Basic terms and functions of e-government. Electronic government in the countries of the world: UN rating

Structure of e-government

E-government is a communication environment where power structures and civil society interact. It reflects the objective processes of political management modern society in various directions.

In structure e-government distinguish the following modules:

· interaction government agencies with citizens (G2C);

Interaction of state bodies with private business (G2B);

Interaction of government agencies with public organizations and bodies local government(G2G);

interaction of state bodies with partners and providers of necessary services (G2B);

interaction between state bodies (between legislative, executive and judicial authorities; between ministries and departments of the central government; between central and local authorities; between individual civil servants (politicians) (G2G);

· interaction of state bodies of a certain country with foreign entities (foreign citizens, businesses, governments of other countries and international organizations) (G2G).

In the very general view e-government structure can be represented in Figure 1:

Figure 1. e-government modules.

So, the first component is the Government-to-Government module - the interaction between various branches of government. In general, the functions of the “government to government” service can be described as reducing the cost of government work, speeding up the passage of documents through its structures, increasing the ability to control the activities of individual bodies and employees, increasing competition between employees and improving their qualifications, and most importantly, preventing corruption.

E-government transforms not only the relations between citizens and power structures, but also relations within the government - between its individual branches, levels, divisions. Moreover, it is not only the network infrastructure that is being changed. executive power but in general the entire infrastructure of state power and administration. That is, from this point of view, it would be more accurate to call e-government an electronic state, an electronic state apparatus, electronic infrastructure State, State of the Information Society.

The electronicization of government activity in the field of communication between departments and agencies, between central and local governments, between individual politicians provides a number of benefits, such as increasing the reliability of data and the efficiency of their application, reducing the cost of transactions, improving the use of knowledge bases and improving the state structure.

Speaking about e-government and in particular about the implementation of the G2G module, it should be understood that, first of all, we are talking about informatization of all management processes in public authorities at all levels, on the informatization of interdepartmental relations, on the creation of computer systems capable of supporting all the functions of interaction between these bodies with the population and business structures. It is impossible to talk about the fact that an intragovernmental transaction is implemented in an electronic, paperless mode, if the corresponding process is not automated in the departments or not. electronic document management. Separate operations, say, sending by e-mail a document that is printed again by the addressee for submission to another official for signature, in no way characterize the government as electronic. For example, the "Elektronische Akt" (ELAK) project is one of the central elements of the "electronic government" program in Austria throughout the federal administration and is used in 12 federal ministries.

When implementing e-government in this module, there is a shift in emphasis from vertical to horizontal communications within the government, between its various departments and branches of government. Through the creation of an intragovernmental information network and transferring to it the main and specific databases with which different parts of the government structure work, the forced duplication of functions and information, the parallel exercise of control and supervision over the work of individual bodies and the performance of individual works are eliminated.

Open, publicly accessible information resources for each member of the intragovernmental network make it possible to avoid situations where, at a certain stage in the passage of information through the levels of the government hierarchy, it is deliberately distorted, some facts are concealed and others are falsified. The possibility of such falsification today is often the reason for the spread of corruption - due to the desire of some officials to hide certain facts or to achieve a favorable decision for them.

Another immediate consequence of the introduction of the G2G service is the complete transition to electronic document management of all government structures, which provides significant savings in consumables and time of junior staff, which is still spent on the transfer, reproduction, search and distribution of documents.

The second module of e-government is the Government-to-Business (G2B) relationship, which describes the relationship between the state and the private economy based on the use of modern information and communication technologies. The state has a large number of various connections not only with individual citizens, but also with legal entities representing the economy, entrepreneurship and business. The use of electronic tools and technologies facilitates the design and implementation of a variety of business processes. An example of such a relationship would be open auction or tenders via the Internet or electronic submission of applications for various changes.

At the G2B/B2G level, the introduction of e-government makes it possible to reduce the costs of government agencies through the optimal use of outsourcing technologies and create a more transparent public procurement system (eProcurement) .

The unified system of electronic public procurement involves the creation of a portal where government agencies must announce tenders and the conditions for their conduct, which has already been successfully implemented in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This will solve the problem of free competition in public procurement and avoid market distortion resulting from preference for certain producers.

For business organizations that spend an unacceptable amount of time reporting to regulatory government agencies, e-government will allow the following operations to be transferred online: payments to social insurance funds for employees; payment of VAT (declaration, notification of the results of verification of declarations); registration of new companies; providing information to statistical authorities; submission of customs declarations, etc.

The third module is Government-to-Citizen, interaction between the state and citizens. The functioning of G2B and G2C services means, first of all, the creation of appropriate network resources, on the basis of which the services themselves are already being built.

Now bringing information to citizens is mainly carried out through the media and is irregular. People do not have access to necessary documents as needed. The e-government system provides citizens with the following opportunities:

Reducing the time to apply for services and the time for the provision of services by government agencies. Citizens will be able to access government websites and fill out forms, make an appointment, purchase licenses and permits, file tax returns and applications for social benefits (apply for unemployment benefits, for a child, etc.), search for work through services employment, draw up personal documents (passport, driver's license), register vehicles, certificates (birth, marriage), apply for admission to higher educational establishments, inform about a change of residence, etc. Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, the service of electronic tax declaration is already available using the website of the certification center of the Republican unitary enterprise"Information and publishing center for taxes and fees".

Delivering services through better collaboration across government agencies. Citizens will not need to carry certificates from one department to another - an online application will be enough, in which all further exchange of documents and information will take place within the electronic government within a fixed time frame.

The public will be better informed about government laws, regulations, policies and services. Access to a variety of information will be simplified: bills, materials of hearings in committees and documents on the budget. It will be possible to monitor the actions of their elected representatives, create groups of influence and express their opinions in real time. The vast majority of sites offer departmental phone numbers (70%) and postal addresses(67%). Nearly 71% of government websites worldwide offer various publications of documents to citizens, and 41% provide databases. Almost 42% have links to external non-governmental sites where a citizen can apply for additional information.

