On this moment In almost all countries of the world there are programs for the active “electronification” of the state apparatus, the so-called e-Country, which literally means “ electronic country". One of the priority projects of these programs is the creation of e-Government, “ e-government».
The idea of creating e-government arose back in 1990. Many developed countries are actively working on its implementation. The main principle of the reorganization of the state was its service orientation, which makes it possible to implement the principle formulated in Great Britain: “The government is not for itself, the government is for the people.” “Electronic government in the world and in Russia” 12/15/2005. PC Magazine/Russian Edition.
In terms of such an indicator as innovations in the field of e-government, Canada has been ahead of the rest for several years in a row (Back in 1994, the country’s government released the document “Project for the provision of services by government agencies using information technologies"). Following her on the list of leaders are Singapore and the USA “Electronic government: bringing the official closer to the citizen?” Connect! World of Communication. 11.2004 (although the law on “electronic government” was signed by the US President only at the end of 2002). Since the beginning of 2000, the governments of Japan, Dubai and Qatar began implementing such a project. In the UK there is a program “E-Citizens, E-Business, E-Government. Strategic concept of public services in the information age”, on the basis of which the transition to the concept of “Government of the Information Age” is being carried out. Sergo A.G. Internet and law. M. 2003. In Europe, according to the eEurope 2002 Action Plan directive adopted by the EU in June 2000, a program for creating national electronic governments should be implemented by 2005.
The implementation of the e-government concept implies extensive use by government agencies modern technologies. Electronic governments created abroad contain: online services for citizens and businesses on a single portal, electronic document management in government agencies, a common database across government agencies to prevent duplication of information and repeated costs. Some governments create a closed specialized information network for intra-governmental transactions (for example, Govnet - a secure network physically separated from the Internet), an extensive information and telecommunications infrastructure, cryptography systems and other methods of protecting information, including personal data, digital signature, electronic key, smart cards, others means of authorizing access to information and operations with it. "Fundamentals of legal informatics." 11.4 "Electronic government" in Russia. Chubukova S.G. Elkin V.D.
According to the definition of the European Commission, e-government is the use of information and telecommunication technologies in government structures against the backdrop of organizational reforms and the formation of skills among civil servants aimed at improving the functioning of government agencies and increasing the level of services they provide. It follows from this that the basic goal of introducing electronic signatures is to increase the efficiency of public services. Electronic signature principles imply the possibility of receiving traditional government services online. For citizens, this may include filing tax returns, voting, receiving copies of various certificates, paying utilities, registration renewal Vehicle and driver's license, job search, etc. For business - registering new companies, updating licenses, paying corporate taxes, sending information to statistical authorities, filing customs declarations, making payments to social insurance funds, carrying out government procurement, etc.
Development of e-governments in different countries peace
1980-09-22 00:00:00
Singapore
In 1980-1985, the first national computerization plan was implemented, during which reporting was translated into automated form and data processing procedures were created. Over the past two decades, there have been a number of national programmes, each building on the success of the previous one in steadily moving towards making Singapore a connected nation. National ICT programs have resulted in many public administrations and services exploiting technology to improve efficiency, quality of service and access through electronic channels. Services previously provided by various Ministries and Departments of the Government of Singapore are now provided through the E-Government program at www.egov.gov.sg.
1987-09-01 00:00:00
South Korea
The decision to develop the infrastructure and e-government base in South Korea was made in 1987. Thanks to this system, residents of the country can perform almost all transactions without leaving home: from shopping in stores to paying bills and processing documents. IN in public places you can see special terminals where it is easy to find necessary information or print any certificate. South Korea annually ranks first or second in the world both in terms of average Internet speed and broadband coverage of the population. A few years ago, a 100% electronic document management system was introduced in the public sector of the country.
1993-09-21 17:53:03
USA
A systematic approach to the development of e-government was laid down in the 90s of the last century. E-government in the United States began with the creation of the US President's website in 1993. In the United States, the development of e-government is carried out by a special division of the US presidential administration - the Office of E-Government and Information Technology, which, in turn, is a division of the Office of Management and Budget. The E-Government Department is headed by the Federal Director for Information Technology. The most popular e-government service in the United States is electronic tax filing.
