired range.
In addition, in the zone high temperature The boiler is supplied with a steam-carbamide mixture to suppress nitrogen oxides, the content of which is reduced to 50 mg/m 3, which is 4 times lower than at similar European plants. Here it is also worth noting the following, because the plant is located in a residential area, the Moscow Department of Nature Management and Environmental Protection set an emission limit corresponding to the concentration of nitrogen oxides in flue gases of 50-70 mg/m 3 .
The technological scheme of the system for non-catalytic purification of flue gases from waste incineration boilers from nitrogen oxides, implemented at MSZ No. 2, is as follows. Solid urea from the storage with the help of a screw feeder enters the container for the preparation of the solution, where chemically purified water is simultaneously supplied. The prepared 40% carbamide solution is automatically pumped into the working tanks by the signal of the level gauge sensor, then it is fed to the mixers by dosing pumps, where it is mixed with steam. The resulting reducing mixture is introduced into the calculated zone of the combustion chamber of waste incineration boilers by means of a special distribution system.
The process of reducing NO x with carbamide in case of excess consumption of the reducing agent, its inefficient mixing with flue gases, or a decrease in temperature in the input zone of the reducing agent below the optimal values may be accompanied by a breakthrough of unreacted ammonia, the content of which in the purified gases is regulated and in accordance with international standards should not exceed 10 mg/m 3 .
At a temperature of about 850 °C, the degree of purification is about 60%, with an increase in temperature to 900 °C it increases to 70% and reaches maximum values at the level of 80-85% at a temperature of 970-990 °C.
The concentration of ammonia in the treated gases at temperatures above 900 °C, typical for the normal operation of waste incineration boilers, does not exceed 10 mg/Nm 3 and is usually 3-5 mg/Nm 3 .
To control the content of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in flue gases, automatic gas analyzers made in Germany are used.
When developing an automated control system for the process of cleaning gases from waste incineration boilers, the features of the technological process of MSW incineration were taken into account, which result in constant changes over time in the combustion temperature, flue gas flow rate and NO x concentration.
In this case, the direct control algorithm is unacceptable, because continuous measurement of the composition and consumption of solid waste, affecting these indicators, is technically unfeasible. Therefore, the only possible principle on the basis of which it is possible to construct a contour automatic control NO x recovery process is the principle of automatic control with feedback according to the adjustable parameter.
The developed control system is a chain of series-connected links: NO x analyzer, microprocessor controller, power amplifier, urea solution dosing pump, mixer, reducing mixture supply pipeline, reaction zone. Such a circuit is available on each of the three production lines of the plant. Control over the operation of all circuits is carried out using a computer, which is an automated workplace for the operator. The operator can change the parameters of each of the control loops, collect data to analyze the history of the process. The computer is also used for emergency and technological signaling and for communication with the process control system of the plant.
According to the main technological indicators (the degree of purification of gases from nitrogen oxides and the content of ammonia in the purified gases), the purification system surpasses foreign analogues, and its cost is about an order of magnitude lower. Implementation of this domestic treatment technology at Incinerator No. 2 resulted in cost savings due to the replacement of imported technology of about USD 3.5 million.
In addition to monitoring the content of NO x , the gas analyzer constantly measures the content of NH 3 and SO 2 , the concentration of which is in the range of 10 and 30 mg/m 3 respectively, which is almost 1.5 times better than European standards.
In the boiler, due to a change in the direction of movement (up - down) of flue gases by 180 O, fly ash is partially released, which is removed by a conveyor to the ash removal system. In the direction of movement of flue gases from the boiler to the second stage of gas cleaning - the reactor - they are supplied with activated carbon to neutralize dioxins, furans and salts of heavy metals. The second stage of purification - the reactor - is a cylindrical flue of vertical execution. Here the milk of lime is sprayed and the acid component of the gases is neutralized. The content of HCl in flue gases is constantly monitored and is less than 3 mg/m 3 .
Lime milk is prepared in a special plant and pumped to a turbine mounted on the head of the reactor. Due to the high speed of the turbine (6000 rpm), lime milk is splashed in the reactor volume and acid gases are neutralized.
After the reactor, flue gases enter a bag filter of a pulse-jet type, where fly ash, dust and gas cleaning products (calcium salts formed when flue gases come into contact with milk of lime) are captured, as well as activated carbon, which is fed into the flue gases before the reactor. Dust settles on the outer side of the sleeves, which are cleaned automatically by the pulsation of air supplied from the compressor room. The dust content after the bag filter is 6 mg/m 3 as after a household vacuum cleaner.