E-government implements the concept of transparent government, or the so-called e-democracy (e-democracy). The increase in the degree of transparency of the work of state bodies should improve public control over the work of the government and reduce the level of corruption. Citizens will be able to influence the adoption more effectively management decisions in the state. Government projects will be based more on priorities set by citizens rather than solely by the government.

People living abroad will be able to participate in the affairs of their fatherland. The introduction of e-government will contribute to the development of existing online civil forums (online citizens "forums) and the practice of electronic petitions (e-petitions). The Internet will be more widely used for organizing elections (online voter registration, publication of results, use of the Internet to simplify the voting process). Online Elections will allow people to vote virtually anywhere, using the device of their choice, a service provided by the Irish government website.

Thus, the G2B and G2C services are aimed at a wide audience, at representatives of all social groups that in one way or another are in the sphere of influence of these services. The professional elite of the information technology industry only coordinates and corrects the process of formation information society and implementation of the e-government project. Everyone is gradually becoming users of e-government services social groups, since the purpose of creating e-government is the optimization of social, political and economic processes associated with power.

Based on the considered aspects, we can say that the organic interaction of the government, business and citizens within the framework of the e-government creation project allows to accelerate the development of the economy, reduce the costs of bureaucratic procedures, increase the efficiency and productivity of government departments, expand the population's opportunities in the formation of civil society through improving access to various kinds of information, creating a more transparent work of public services, weakening bureaucratic barriers.

So, the functions of e-government are defined as follows:

Organization government controlled on the basis of electronic means of processing, transmitting and distributing information, providing services of state bodies of all branches of government to all categories of citizens (pensioners, workers, businessmen, civil servants, etc.) by electronic means, informing

I use the same means of citizens about the work of state bodies;

Information technologies in public administration;

State on the Internet;

A metaphor that means information interaction between public authorities and society using information and telecommunication technologies;

Transformed for government and government organizations ideas of electronic business in which the government acts as a kind of corporate user of information technologies;

automated public services, whose main functions are; ensuring free access of citizens to all necessary state information, tax collection, registration Vehicle and patents, issuance of the necessary information, conclusion of agreements and registration of supplies of materials and equipment necessary for the state apparatus;

The use of new technologies, including Internet technologies, in government bodies.

The introduction of e-government technologies can lead to a reduction in costs and savings for taxpayers on the maintenance and financing of the state apparatus, an increase in the openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies.

E-government allows, among other things, to solve three main problems of power: to introduce electronic document management, which will reduce bureaucratic delays and speed up decision-making; make a state and municipal government more transparent, bureaucratize power and bring it closer to the citizens.

E-government gives citizens more opportunities to influence the life of the country by giving them the opportunity to express their point of view through Internet technologies. At the same time, the Internet allows public authorities to increase their importance and influence by providing new services that are maximally adapted to the consumer. It is important to note that e-government is not an automation of existing processes, it is not a duplication in in electronic format off-line activities, but the creation of new processes and new relationships between the “governed and the ruling”, aimed at improving the efficiency of the state as a whole.

Thus, e-government is a concept new system state management, an element of a large-scale information transformation of society. Change regulatory framework, educational priorities, principles of budget formation and spending, environmental guidelines, redistribution of areas of priority competence of state and public structures, shifting emphasis in the economy, updating and expanding value structures, shifting emphasis in the economy, updating and expanding the value paradigms of society - all this, together with many other components of the life of society, is the basis for reengineering public administration based on the creation and functioning of the principles of e-government.

The introduction of e-government in the country harmonizes the relationship between the authorities and the population, reduces dissatisfaction with the authorities, softens the political confrontation due to the constructive electronic dialogue of the whole society and the authorities. As a result, a new paradigm of public administration is being formed, based on the interaction via the Internet of all structures and institutions of society: civil servants, business, active citizens, educational and research institutions, public groups, civil organizations.

2. Three stages of e-government

Usually, there are three stages in the process of e-government implementation.

Stage 1 ( publicity). At this stage, ICT tools expand and make faster and more targeted access of citizens, organizations and enterprises to government information. To implement this stage, the authorities create their own websites, which host legislative and other regulations, forms required documents, statistical and economic data. The main element of this stage is the speed of updating information and the availability of a government web portal that integrates all government information resources and provides access to them “through one window”. This stage in Belarus is actually implemented by the website of the president, supplemented by websites of the government, ministries, executive committees and other authorities.

Stage 2 ( online transactions). At the second stage public services(registration of real estate and land plots, filling in tax returns, filing applications for permits) are provided online. The transition to this stage allows optimizing bureaucratic and labor-intensive procedures, reduces the scale of corruption (virtual contact with an official reduces his ability to extort bribes). The implementation of this stage allows the authorities to provide services in electronic form(e-services) to the population and companies 24 hours a day and 7 days a week through a "one window" (the government portal mentioned above).

Stage 3 ( participation). At the third stage, the participation of society in public administration is ensured by providing interactive interaction between citizens and firms with politicians and officials throughout the entire cycle of public policy development at all levels of government. It is implemented with the help of web forums, where draft normative and legislative acts are discussed, proposals are accumulated. A typical example of a web forum was organized quite recently in Belarus on the issues of the Belarusian state ideology.

3. Top Ten E-Government Actions

1. Systematically announce all government meetings. Provide time, place, agenda, and opportunities for citizens to submit proposals, participate, or observe (virtually) the proceedings.

2. Place on home page the website's "democracy button" which opens to the user a dedicated section on the purpose and mission of government agencies and organizations, key government officials, links to key laws, budget details, and other government accountability information. Publish information about how citizens can most effectively influence the policies of an institution. This may include links to relevant committees and bodies of the national/local parliament.