1994-09-22 00:00:00
Canada
Back in 1994, Canada was one of the first in the world to solve the problem of open access to information for government agencies. Having divided the project into three stages of implementation, the Canadians set the task of building an “electronic government” system in five years. As a result of the modular principle, the system was divided into four circuits: the Canadian site; information portal combining sub-portals; intermediate software, including a search engine, business process automation systems, application and data integration systems; infrastructure software consisting of a paper and paper management system electronic documents, electronic storage and database management systems. Today, as part of the work carried out to implement the project, the Canadian authorities are working and directly interacting with the population through the most powerful information portal, uniting up to 500 Internet sites.
2001-08-31 18:14:08
Latvia
The website politica.lv, which covers public policy issues in Latvia, was created in 2001 with the overall goal of improving the quality of public policy in the country. Its main sub-goals: 1) ensuring the availability of information resources in the field of public policy; 2) supporting an environment for qualified discussions of public policy; 3) increasing the level of public policy. The website provides resources on the following topics: public policy making, social inclusion, rule of law and corruption, human rights, civil society, education and employment, information society and external relations.
2002-08-31 06:49:19
Germany
In Germany, since March 2002, the so-called Online Form Center has been operating, accessible through the portal www.bund.de. It provides access to approximately 1000 various forms documents used for communication between citizens and government departments. All government departments can use this centralized infrastructure for their online services. Germany was one of the first countries to introduce the electronic passport (ePass), which uses a microchip, in November 2005. Data such as last name, first name, patronymic, date of birth, nationality, as well as a digitized image of the owner's face are stored there.
2002-08-31 12:24:56
Brazil
In 2002, Brazil set itself the goal of using ICT for voting. During the first round of the 2002 national elections, Brazilian voters were exposed to the technology of completely electronic elections for the first time. The success of these technologies, reflected in the relative absence of technical problems in voting, has been a major achievement for a country with a large population. For elections throughout the country, 406,000 electronic "ballot boxes" were placed. This technique is the size of cash machine can operate without connection to the power grid and communication infrastructure, which is important for Brazil, given that many polling stations are located in sparsely populated areas where access to telephone lines limited. To cast your vote, it was enough just to type on the keyboard the code corresponding to one or another candidate. After voting, the machine screen displayed digital photography the selected candidate and an offer to confirm your choice (or change it).
2002-08-31 18:14:08
Russia
In 2002, the Federal Target Program “Electronic Russia” was adopted, designed for the period until 2010. The result of the Program was the introduction and subsequent development of information technologies at all levels of government: federal and municipal. On August 16, 2007, the Russian government approved the concept of “electronic government”.
2002-09-01 00:00:00
Estonia
In 2002, a single state portal was created that united all electronic services for citizens, businesses and officials. Registration on the Portal https://www.eesti.ee takes place using an ID card, which is an electronic identification document of a citizen. An ID card is an identification document for a resident of Estonia over the age of 15, as well as for a foreigner who has received a residence permit or work permit. Additionally, the ID card gives you the right to put an electronic signature on documents, which is equal by law to a handwritten signature.
2004-08-31 06:49:19
Kazakhstan
The idea of creating an electronic government in Kazakhstan was voiced in the annual Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 19, 2004. On November 10, 2004, the Electronic Government Formation Program for 2005-2007 was approved. The implementation of the program involved a phased solution of the following tasks: Information stage - publication and dissemination of information. Interactive stage - provision of services through direct and reverse interaction between a government agency and a citizen. Transactional stage - interaction through the implementation of financial and legal transactions through the government portal. The transformation stage is the creation of complex, composite electronic services. Maximum efficiency in the provision of socially significant services. On April 12, 2006, the e-government web portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan was launched for the first time.
a) initial emergence - the online presence of government agencies on the World Wide Web is deployed;
b) expanded presence - government websites are constantly increasing, and the information on them is becoming more and more dynamic;
− Develop the capacity of the health sector.
In order to monitor the progress of the program or its results, it is important to define measurable indicators - indicators - already at the development stage. Indicators are developed by experts in relation to the objectives that the program is aimed at solving, and make the results of the program “measurable”.
Projects for the creation of e-government are the construction of an information society, which in turn is a consequence of the active development and implementation of information technologies in all spheres of life.
The information society can be defined as one with a highly developed information infrastructure and massive penetration of information and communication technologies into all spheres of public and personal life.
The next indicator is the number of government services available online. This indicator is one of the main indicators for assessing government informatization. At the same time, in addition to assessing the total share of government services provided to the population online, as a rule, the level of informatization of the basic set of services is also highlighted. This “basic set” is usually defined within the framework of the concept of “electronic government” development. Thus, there are two indicators - an indicator of the general informatization of services, and an indicator of the informatization of the minimum required set of public sector services.