After cleaning in a bag filter, flue gases are removed through a pipe 100 m high (Fig. 4). A gas analyzer is installed in the chimney, which constantly monitors the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases (Fig. 5), the temperature of which is about 130 ° C.
The plant, due to the presence of such a gas cleaning system, is absolutely safe and does not cause any harm to the environment, despite the fact that it is located in the city.
A kind of symbiosis of equipment has been created at the plant: the main equipment, consisting of three technological lines, including automatic control of their technological processes, is imported, all other equipment is domestic. This symbiosis proved to be excellent for almost 10 years of work of MSZ No. 2. This circumstance allowed us to significantly save on capital costs during the reconstruction of the plant in 2001. Today we are “sitting on an imported needle” in terms of maintaining the existing automation and control system, because it is protected and classified by the manufacturer, so if any automation unit fails, the plant is forced to purchase it abroad, and some of these units are no longer produced, and they have to be manufactured on special order, which significantly increases (by 3-4 times) node cost. As operating experience shows, the automation system itself becomes obsolete after 5-6 years, and we have been working with it for almost 10 years, while every year the cost of its maintenance increases in proportion to its aging. Only thanks to the qualified maintenance of the automation system, our specialists managed to work on it for such a long period without updating it. As for the rest, with regard to most of the spare parts of the used foreign equipment, many imported parts (including grates) on our order have been produced for quite a long time at the nearest Russian enterprises. Thus, we managed to almost completely get away from import dependence in terms of the supply of spare parts.
Our enterprise is the only one in the world practice that is successfully engaged in the utilization of the entire volume of ash produced using domestic patented technology. Ash, passing the entire gas path of the boiler, adsorbs salts of heavy metals, dioxins and furans, which refers it to the third hazard class. There is no solution for the disposal of ash abroad, therefore in some countries (for example, in Germany) it is buried in special salt mines at a depth of about 300 m, in other (in particular, in France) foreign countries it is buried in special landfills. According to the data at our disposal, only in Austria the ashes of waste incinerators are used in the process of obtaining the initial mass, from which cement is then prepared, but this share of ash is only 5% (the rest of the ash is buried in salt mines), while the country is conducting work to increase the proportion of ash.
The technology used at the plant makes it possible to neutralize and process ash of the third hazard class into environmentally friendly products - granulate, which has passed all the necessary tests, which is confirmed by a number of received certificates (hygienic, construction). The granulate is an artificial material such as crushed stone with a granule size of 5-20 mm, which can be used as a filler for concrete, as well as in the construction of embankments in road construction (Fig. 6) instead of or on a par with a filler of natural origin. The strength of this artificial material is higher compared to natural aggregates. The only drawback of the product obtained from the ash is its high cost (9 times higher) compared to the traditional materials used in the construction of embankments in road construction.
During the reconstruction of MSZ No. 2, the project provided for the incineration of MSW with a calorific value of up to 1500 kcal / kg, but for almost 10 years of operation of the reconstructed plant, the calorific value of “modern” waste increased to almost 2000 kcal / kg In connection with this, the volume of MSW incineration in the boiler decreased from 8 to 6.5 t/h, i.e. with an increase in the calorific value of MSW, the nominal steam output of boilers began to be achieved with a smaller volume of waste incineration. Considering that the primary task of the plant is waste incineration, therefore, reducing the volume of solid waste disposal in these conditions causes certain problems for the enterprise, respectively. If the plant's primary task was to sell the surplus of generated heat and electrical energy external consumers and there was such an opportunity, then the above circumstance for the enterprise would turn from a disadvantage into an advantage.
To be fair, it should be noted that when developing the project for the reconstruction of the plant, it was envisaged to transfer the generated thermal energy to external consumers. But when deciding whether to get specifications for connection to the heating networks of the city, the thermal energy generated at MSZ No. 2 was not needed by the city, because in Moscow, there was sufficient heat reserve, despite the fact that our enterprise generates heat energy without burning any fossil fuels (with the exception of a small amount of natural gas, which the enterprise needs mainly when starting boilers). Natural gas is burned until the combustion temperature in the boilers reaches the desired value, after which the gas burners are automatically turned off. In addition, the combustion of natural gas also starts at automatic mode when high humidity garbage enters the boilers (usually this happens during heavy rainfall outside), so as not to “lose” a two-second dioxin zone, on which the efficiency of reducing the concentration of harmful substances in flue gases depends.