Topic 10. Electronic government in the system of public administration

1. Information technology and the new mission of administrative power

Modern computer technologies are increasingly intruding into the work of power structures, into the relationship between citizens and the state, they determine the ways of transformation and modernization of the state apparatus. July 22, 2000. was adopted Okinawa Charter for the Global Information Society, in which it is emphasized that " information and communication technologies (IT) are one of the most important factors influencing the formation of the society of the twenty-first century . Their revolutionary impact concerns the way people live, their education and work, as well as the interaction between government and civil society. ».

Advances in information technology are changing the nature of the activities of the state and its structures. New information technologies are becoming new political and administrative technologies. Introduction of information and communication technologies makes the work of executive authorities more dynamic and flexible, interactive . Improving the quality of government-provided services, informing citizens is becoming more complete .

ICT, On the one side, deliver the information necessary for the normal functioning of state institutions, on the other side enable citizens to respond to the practical implementation of public policy.

Structurally, the use of ICT in the activities of public institutions means the end of the internal and external "closeness" of the executive power.

liquidation internal closeness means a change not only in the organizational structures of the authorities, but also in the nature of relations between them.

Liquidation external closeness leads to the establishment of a different type of relationship between administrations and citizens . The introduction of information and communication technologies into the activities of executive authorities is gradually taking away the traditions of secrecy in the activities of the administration and lays the foundation of the "glass house"(administrative transparency).

Information and communication technologies change the mission of administrative power in two directions :

1) the political category "interest" acquires new meaning : technologically facilitating communications between the state and citizens (which also has legal consequences), information technologies return to the state its fundamental functions, which become more conscious and contribute to focusing attention on the primary problems of citizens ;

2) new technologies allow a more balanced transition from regulation to regulation , create a new regulatory mechanism.

Thus, the state begins to perform its functions more effectively and at the same time democratically.

Work in these areas takes place at several levels:

• at the theoretical level it's about understanding information as a management resource , considered along with human and material and put on a par with labor and capital;
• at the technical level unified data banks are being created, document circulation is being computerized, administrative activities are being technologized , which allows you to unify the individual nodes of the regulatory mechanism;
• at the organizational level increased desire to consider information management as one of the priority multidisciplinary tasks relating to the organization as a whole, and not to its individual parts;
• at the state level the range of information processed by public authorities is expanding , the potential and decentralization of computer systems are growing, information support is improving qualitatively, based on the tasks of the executive authorities.

The development of computer technology, software, communication tools has allowed government agencies to make greater use of computer technology in their activities. Modern computer programs make it possible to combine previously isolated functions:

• business-production,
• information,
• advice to citizens.

Modern features computer technology :

• open access to a much larger volume of information than ever;
• provide the ability to quickly transmit and receive information;
• allow remote use of sources of operational information, services of the largest libraries, databases and data banks.

At the same time, the tasks, conditions of functioning and organizational structures of the executive branch differ in specific features that do not allow one to transfer schematically and without changes the understanding of rationalization typical of technical area, for political and administrative management. Executive authorities differ significantly from each other, managerial work is much less amenable to formalization than it might seem at first glance. Feeling a great need for information, the executive structures do not use all the reserves at their disposal. information support. This indicates the need to improve information management, in particular, the adoption of decentralized solutions proposed by the users themselves.

Countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada have accumulated to date a wealth of experience in the use of these technologies in public administration, which has made it possible to form the concept of "electronic government". The pace with which these countries are entering the modern stage of the information society is enormous.

UK government moved the end date of the program for the development of electronic technologies in society from 2008 to 2005. In accordance with this program, since 2005, every resident of the country who wants to have access to the Internet has received this opportunity; all government services posted information online; the country has become one of the world's leaders in the use of these funds in the economy.

In Canadaa number of programs have been developed to intensify the use of information technology under the general name "Communicating Canadians" (" Connecting Canadians "). Already in 2000, 57% of Canadians had access to the Internet.

IN THE USA, where electronic technologies in government activities are associated with the administrative reforms of the early 1990s, the movement for "electronic government" intensified with the advent of the new administration of George W. Bush. This movement is the basis of the administrative reform of the new century.

The process of electronization of government activity is also unfolding in other countries. So, in Germany in 1999, a special program was adopted "Modern state - modern management" (" Modern State—Modern Administration ”), based on the principles of the new public management: work better and cost less; perform tasks in a competitive environment; be permeable and open. For this purpose, in 2000, in order to intensify the development of e-government, Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder opened the program “ BundOnline 2005 Egovernment initiative ”, according to which all services of the federal administration that can be carried out via the Internet were transferred to an online form in 2005. Back in 2002, about 69% of the population were inclined to solve their problems with public authorities via the Internet .

2. Sources of information transparency and openness of the state to civil society .

Information plays an important role in organizing the interaction between the state and the citizen. Sufficient, complete and understandable information helps to ensure transparency in the work of executive authorities, provides citizens with the opportunity to participate in the preparation of political and managerial decisions.

Information that a citizen can receive from an executive authority is divided into several types:

— information about the services provided to citizens by the executive structure;

— information about opportunities to participate in decision-making;

— information about office work and methods of work of state institutions;

— reference Information.

Main problem is that how accessible these information services are to citizens and what is their quality . As a rule, executive authorities do not monitor whether their information is taken into account by citizens and how much they understand it.

Executive branch, governmental bodies throughout the civilized world are aware that their successful work becomes impossible without creating information and communication services, whose work is based on the following principles:

• general availability;
• protection of confidentiality, personal secrecy and security;
• observance of intellectual property rights;
• education and continuous (throughout all life and at any age) training;
• use of the latest achievements computer technology and information technologies.