− using the Internet from home;
− use of government services online;
− level of complexity of online services;
− availability of information and communication technologies and resources for building e-government;
− preferences in terms of forms of access to e-government and existing barriers to access.
Several new indicators have also been proposed to measure user attitudes towards new forms of service delivery:
a) Government - Citizens (G2C)
1) Perception of the benefits of “electronic government” by citizens;
2) Barriers to the use of “electronic government” by citizens;
3) The desire of citizens to use the services of “electronic government”;
4) The attitude of citizens towards alternative forms of receiving services.
b) Government – Business (G2B)
1) The effectiveness of “electronic government” from a business point of view;
Tracking the development of "electronic governments" and assessing their effectiveness are special tasks, since the object of research is dynamic, new and poorly understood. It should be noted that the research is aimed at studying the potential of “electronic governments”, that is, what citizens and government structures themselves can get from the use of information and communication technologies in the provision and consumption of services.
For example, in a study conducted by the UN (Benchmarking E-government: A Global Perspective), the concept of an “electronic government development index” (e-Government index) was introduced and this index was determined for 169 UN member countries. The measurement was carried out according to three parameters : in World Wide Web(Web presence), development of telecommunications infrastructure (Telecommunications Infrastructure) and development human capital(Human Capital). The higher the level of government presence on the Internet, the more developed the telecommunications system in the country, and the higher the human development index, the higher the e-government development index. That is, the e-government development index reflects a country's potential to use online government services, but not the actual use of these services.
In a well-known study by Accenture (eGovernment Leadership – Realizing the Vision), the level of maturity of “electronic governments” was assessed by the level of service development (Service Maturity) and the quality of customer relationship management (Customer Relationship Management). Accenture experts logged into government websites and posed as clients to evaluate the e-government dimensions outlined above. Thus, in this case, the potential of “electronic governments” was assessed - what clients can receive, but not what exactly and in what volumes they actually receive.
The question of the practical use of online government services was asked by the marketing company Taylor Nelson Sofres (TNS). In 2002, TNS studied the use of e-government by adults in 31 countries (Government online – an International Perspective). Unlike the cases mentioned above, TNS addressed e-government clients directly. Was used to collect information. In total, the sample was more than 29,000. This study showed that people actually used e-government services. In this case, an assessment of the potential (level of development) of the “electronic governments” themselves was not carried out.
It seems that in order to correctly assess the development of “electronic governments” in the world, in an individual country, region or city, it is necessary to take into account both dimensions:
− The potential of “electronic government” – the number of services available online; the degree of interactivity of these services; user-centricity and .
Table 1.3 – Proportion of population using the Internet per month (2000)
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Malaysia |
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Slovakia |
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No data |
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Average by country |
In order to show the level of Internet penetration in different countries, two parameters were selected: home access and the percentage of those who use the Internet once a month. The first indicator is given for the countries of the European Union, and for the 31 countries around the world that participated in the study “TNS CONSULTANTS: Government online, International perspective 2002”. of these two indicators in 2002 allows us to conclude that their values are comparable
1.1.6.9.2 Frequency of Internet use.
According to: FLASH EB N°125 “Internet and the public at large” – Report 2002
1.1.6.9.3 Reasons for using the Internet
Pan-European studies highlight the following main services for private Internet users (ranked by popularity):
Table 1.5 – Reasons for using the Internet in EU countries
According to: FLASH EB N°125 “Internet and the public at large” – Report 2002
The Internet is the most popular means of communication, 79% of respondents use by email and use the Internet for information, and 74% read news online and participate in forums.
1.1.6.9.4 Level of development of “electronic government”
Level of use of “electronic government” by citizens:
Netherlands
New Zealand
Ireland
Germany
South Korea
Slovakia
Great Britain
Malaysia
Average by country
According to: TNS CONSULTANTS: Government online, International perspective 2002
Assessing the accessibility of e-government.
The study “Web-based Survey on Electronic Public Services” by CGE&Y is focused on the study of “electronic government” services in the European Union. Two aspects are measured: the availability (of) e-government services and the provision of online services. This study is carried out twice a year based on a standard list of e-government services for EU countries, which makes it possible to best track changes in e-government capacity.
October 2002
According to: Web-based Survey on Electronic Public services. Results of third measurement October 2002
Value added taxes
Registration of new companies
Customs declarations
Environment
Declarations for the police
Only 12% of government websites worldwide provide fully online services, down 4% from 2001. Of these, 7% offer one service, 2% offer two services, and only 3% offer three or more types of services. 88% of government websites do not provide any services at all.