Due to the fact that at the time of the reconstruction of MSZ No. 2 there was a problem of transferring thermal energy to external consumers, it was decided to reorient to electricity generation, so three block turbogenerators were installed (Fig. 7) with a capacitor domestic production(which were originally developed for military ships and nuclear submarines), respectively, operating in the condensation mode.
Thus, today the enterprise fully covers its own needs in heat and electricity, giving excess electricity to the electricity grid of OAO Mosenergo, as mentioned above. Of course, at the first stage, there were certain difficulties in obtaining technical conditions for connecting to the city's power grids, but we solved them through joint efforts with the Moscow Government.
Electricity, which goes to the company's own needs, is initially supplied to our 0.4 kV step-down substation. The surplus electricity generated passes through a 10 kV step-up substation and then enters the city's power grid. Surplus electricity is sold at a rate of about 0.6 rubles/kWh. Our income from the sale of electricity per month is about 450,500 thousand rubles.
Sometimes an enterprise switches completely to autonomous operation (having two inputs for electricity) without discharging excess electricity into the city power grid, but it is necessary to unload boilers and turbines, because. full load of power equipment is not required to meet own needs. For example, during the accident at electrical substation No. 510 "Chagino" in May 2005, when several districts of Moscow were left without power supply, MSZ No. 2 worked offline without any failures.
Unfortunately, at the time of the development of the project for the reconstruction of MSZ No. 2 in the 1990s. the designers decided to use boilers and turbines of low parameters, while the possibility of using equipment of high parameters was not considered, which naturally affected the volumes of heat and electricity generation.
A full load of the MSW receiving bin allows the plant to operate for about 3 days, therefore, during any maintenance work, as a rule, 1 boiler remains in operation, which avoids a complete shutdown of the plant. Preventive work are carried out every 5 thousand hours, overhaul- after 85 thousand hours of work.
In Russia there is no educational institutions who would purposefully train specialists for work at waste incinerators (due to their small number in the country).
Taking into account that with the start-up of the plant in 1975 and before its reconstruction, there were problems in terms of qualified operation of the equipment, at the stage of reconstruction of the plant, the new management of the enterprise recruited qualified personnel, the backbone of which were power engineers.
By the time the plant was commissioned after the reconstruction, the new staff was fully trained in the specifics of working at waste incinerators, so we had no problems with maintenance.
At the insistence of the Government of Moscow, in 2007 a French manufacturer of the main equipment carried out a comprehensive audit of MSZ No. 2, which showed that the plant is in excellent condition.
The number of employees at MSZ No. 2 is about 200 people, at a similar waste incineration plant in France, the number of employees is 60-70 people. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that all work (repair, maintenance and others, up to cleaning) for servicing foreign plants is carried out by external companies, at MSZ No. 2 all this work is carried out by the efforts of the enterprise’s own employees, which ultimately costs us less. And execution certain types work, taking into account the specifics of waste incineration plants, in Russia, in general, no third-party organization is carried out.
In total, no more than 5 waste incineration plants are located on the territory of Russia, and some of them are inoperative for various reasons (for example, the plant in Vladimir burned down due to the ignition of garbage in admissions office). All incinerators in Russia use foreign equipment (manufactured in France, the Czech Republic, Austria) as the main technological equipment.
Despite the small number of operating waste incineration plants in Russia (compared to foreign countries), the relevance of waste incineration is increasing every year, which requires the construction of an additional number of incinerators in the country.
For example, two Moscow landfills will be completely filled over the next 5 years, and there will simply be nowhere to take out most of the garbage (about 3.5 million tons of MSW are generated in Moscow annually). The tariff for solid waste disposal at landfills and for their disposal at the capital's waste incineration plants is almost equal: 2000 and 2140 rubles/t, respectively. There are 3 waste incinerators operating in Moscow today, according to one of the decrees of the Moscow Government, it is planned to build two more plants, but the dates for their construction have not yet been determined. It should also be noted that in 2011 MSZ No. 2 is scheduled for another modernization, which, according to preliminary estimates, will increase the productivity of the plant with the transfer of part of the thermal energy to external consumers. Modernization will take place at the expense of the investor.
Existing the legislative framework does not allow Russian waste incineration plants to operate as efficiently as they operate in foreign countries, in which, in particular, there are: preferential taxation for these objects; increased tariffs for the purchase of heat and electricity generated at waste incineration plants. Today, in Russia, all incinerators work on a common basis, which significantly affects the development of this area in our country.
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