However, in certain circles a point of view is formed, What the centralization of information resources will lead to the centralization of the power of the government, will allow the undivided control of information and the monopoly exercise of power.

It is also very important how the information received is used. Decision makers rely more on their own knowledge and experience than on information from other sources. For example, in order for a civil servant to use information from the Internet in his work, computer network should become a widely available channel, the same as other communication channels. According to a Gallup poll, more than half of US government employees are wary of the Internet. They are afraid of violating the secrets of private life, an excessive amount of information, they are afraid of losing personal contacts, they are afraid of retraining and stopping in career growth.

History reminds that all major changes in society caused its split, That's why there is the potential that the technological revolution of the second half of the twentieth century will create new "haves" and "have-nots" i.e. those who have access to information and those who do not. What texts, sounds and images will appear on the Internet, who will have access to them - these are largely political decisions that are made by the institutions that provide information.

In the information society, the issues of combining the freedom of public access to information of the executive branch and the protection of its confidentiality, privacy and human rights become especially relevant.

According to French scientist G. Mel, the state and its executive structures become an "information machine" , which collects, produces and processes information . For citizens, this machine - a system of public institutions - should give access to government information, solve their pressing problems, protect their rights and provide an opportunity to influence decisions regarding their lives. By opening access to their archival information, administrative bodies become transparent to citizens, but citizens, in turn, are revealed from various angles. That's why it is necessary to develop legal norms that regulate and protect information from both sides .

The true power and advantages of computer technology are clearly shown on the Internet. With the advent web -technologies government agencies got the opportunity to post information about their activities and make it publicly available. The simplicity of their use led to the fact that ordinary citizens began to connect to the Internet.

3. Electronic government and management theory

The formation of electronic technologies for the implementation of government activities changes the very nature of management. In the information society, in comparison with the traditional exercise of power, a new structure and principles of management are emerging, which, in a conceptual sense, is more and more concentrated in the concept of "governance". Can be held differences in a number of criteria between the traditional exercise of power and the new administration .

So, decision-making processes traditionally were built on control and execution of commands , now the main parameters are consent and contract . Traditional Management paid great attention law and regulations , contemporary - non-coercive norms, collective recommendations, moral agreements . Traditional power carried out governments, bureaucracies and parliaments , new management in a networked society, more and more includes in public power such forms as commissions, forums, large democratically organized groups . If earlier management information was centralized and classified , now the information becomes distributed, open , A information processes associated with interfaces and protocols, become networked , include online forums, education, etc.

The concept of governance » reflects changes, which characterize and relations between civil society and public authorities , And relationships within organizational structure states . It is believed that the formed inter-organizational networks in the system of new public administration differ from intra-organizational networks in the system of bureaucratic management.

Networks within hierarchies, or intra-organizational networks, place relationships between actors under a governance structure that governs conflict resolution and guides behavior . Intraorganizational network forms includes joint ventures, strategic alliances, business groups, enterprises with special rights, research consortiums, contractual relationships, and interministerial, interagency, and intersectoral entities . Although there are conflicts in the latter networks, if the level of trust and cooperative cooperation in them is high, then there are significant reductions. transaction costs, better use of shared resources, greater level of innovation, i.e. more conditions that ensure the effectiveness of management and general activities. In this regard, the Internet and new information Technology create an additional basis for increased efficiency, although there is resistance to change in government organizations . As writes Jean Fontaine, “intraorganizational networks, partnerships and consortiums could not function at the present level without electronic means. However, the potential of information technology for rapid change in structure, systems, and management has not yet been realized—and may not be. Researchers consistently note that systems and structures resist change even when new information technologies offer efficiency gains. In order to take advantage of the networked computing space, organizations must be able to collaborate both internally and with network partners. ».

There is no unity among researchers as to how the administrative reforms of the recent past (new state management) and the formation of e-government are connected. Some believe that today there is a serious departure from the previous installations. At least, we can talk about the formation of a completely different model of public administration, changing all its parameters. Others are more careful. Often, e-government is seen rather as a new tool for solving largely the same tasks that were set by the reforms according to the new public management model (cost reduction, efficiency, competitiveness, etc.). In this regard, not all elements of e-government and directions in their development continue the previous reforms.

In general, there are three main elements of e-government:

1. Electronic democracy and participation (e-democracy and participation ) are intended to form public opinion and make decisions through electronic means (voting, civic networks, etc.);
2. Electronic production networks (electronic production net - work ) are forms of cooperation between public as well as public and private institutions through electronic means;
3. Electronic public services (electronic public services ) are intended to provide services for the benefit of recipients, individuals or companies through local, regional or national portals.

If the first component is related as a whole to the political system, then the other two, to one degree or another, continue what has been started. “I don’t see that New Public Management reforms or related movements have stopped, although many elements have been adapted to national needs and structures,” writes Kuno Shedler, one of the famous researchers of the new public management. — The concept of "e-government" is another opportunity to study changes in the political-administrative system. We should, however, not interpret e-government as the successor to the new public management, but consider this concept as an additional interesting approach to its argument.

4. The concept of "electronic government"

Development of information and electronic technical means had a serious impact on the structures and processes of public administration. If at first this influence was expressed in increasing the efficiency of collecting, processing and using information in the decision-making process, then later noticeable transformations began to occur in the institutions and methods of organizing the entire public administration system. Information technologies in public administration are gaining special intensity in the mid-1990s, which is expressed in the emergence of a new concept of "electronic government" (« e - government "). Concepts related to it are formed. "electronic democracy" (« e-democracy »), "electronic control" (« e - governance").

In general, the development of e-government follows the development of e-business and e-commerce. stands out "narrow" and "broad" understanding of e-government.

In a broad sense, e-government includes the use of all information and communication technologies from faxes to satellite communications to improve the daily activities of the government .

