Nothing is so precious and
is not as cheap as courtesy.
Cervantes
1. Introduction.
Our era is called the age of space, the age of the atom, the age of genetics. With full right it could be called the century of culture.
The point is not only that many cultural values that used to be the property of selected aristocratic circles have become available in our country to the broad masses of readers, spectators, and listeners. Thanks to the increase in the activity of workers, the increase in the amount of free time, the introduction of scientific and technological achievements in all areas public life the culture of human relations, the culture of communication between people, is becoming increasingly important. The more significant the technical and economic potential of a society, the richer and more complex its culture, the higher should be the cultural level of the people who live in it and who manage it. Professional, moral, aesthetic, intellectual culture is needed in everyday life and at work. Both the efficiency of labor and the judicious use of leisure depend on it.
Public life over the past half century has become more complicated, its rhythm has accelerated. Millions of people live side by side in rapidly growing cities in relatively small areas of land. Everyone meets hundreds or even thousands of other people every day. With them, he goes to work, works at an enterprise, stands in line at the box office of a movie or stadium, and rests in a friendly company. People come into contact with each other in a wide variety of moral and psychological situations. The question of how to act, how to behave and how to relate to the behavior of another in this or that case, becomes especially acute in view of the enormous diversity of characters, opinions, views, aesthetic tastes. To find the right solution that allows you to maintain your dignity, your convictions and not offend another person, you need to take into account many circumstances, show tact, restraint, perseverance, and a desire to understand the interlocutor.
However, even good intentions and subjective honesty do not always save us from mistakes and mistakes, which we later have to repent of. Everyone knows this from their own experience. For many centuries of the existence of human culture, a number of rules of behavior have been developed that promote mutual understanding and avoid unnecessary conflicts and tensions in relationships. These rules are sometimes called the rules of etiquette, or the rules of etiquette. They are mentioned in the book.
Does Street, however, write about what everyone knows? It is unlikely that there will be people who do not know that you need to greet and say goodbye, that the attitude towards an old or unfamiliar person should be different than the attitude towards a peer or close friend.
Rules of conduct have cultural and historical features. A modern urban resident of Europe believes that a man should give way to a woman, be the first to come on a date. IN family life modern morality demands equality. Other relations between men and women in the countries of the East. Here, men are in charge in the house, women let the men go ahead, make way for them, and are the first to come on a date. In lyrical songs, the girl envies her friends who are waiting for their lovers. No less curious are the differences in the assessment of accuracy and punctuality. The British and Americans, for example, are accustomed to value time and count it several days in advance. Ten minutes late for dinner is considered unacceptable. In Greece, on the contrary, it is even indecent to come to dinner at exactly the appointed time: the host may think that you have come only to eat. Thanks to the deepening of contacts between peoples, cultural differences are gradually being erased. But now they are still very large. Therefore, getting into an unfamiliar country, one should adhere to the rules of politeness that are accepted there. With a change in living conditions, with the growth of education and culture, some norms of morality and rules of politeness become obsolete and give way to new ones. What was considered indecent becomes generally accepted. Before Peter's innovations, nostrils were pulled out for smoking tobacco and sent into exile. Until recently, it was considered indecent for women to ride a bicycle. Until now, there are people who object to women walking in trousers. But times are changing, and even hardened conservatives are forced to give in to the demands of life.
Etiquette is a silent language, with which you can say a lot and understand a lot if you can see. Etiquette cannot be replaced by words. When talking with a foreigner, it is sometimes difficult to explain how you feel about him and what he says. But if you own etiquette, your silence, gestures, intonations will be more eloquent than words. According to the external manner of staying abroad, they judge not only a person, but also the country that he represents.
Until now, the thought expressed many years ago by the great educator of the Renaissance, the writer Cervantes, has not become outdated: “Nothing costs us so cheaply and is not valued so dearly as politeness.”
2. Where etiquette originated.
England and France are usually called the "classical countries of etiquette". However, they cannot be called the birthplace of etiquette. Roughness of morals, ignorance, worship of brute force, etc. in the 15th century dominate both countries. You can not talk about Germany and other European countries of that time at all, only Italy of that time is an exception. The ennoblement of the morals of Italian society begins already in the XIV century. Man passed from feudal mores to the spirit of modern times, and this transition began in Italy earlier than in other countries. If we compare Italy of the 15th century with other peoples of Europe, then a higher degree of education, wealth, and the ability to decorate one's life immediately catches the eye. And at the same time, England, having finished one war, is drawn into another, remaining until the middle of the 16th century a country of barbarians. In Germany, the cruel and implacable war of the Hussites raged, the nobility is ignorant, fist law prevails, the resolution of all disputes by force. France was enslaved and devastated by the British, the French did not recognize any merit other than military, they not only did not respect science, but even abhorred it and considered all scientists the most insignificant of people. In short, while the rest of Europe was engulfed in civil strife, and the feudal order was still in full force, Italy was the land of a new culture. This country deserves to rightly be called home of etiquette.