Table 1.12 – Number of online services on government websites
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Number of services |
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Three or more |
The most common services on government sites were general postings, followed by holiday booking, job search, passport ordering and driver's license renewal.
Table 1.13 – The most common online services (2002)
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Order publications |
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Reservation of holiday |
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Job search |
6%Asia 41%15%4%2% |
Adapted from: Global E-Government, 2002 by Darell M. West, Center for Public Policy, Brown University
One of the reasons why the development of online services is slowing down is the inability to use credit and electronic signatures in financial transactions. Only 1% of government websites analyzed accepted credit cards and 0.2% accepted digital cards for financial transactions. Among the sites accepting digital signatures, were the Singapore government portal and government controlled in Japan.
Kazakhstan. The idea of creating an electronic government in Kazakhstan was voiced in the annual Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 19, 2004.
The e-government portal www.egov.kz is being developed by the national operator in the field of information technology of the Republic of Kazakhstan JSC National Information Technologies, a subsidiary of JSC National Infocommunication Holding Zerde.
- On November 10, 2004, the Electronic Government Formation Program for 2005–2007 was approved. The implementation of the program involved a phased solution of the following tasks:
- 1. Information stage? publication and dissemination of information.
- 2. Interactive stage? provision of services through direct and reverse interaction between government agencies and citizens.
- 3. Transactional stage? interaction by carrying out financial and legal transactions through the government portal.
- 4. Information society
In the period from 2007 to 2009, the e-government infrastructure was formed, basic components were created: web portal and e-government gateway, e-government payment gateway, electronic interdepartmental document flow, public key infrastructure, unified transport environment government agencies,national registers of identification numbers, electronic government services have been implemented.
The information system “Electronic state procurements". From January 1, 2010? 100% transition of government procurement by requesting price proposals to electronic format, on www.goszakup.gov.kz. In 2009–2010 the implementation of the “E-Licensing” projects for business entities, the “Unified Notary Information System “e-Notariat”, and the “Electronic Akimat” systems has begun
In 2010, the first transactional services appeared on the portal, offering the possibility of making online payments. Thus, first of all, online payment of taxes, government fees, duties and fines for traffic violations was implemented, and in 2011 - payment for housing and communal services.
In 2011, the e-government portal offered citizens of Kazakhstan civil registry services in a new electronic format, automating the procedure for filing an application for marriage/divorce and registering the birth of a child.
During 2013, a number of other socially important programs were launched on the e-government portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan. public services, including the services of the Civil Registry Office, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
In total, users of the e-government portal are offered 119 interactive and transactional services on the e-government portal. This number includes 77 public services, payment of 21 types of state fees, 16 types of state duties, 4 types of tax payments, as well as payment of fines for violations of traffic rules.
According to the UN ranking on global readiness for e-government in 2014, Kazakhstan occupies 46th position. In the classification according to the indicator " electronic participation"(e-participation) of citizens in electronic government projects in 2014, Kazakhstan is in 18th place.
Russia. The concept of e-government was approved on May 6, 2008 by the Russian Government. According to this concept, “electronic government” will be created in two stages:
- · 2008? development and approval necessary documents
- · 2009?2010? practical implementation
- On September 10, 2009, Resolution No. 721 “On Amendments to the Federal target program“Electronic Russia (2002?2010)”.
IN new edition The program practically reflects the activities, goals, performance indicators aimed at building the infrastructure of the electronic government of Russia and implementing the Concept of formation in Russian Federation electronic government until 2010 (Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2008 No. 632-r)
According to the provisions of the Program, will the construction of the e-government infrastructure be built on a unified technological platform by combining its functional elements on a single telecommunications infrastructure? information systems federal executive authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government, as well as public access infrastructure elements? access centers in public reception areas, libraries and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Russian Post", departmental and regional centers telephone service, websites of government agencies on the Internet, regional multifunctional service centers. In addition to providing services for citizens and organizations, the main tasks of the e-government infrastructure include the construction of information and analytical systems to improve the efficiency of public administration, monitor socio-economic development, manage the progress of priority national tasks (the code name GAS “Management”), that is, significant issues of improvement and administrative reform of public administration in Russia.
In St. Petersburg, Governor Valentina Matvienko and Oracle Corporation President Charles Phillips signed an agreement of intent in the field of information technology.