In a narrow sensepopular interpretation of e-government is in its definition as the exclusively Internet activity of the government , “which allows improving citizens' access to management information, services and expertise for the development of civic participation. It is linked to the ongoing duty of the state to improve relations between private individuals and the public sector through intensive, cost-effective and efficient provision of services, information and knowledge. It is the practical implementation of the best that government has to offer.”

There are also "moderate" and "radical" schools in the interpretation of e-government.

In the first sensethis concept reflects improving the activities of public administration through the use of new information technologies, which ultimately makes it possible to increase its effectiveness in providing services to the population .

In the second sense e-government expresses not only the new nature of intra-organizational relations, but also transformation of the whole complex of relations between public administration and society .

All these approaches and schools are to some extent related to the understanding of e-government at various stages of its development. The most developed stage allows to form an idea of ​​a "virtual state". As writes Jane Fountain, « web portals that allow the business concept of "7 x 24 x 365" to be applied to government (available seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year) restructure the relationship between the state and citizens to make it simpler, more interactive and efficient. The virtual state means a government increasingly organized through virtual agencies, cross-agencies and public-private networks whose structures and capabilities depend on the Internet and the web.

Magazine "The Economist" » highlights the following aspects e-government:

1) establishing a secure government intranet and central database for more efficient and cooperative interaction between government agencies;

2) provision of services on a network basis;

3) application of electronic commerce ( e-commerce ) for more efficient government transactional activities such as supply and contract;

4) digital democracy ( digital democracy ) for more transparent government accountability.

The state, through electronic means, makes it possible to effectively provide services to the population, business organizations, and improve the interaction between the government structures themselves. Wherein the general goals of the state activity are achieved:

• strengthening and expanding forms of cooperation between society and the state;
• promoting economic and social development society and citizens;
• quick and effective response to changing business conditions;
• optimization of the provision of services to the population and business structures; reducing the cost of services;
• increasing the efficiency of intra-organizational relations in public administration;
• development of personnel potential of public administration;
• increasing the responsibility of civil servants, encouraging their initiative and increasing the level of transparency of public administration in general.

5. Main stages of e-government development

The use of electronic and information technologies in public administration goes through a number of stages . Allocate five main stages in this process (according to the United Nations Division of Public Economics and Management and the American Society for Public Administration).

First stage — emerging web presence - associated with the release of government agencies in electronic network structures. At this stage, governments have one or more sites that perform informational role. These sites inform citizens about the composition of the government, its ministers, agencies, officials, and so on. Information about phones, addresses, reception hours, etc. is also posted. Sites can also be found feedback» in the form of information about the most frequently asked questions.

Second phase — advanced web presence - allows users to receive specialized and constantly updated information through a variety of government sites. Here you can receive government publications, legal documents, news information. The number of government agencies in the network is increasing, and communication with each of them is possible. Information about email addresses, search engines, the ability to send a comment or advice.

Third stage — interactive web presence - is characterized by an intensification of the possibility of interaction between citizens and government agencies that provide services to the population. A national government website often acts as a portal linking the user directly to ministers, departments and agencies. Interaction between citizens and service providers allows network users to have direct access to information tailored to their specific needs and interests. The user can receive specialized data, download various forms and forms or sign them online, make appointments with officials, participate in electronic meetings. This is where security sites and passwords for users appear.

Fourth stage — transactional web presence - includes the ability for the user to receive documents via the network and carry out transactions. Citizens can obtain visas, passports, birth and death certificates, licenses, permits and other transactional services. The government website is a portal that gives citizens direct access to government departments and services. Such portals are more focused on the needs and priorities of citizens than on government functions and structures. Citizens can also pay taxes and make other payments through the network (for parking, car registration, etc.). At that time the electronic signature is recognized .

Fifth stage — fully integrated web presence - distinguished by the fact that it allows the government to carry out all services and communications through the government portal, and allows the user of the network to immediately receive any service. It is noted that here the boundaries between government departments are very flexible, which allows us to talk about the new quality of the government and the organization of its activities and the functioning of bureaucracy, like a “virtual state” and the corresponding “virtual bureaucracy”, “system-level bureaucracy”.

Some researchers talk about the highest stage of development of e-government, when it is included in the system of e-democracy, which allows e-voting, network public forums, network sociological surveys etc. As Jay Moon writes, "if the previous ... stages refer to networked public services in the administrative sphere, the [last] stage emphasizes the networked political activity of citizens."

6. E-government portals in the world

The level of development of e-government by country, of course, is different. Ongoing comparative studies (some conducted, for example, since 1996 based on Website Attribute Evaluation System (http : // www . cyprg . arizona . edu ) Cyberspace Policy Study Group ( the Cyberspace Policy Research Group ) at the University of Arizona and George Mason University (USA)) show that most developed in this respect are the United Kingdom and the United States, then go India, Australia, Canada and Japan. Countries differ in the level of transparency and interactivity of the government. Thus, the Canadian government is more interactive than transparent, while Australia has a more transparent government, but less interacting with the population. The US government is characterized by the highest degree of transparency and openness.

In Franceaccording to the prime minister's circular, all the ministries of the country had to open their own page on the Internet until December 31, 1997 At the same time, the obligatory observance of the following requirements was required: the information provided must be exhaustive and objective, strictly updated, clear, providing equal access for everyone, and provide answers to the most frequently asked questions.

IN THE USAa similar project began to develop since July 1, 1997., although his idea arose much earlier. The creation of the National Information Infrastructure (doctrine N11) was one of A. Gore's election promises back in 1991 and was successfully fulfilled by him. Today, all US government agencies not only have a presence on the Internet, but also actively interact with citizens via e-mail. . Determining the importance of modern ICT for the development of the state and society, A. Gore noted: “These highways, more precisely, networks of distributed intelligence, ... will make it possible to make information publicly available, to establish communication and communication at the level of the world community. This will become a source of constant and sustainable economic growth, will strengthen democracy, find the best solutions to the problems of protecting environment on a global and local scale, to improve health care and, finally, to fully feel like the real owners of our small planet.