3. The concept of etiquette, types of etiquette.
The established norms of morality are the result of a long process of establishing relationships between people. Without observance of these norms, political, economic, cultural relations are impossible, because it is impossible to exist without respecting each other, without imposing certain restrictions on oneself.
Etiquette is a word of French origin, meaning demeanor. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness adopted in society.
Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all peoples from hoary antiquity to the present day. Basically, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed by representatives not only of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems that exist in modern world. The peoples of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, due to the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.
There are several types of etiquette, the main ones are:
Ø court etiquette-strictly regulated procedure and forms of circumvention established at the courts of monarchs;
Ø diplomatic etiquette rules of conduct for diplomats and other officials in contact with each other at various diplomatic receptions, visits, negotiations;
Ø military etiquette- a set of rules generally accepted in the army, norms and manners of behavior of military personnel in all spheres of their activity;
Ø civil etiquette- a set of rules, traditions and conventions observed by citizens when communicating with each other.
Most of the rules of diplomatic, military and general civil etiquette coincide to some extent. The difference between them is that more importance is attached to the observance of the rules of etiquette by diplomats, since deviation from them or violation of these rules can damage the prestige of the country or its official representatives and lead to complications in the relations between states.
As the conditions of human life change, the growth of formations and culture, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What used to be considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute. : compliance with them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under one circumstance may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.
The norms of etiquette, in contrast to the norms of morality, are conditional, they are, as it were, the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people's behavior and what is not. Every cultured person should not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. Manners largely reflect the internal culture of a person, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave correctly in society is of great importance: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, contributes to the achievement of mutual understanding, creates good, stable relationships.
It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine politeness, which is based on benevolence, is determined by an act, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not offend his dignity.
Unfortunately, there are people with a double standard of behavior: one - in public, the other - at home. At work, with acquaintances and friends, they are polite, helpful, but at home they do not stand on ceremony with relatives, are rude and not tactful. This speaks of a low culture of a person and a bad upbringing.
Modern etiquette regulates the behavior of people at home, at work, in public places and on the street, at a party and at various official events - receptions, ceremonies, negotiations.
So, etiquette is very big and an important part universal culture, morality, morality developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas about goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture and beauty, order, improvement, everyday expediency - in the field of material culture.
4. Good manners.
One of the basic principles modern life is the maintenance of normal relations between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can be earned only with respect for courtesy and restraint. Therefore, nothing is valued by the people around us as dearly as politeness and delicacy. But in life we often have to deal with rudeness, harshness, disrespect for the personality of another person. The reason here is that we underestimate the culture of human behavior, his manners.
Manners are the way to behave external form behavior, treatment of other people, expressions used in speech, tone, intonation, gait, gesticulation and even facial expressions characteristic of a person.
In society, modesty and restraint of a person, the ability to control one's actions, to communicate carefully and tactfully with other people are considered good manners. It is customary to consider bad manners habits of speaking loudly, not embarrassed in expressions, swagger in gestures and behavior, slovenliness in clothes, rudeness, manifested in frank hostility to others, in disregard for other people's interests and requests, in shamelessly imposing one's will and desires on other people, in the inability to restrain one's irritation, in the deliberate insult to the dignity of the people around, in tactlessness, foul language, the use of humiliating nicknames.
Manners refer to the culture of human behavior and are regulated by etiquette. Etiquette implies benevolent and respectful attitude to all people, regardless of their position and social status. It includes courteous treatment of a woman, respectful attitude towards elders, forms of addressing elders, forms of address and greetings, rules of conversation, table manners. In general, etiquette in a civilized society coincides with general requirements courtesy, which are based on the principles of humanism.
A prerequisite for communication is delicacy. Delicacy should not be excessive, turn into flattery, lead to unjustified praise of what is seen or heard. It is not necessary to hide hard that you are seeing something for the first time, listening to it, tasting it, fearing that otherwise you will be considered ignorant.
5. Behavior.
To talk about the culture of human behavior means to talk about his manners. This word denotes some stable signs that have become habitual features of attitude towards others and even simply constantly repeating movements that find their expression in how to sit down, get up, walk, talk, etc.