“Electronic government of the Russian Federation” means new form organizing the activities of bodies state power, which, through the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT), provides a qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for citizens and organizations to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of government bodies.
As of September 2010, only one region began working with the “electronic government” system? This is the Republic of Tatarstan. According to press reports, work is underway to introduce systems in several more regions.
Expert of the TACIS Development of Internet Based Interactive Government to Business Services in Northwest Russia project Dmitry Trutnev: “The very fact of movement to create something within the framework of “electronic government” is needed, but at the same time there is neither the tools to evaluate the effectiveness nor the desire to do this not for the sake of report, not for show, but precisely for the benefit of the population in the regions”
Representatives of St. Petersburg business: CEO"St. Petersburg Construction Corporation" Boris Surovtsev: “Does it all depend on the system? how it will be organised. If there is control (and this is quite possible to organize) the time spent working on this appeal, the response? under these conditions, officials will have to work, they are a forced people "
In 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev spoke about the pace of development of the information society in Russia:
We do not have any "electronic government", all this is a chimera.
Belarus. August 9, 2010? Decree of the Council of Ministers (No. 1174) ? adopt the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Republic of Belarus for the period until 2015 (provides for the creation of an “Electronic Government” system). An interdepartmental working group is being created from representatives of government agencies to develop a draft state program for implementing the strategy.
Presidential Decree No. 60 and Government Decree No. 645 established certain requirements for the content of government agency websites.
NIRUP "Institute of Applied Software Systems" (part of the structure of the Ministry of Communications and Informatization). Areas of work:
- Development or creation of large state information systems for state bodies: Ministry of Justice (Unified State Register legal entities and entrepreneurs), for the Ministry of Taxes and Duties, for the Fund social protection, for the Department of securities Ministry of Finance, etc.
- · National Automated Information System, OAIS (actually is the core of the e-government infrastructure)
- State registration of information resources and state registration of information systems (the institute is determined by the Ministry of Communications as their operator)
Also already operating: a single state portal of electronic services, a system is being introduced electronic auctions public procurement (public procurement in electronic format? the first step towards the start of the implementation of the agreement on public (municipal) procurement).
Directive No. 4 “On the development of entrepreneurial initiative and stimulation business activity in the Republic of Belarus" provides for the possibility of electronic state registration legal entities and individual entrepreneurs and the creation of a web portal for the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs (USR). The project was put into commercial operation
USA. In the United States, is a special unit of the US presidential administration engaged in the development of e-government? Office of E-Government and Information Technology, which, in turn, is a division of the Management and Budget Department). The E-Government Department is headed by the Federal Director for Information Technology. The position of Federal Director of Information Technology was introduced by the e-Government Law of 2002, until 2009 this position was called "Administrator of e-Government and Information Technology" under the Office of Management and Budget.
The UN e-Government Review 2018 will be published as part of the implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Plan (SDG), which is in its third year. Governments have the primary responsibility for developing policies and measures to build resilience and help those most affected by shocks in achieving the SDG. They must find ways to anticipate disasters and shocks and reduce their impact. Governments are increasingly using digital technologies to improve responses to natural disasters and other shocks to build community resilience. At the same time, the development of ICT has added a new dimension of vulnerability. This requires strengthening resilience in other areas where governments are not always well equipped. Governments are also encouraged to find ways to ensure good standards and guarantees in online public services, such as digital health, in close collaboration with the private sector. Overall, in information society it is important to move to an approach in which the problems of developing sustainability and sustainable development fit into the development of e-government, leaving no one behind. The study will look at how to move in this direction. This overarching topic will be explored against the backdrop of an EGDI-based analysis of e-government trends around the world.
Electronic government in support of sustainable development
The 2016 UN E-Government Study on “E-Government for Sustainable Development” offers an overview of trends in e-Government development around the world. More governments in all regions of the world are embracing information and communications technology (ICT) to deliver services and involve people in decision-making processes, according to survey data. The 2016 UN Study on e-Government provides new evidence that e-government has the potential to support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study shows a positive global trend towards higher levels of e-government development as countries in all regions increasingly embrace innovation and use new ICTs to deliver services and involve people in decision-making processes. It highlights that one of the most important new trends is the promotion of people-centred services - services that reflect and are driven by people's needs. At the same time, inequality within and between countries remains. Lack of access to technology, poverty and inequality prevent people from fully benefiting from the potential of ICT and e-government for sustainable development.
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