At present, the functioning of e-government is organized in Internet portals, i.e. complex electronic means that ensure the implementation of a number of government functions.

Internet portals perform the following functions:

• searching and obtaining information;
• interaction of citizens and organizations with public authorities;
• holding events for citizens and organizations by public authorities;
• provision of public services.

In Great Britain the main government portal that ensures the work of e-government is "British network portal for citizens" [« UK online Citizen Portal": http: // www. ukonline. gov. UK ], which provides access to government information and services. It appeared in 2001. Every day it is visited by 123 thousand visitors. Before since 1994 information services were provided by the website of the British government www. open. gov. UK , which hosted the websites of individual government departments in alphabetical order. The new portal has access to the site "Entrance to the Government" (" Government Gateway ”), which provides registration services and provides forms of documents (for example, tax forms). The main portal allows access to sites commercial enterprises, feedback, consultations, etc.

Canadian government has been aimed at providing complete information and services to the government through the network since 2004. Three government portals are already operating here, providing communication and interaction between citizens and the government. This " Canadian site» (« Canada Site": http:// canada. gs. ca ), « Government on-line» (« Government On-Line”: http :// www. gol-ged. gs. ca ) And " Service to Canada» (« Service Canada": http://www. servicecanada . gs. ca ). "Canadian site" appeared in 1995 and is the main one for providing services through the network.

In the United States of America main government portal « First Gov " put into effect in 2000, ( http: //www. firstgov. gov ) serves to implement the main goals of the fifth stage of the application of information technology to public administration. It is built in accordance with the basic concept of e-government as a system of relations: government - citizens, government - business, inter-agency relations. This portal brings together over 27 million federal government pages to more effective search information and services, following the needs of users. In 2000, almost every federal agency, most states and great amount local governments provided information and services through the network. The median number of services provided through the network by state governments was four. Of course, there are differences between different government bodies in the implementation of e-government. Some believe that the federal government is significantly behind the states. In the state of Maryland, for example, by 2002 it was planned to carry out 50% of services through the network, and by 2004 - already 80%. The current US administration is making significant efforts to electronicize its activities.

There are various opinions regarding e-government efficiency level. Its creation did not radically change the institutional structure of public administration. At the same time, new electronic and information technologies are gradually becoming a necessary element of government activities in various countries, modifying and sometimes radically changing approaches and attitudes in the administrative environment. The “fashion” for e-government reflects the current state of the information society, which makes it possible to make administrative and state activities and structures more open, transparent and efficient .

Comparison e-government formation strategies, for example, in Russia and Germany, allows us to conclude that, firstly, in Western countries, its goals and objectives are more specific and related to administrative reform, second, they most closely connected with the development of e-democracy although it has its own difficulties. For example, in Germany, out of 90 surveyed cities, 89% do not have an e-government development strategy and do not have information about the expectations of their citizens regarding e-government. The main disadvantages of implementation are considered (according to Prof. Michael Breitner):

- low activity in the use of electronic signatures;

- insufficient standardization of services and activities;

- lack of necessary legal norms;

- insufficient technological support;

- information overload;

- weak management and organization (organizational resistance);

- problems of consciousness and culture;

- lack of strategy and policy.

In the modern sense, the term "electronic government" (e-Government) is interpreted primarily as "electronic government", that is, the maximum use in public administration modern technologies, including Internet technologies. In theory, the implementation of e-government should lead to positive changes in the relationship of the government with three categories of "users": ordinary citizens, civil servants and business representatives. Accordingly, these relations are designated as G2C - communication between the state and citizens, G2G - between state bodies, G2B - relations between state bodies and business. Thus, e-government should modernize all levels of public administration: from interdepartmental interaction to interaction between the state and citizens.

A more technological definition interprets the concept of "electronic government" as a system of public administration based on electronic means of processing, transmitting and distributing information.

The interpretation of the term "electronic government" largely depends on the level of implementation of information technologies in society. It is primarily related to the understanding of e-government at various stages of its development. The interpretation of the term "electronic government" largely depends on the level of implementation of information technologies in the society by which it is generated. This is primarily due to understanding the functions of e-government at various stages of its development. For example, in Russia and Ukraine, where e-government is at the initial stage of its formation, this concept is narrowed down to improving public administration through the use of new information and computer technologies, which, of course, should increase its effectiveness. For example, Andrey Korotkov, head of the Russian government information department, says this about e-government: "This is an inaccurate term, we should not talk about e-government, we should talk about the government that uses information technology. We should talk about the Federal Assembly that uses information technology "We must talk about courts that use information technology. We are talking about a certain communication environment that allows government structures and civil society structures, businesses to interact in common standards that are understandable to each other."

A broad understanding of e-government expresses not only the new nature of organizational relations, but also the transformation of the entire complex of relations between public administration and society. At the same time, the pointlessness of automating existing inefficient management procedures is also obvious. If we draw an analogy between a corporation and the state, then we can refer to the well-known fact that an increase in the efficiency of the functioning of the corporation as a whole when introducing an information and computer system is achieved only with the simultaneous reengineering of the main business processes.

So, e-government is designed to perform the functions of regulating information relations between the main subjects and government agencies. Among a number of tasks solved by e-government, one should single out such important components as ensuring equal rights and access to global, national, local and local information resources, providing the necessary information and electronic services to citizens, implementing electronic public procurement, promoting the development of Internet economy, regulation of relations between the main subjects of e-business, implementation of remote fiscal and control functions, provision of remote consultations, provision information security and etc.

The implementation of ES initiatives will be ensured through the use of structured, systematic approaches to the planning and implementation of these initiatives, based on the development and implementation of a unified ES architecture.

The unified ES architecture (hereinafter EA) is a structure that reflects the relationship between all elements of the ES and should allow identifying and systematizing the existing needs of various ministries and departments for the use of ICT, the ability to reduce the existing redundancy, and also determine the directions in which they have homogeneous requests for investment in ICT.

The unified architecture of ES, being a reference model of the processes and structures of public administration, represents the methodological basis of the implemented ICT projects and activities. In this capacity, EA is intended to provide:

support for the correctness of the goals of individual projects,

coordination of projects among themselves,

evaluation of the effectiveness of individual projects,

optimizing the use of funds by eliminating duplication of work,

investing in advanced technologies and interoperable systems.

The key role of EA is clearly manifested in the example of interdepartmental projects, where EA acts as a single "framework", which is used both as a set of project evaluation criteria and as one of the mandatory regulatory and methodological tools for selecting, implementing and monitoring the effectiveness of projects.

EA is a holistic view of what governments and individual agencies do, how they work, and how ICTs provide the support they need to do so. Without such a systematic approach, the implementation of an e-government initiative will inevitably be accompanied by a large number of problems and inefficient costs.

The overall structure of the EA consists of three architectural layers related to the requirements for the implementation of needs (Figure 13):

activity architecture;

system architecture;

technical architecture,

as well as two "through" architectural components that have their own reflections in each of the three previous layers:

business continuity and security architecture;

performance (efficiency) architecture.

The architecture of activities should be based on a model for describing the activities of state and local authorities in terms of functions and processes for implementing these functions. This model should describe the mutual obligations of public authorities, as well as their obligations in relation to citizens and business structures.

The system architecture reflects the main links between the services offered by state and local governments and the application architectural components supporting these services by means of application layer ICTs. It contains standards and recommendations for the development of information systems of state and local authorities that ensure the implementation of state functions, as well as the basic components and elements of ES that should be used centrally or repeatedly by many departments: ES portal, certification center, national identification system.

The technical architecture reflects the capabilities of basic information and communication technologies as a means of organizing the interaction of the applied components of the system architecture with each other, with data sources and with users of information systems. This architecture includes standards and recommendations for hardware and software used in the state, communications, technological standards and protocols, as well as a methodology for describing and standardizing data of state information systems and a metadata standard.

The business continuity and security architecture is designed to plan, support the implementation and control at the architectural level of a set of actions and tools designed to ensure the continuity of the activities of authorities and ES systems with specified parameter values ​​and ensure information security.

Figure 13. Unified ES architecture.

The performance (efficiency) architecture of the EP and its components is a system balanced scorecard and general metrics for evaluating the performance, effectiveness and efficiency of ES components across the entire vertical - from individual information systems and business processes to the main results of activities and their strategic impacts (consequences).

The main components of the ES infrastructure include (Figure 14):

Figure 14. General scheme EP infrastructure.

• 1. The ES portal, which provides the implementation of a single entry point to departmental information systems focused on providing interactive services to citizens and business structures.
• 2. Certification center, which is a component of the public key infrastructure, which is the basis for providing secure information exchange, authorized access to services provided by departmental information systems, as well as confirmation of the authorship of electronic documents.
• 3. National identification system, which allows to identify the subjects of interaction.
• 4. A single secure transport environment that ensures the functioning and interaction of internal information systems, and a secure access to public telecommunications.
• 5. Information systems of departments and local authorities - providers of electronic services.

EP portal

The interaction of the government with citizens and business structures should be organized through the ES portal, which represents a “single point of access” to all electronic services and public information resources of government agencies.

At first, it is necessary to define a set of electronic services that allow citizens and organizations to receive samples of all documents (forms) that are required to be filled out when contacting government agencies, instructions for filling out and printing them, mechanisms for searching documents according to specified criteria and full-text search. This approach will allow offices to standardize the forms of electronic documents in advance, design their appearance and field structure so that they are correctly displayed on the terminal screen.

It is necessary to develop means of authentication and personalization of users, to provide access to information resources and ES services using all available means of communication (Internet, Email, mobile protocol WAP, etc.).

It is necessary to organize interaction with payment system Republic of Kazakhstan for financial transactions.

A consistent launch of ES services should be ensured in accordance with the chosen strategy and priorities, taking into account electronic services, the implementation of which requires the interaction of information systems of various departments.

Integration and interaction of various services and information systems of various departments can be carried out both through web services and through message routing functions.

The functions of routing messages between information systems of different departments, as well as transforming these messages based on the appropriate XML schemas in order to ensure the compatibility of information systems, should be provided through the Government Gateway, which is the interface between the portal and information systems of departments and local authorities.

The main components of such an interface are:

Environment for guaranteed delivery, transformation and routing of messages based on standard Internet protocols.

Communicative XML-format, which serves as a means of describing and organizing information interaction between the ES portal and departmental information systems. At the same time, data can still be stored in application systems and databases in its internal format, but if it is necessary to transfer it to another application, it will be transformed into XML format, as an intermediate format understood by all systems.

It should be based on a metadata base that describes the composition and properties of data stored in departmental information systems and methods of access to them. Metadata that ensure the efficiency of information search (on the portal), description of semi-structured information (documents), creation of archives with records of electronic documents.

The use of a communicative XML format already at the design stage will allow developers of departmental information systems to systematize, unify and standardize, to a certain extent, the properties of departmental data.

The functions of continuous support and development of the communicative XML-format based on the description of departmental information systems in the Register of Engineering and Technology should be assigned to the national operator in the field of informatization CJSC "National Information Technologies".

The development of the portal, taking into account the pace of formation and readiness of the ES infrastructure elements, is an evolutionary process. Its implementation should take place in stages.

To implement the ES portal, it is advisable to purchase a standard, well-functioning software, which implements most of the functions described above.

Verification Center

The certification center is designed to support user authentication procedures on the ES portal, providing confirmation of compliance of the public key of the electronic digital signature isi private key e digital signature, as well as to confirm the authenticity of the registration certificate of the portal user. An appeal to the Certification Authority occurs only when the user accesses a service that requires confirmation of access rights to it. After the first access, electronic documents generated by the portal user in this session are automatically signed with his electronic digital signature and acquire legal status.

The task of the Certification Center is also to ensure secure electronic document management between the state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Electronic documents signed in the process of work acquire a legal status in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 7, 2003 No. 370-II "On Electronic Document and Electronic Digital Signature".

The work of the Certification Center should be based on a public key infrastructure, the creation and full use of which will allow the government to guarantee a high level of information security, ensure compliance with the constitutional rights of citizens to confidentiality in their interaction with the state, the rights of commercial structures to protect trade secrets, which will lead to an expansion of the circle of consumers e-government services.

User authentication technology should allow the use of specialized personal devices as carriers of key information that exclude the possibility of forgery/replication, such as smart cards. The specific choice of device should be determined at the engineering design stage.

An important task of maintaining personal records is to determine whether key information on an electronic medium belongs to a given individual. The solution here may be the use of identification methods based on the measurement of biometric indicators (fingerprints, iris pattern, etc.).

National identification system

One of the main functional components of ES is the national identification system, which provides procedures for identifying subjects of information exchange.

Currently, the registration and identification of physical and legal entities produced at the departmental level. The existence of various identification numbers, such as social individual code (SIC), taxpayer registration number (TRN) and others, complicates the integration of information systems. The ES concept requires a single identification number. The solution is to create unified registers of individuals and legal entities that have departmental identification numbers as additional attributes at the transitional stage.

An individual identification number should be assigned from the moment of registration of birth, or acquisition of citizenship of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and at the transitional stage - when issuing an identity card. The identification number must be affixed and used in all documents received by a person throughout his life. It should provide integration of data on individual from different information systems and meet the following requirements: invariance throughout the life of a citizen, the minimum possible length, noise immunity, the possibility of automatic formation in a decentralized mode.

In order to improve the quality of services provided by the government to citizens and business structures, it is necessary to develop measures to introduce identity cards based on microprocessor electronic technologies containing a registration certificate of a public key of an electronic digital signature intended for passing the authentication procedure on the ES portal. In addition, such identification cards may contain additional personal information (driver's license, medical and payment cards, etc.) and should become essential element e-government infrastructure.

The implementation of a unified personalized accounting will be carried out through the formation of the SDB "Individuals".

The SDB "Legal Entities" is designed to provide a unified record of legal entities and should ensure the integration of departmental registers of legal entities, such as the register of taxpayers, the register of legal entities statistical authorities, register of the Ministry of Justice. The implementation of this database should provide a single centralized registration of legal entities.

SDB "Address Register" should serve as the only source of address information for information systems and software of the National Information Infrastructure. This register should contain toponymic and geonymic information about all settlements, streets, buildings, apartments and other real estate objects. The address register also records changes in the status of address information (renaming of settlements, streets, etc., putting into effect or termination of toponyms and geonyms). It should be based on a single regulatory and reference information of addresses for all participants in the information space.

Unified transport environment of state bodies

Currently, government agencies are building their information and communication systems (ICS) independently and in isolation from each other, focusing solely on their own needs.

In particular, when implementing integrated distributed multi-level systems (systems of tax and customs administration, treasury and pensions), the lack of a unified transport environment for government agencies led to the creation of corporate communication networks. With this approach, significant financial and material resources are scattered, there is no unified security policy, and the organization of interdepartmental interaction at any level of the administrative-territorial structure of the state is problematic.

The solution is to create a unified multi-service secure transport environment of state bodies (hereinafter - UTS GO RK) with the participation of telecom operators based on modern technologies, which will allow:

• - organize a unified information protection and security policy;
• - combine existing and developed departmental information systems of state bodies;
• - create virtual private networks;
• - reduce the cost of operating departmental networks of state bodies and the network of interdepartmental information exchange.

Establishment of the UTS GO RK on the basis of modern technical solutions should ensure the organization of a reliable public secure data transmission network with the provision of services of guaranteed quality of service for the transmission of heterogeneous traffic (video, voice, data) based on modern data transmission technologies.

Information systems of departments and local authorities

Departmental information systems reflect the specifics of the work of a particular department related to its functional purpose. Currently informatization of departments is mainly focused on the automation of internal business processes. In accordance with this concept, the architecture of departmental information systems should be revised and supplemented taking into account the provision of electronic services to citizens and business structures. In pursuance of this provision, each department must adopt its own industry informatization program.

Within the framework of departmental information systems, the components of the "Resources of Kazakhstan" database are formed, which are a set of independent databases, such as: natural and mineral resources and subsoil, the national oil and gas data bank, library funds, etc.

The register of real estate is integral part database "Resources of Kazakhstan", and it is a single secure source of information about all real estate in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including buildings, structures, apartments.

The land cadastre is designed to store accounting information about land plots.

Departmental information systems that implement electronic services should be developed independently in accordance with a single ES architecture.

The main service providers within the framework of the concept are information systems of local authorities, providing services such as registration at the place of residence, payment utility bills and so on.

Information systems that implement electronic services at the local level are developed centrally, tested in pilot areas and replicated in the regions.

Government-to-government sector services are provided by such integrated information systems as one system electronic document management, a typical system of information support for the administrative and economic activities of state bodies. Also noteworthy here are departmental systems, How Information system formation of the republican budget and the situational system of public administration of the Ministry of Economy and budget planning RK, integrated information system of the treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the RK, the implemented system of electronic public procurement of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for public procurement and etc.