The history of culture knows many documents that contained various rules of conduct. Among them are the “Letters to the Son” by the English Lord Chesterfield, written in the 18th century. Along with the naive and funny, they also have something instructive for people living in our time. “While... the question of how to behave in society may seem like a mere trifle, it is always important when your goal is to please someone in private life. And I knew quite a few people who, by their clumsiness, immediately inspired people with such disgust that all their virtues were then powerless before them. Good manners win people over, draw them to you, and make them want to love you.”
How often in those days in many countries, knowledge of the rules of etiquette and the ability to apply them in practice played a significant role in the fate of a secular person. It happened that the doors of influential houses were closed to him only because, being at a dinner party, he showed his awkwardness and inability to handle cutlery.
Speaking of manners, one should not forget both social and national characters.
Picturesque canvases and applied art, fiction and films are the richest material, which, reflecting various details of people's life, also shows their different manners just in this respect, social and national.
We remember Pushkin's Onegin, a representative of the noble class, who had "a happy talent, without compulsion, to touch everything lightly in a conversation, with a learned air of a connoisseur to remain silent in an important dispute and arouse the smile of ladies with the fire of unexpected epigrams." He "easily danced the mazurka and bowed unconstrainedly." "And the world decided that he was smart and very nice."
We remember the magnificent Kustodievskaya merchant's wife who drinks tea from a saucer...
We read about the Japanese and their way of bowing many times a day to acquaintances and even strangers, depending on different situations.
We know about the manner of holding back your feelings in the English and splashing them out with the Italians.
And yet it is possible for people of all nations to speak of manners, which may be good or bad.
There are people who are almost opponents of the rules of good manners, good manners. They say: “The rules of good manners are just a form that says nothing about the content of a person. There are people who are morally corrupt, empty, disguising their petty tradesman insides with good manners. And therefore, in order not to make a mistake in a person, in order not to take the external, feigned for his true essence, it is better to discard all these rules altogether. Let each person behave as he wants, then it will be immediately clear who is good and who is bad.
Of course, the main thing is the inner essence of a person, but his manners of behavior are no less important.
When a person shouts rudely at his subordinates, constantly interrupts his interlocutor, then what is it? Bad person, an egoist and selfish, who considers only his own opinion and his own comforts? Or is this a person who is not at all bad, but who does not know how to behave, an ill-mannered person? And if a young guy smokes right in the face of a girl, stands lounging in front of her, holding his hands in his pockets, leans on her shoulder, instead of a polite invitation to dance casually throws “come on”, then what is it? Bad manners or any lack of respect for a woman?
I think it's both. But many rules of good manners were not composed artificially, they were not invented. Throughout human history, they have arisen as necessary requirements of life itself. Their appearance was dictated by various considerations of benevolence, concern for others, respect for them. And many of good manners that exist today, came to us from the depths of centuries ...
Some of them are based on sanitary and hygienic requirements. For example, the custom is to wipe your feet clean when entering a room or even take off your shoes, as is customary among the Japanese, cover your mouth with a melting pot when sneezing and coughing, do not sit at the table uncombed, with dirty hands, etc.
There are manners that are dictated by considerations of convenience and expediency. This explains the rule of how to go up and down stairs. So, going up the stairs, a man usually walks one or two steps behind the woman, so that at the right moment, if she stumbles, he could support her.
Going down the stairs, for the same reason, the man goes one or two steps ahead of the woman.
A number of other manners are based on aesthetic considerations. So, it is not recommended to speak loudly and gesticulate excessively at the same time, to appear anywhere in an untidy form. And even by the way someone stands, sits, holds arms and legs, one can even judge respect or disdain for others.
And the most beautiful face, the most impeccable proportions of the body or the most beautiful clothes will not leave the proper impression if they do not match the demeanor.
An educated person monitors not only his appearance, but also develops his gait and posture.
One of the most serious and harsh critics of his time, Belinsky attached great importance to the cultivation of beautiful manners and condemned even those people who “can neither enter, nor stand, nor sit down in a decent society.”
And the great teacher Makarenko made a lot of efforts to educate in his communards even the ability to “walk, stand, speak”. At first glance, the expression “to be able to walk, stand, speak” may seem simply strange in relation to an adult. But is it really so bold for each of us to decide to cross the ass in the middle in front of others, and by the way, not only because he is too embarrassed and shy, but also because of the lack of the necessary culture of the body, which does not obey him, he does not know how he does not know where to put his hands when walking, how to hold his head, rearrange his legs in order to feel at ease and free. And in order to develop such a gait, you need to remember some tips. First of all, your step should be commensurate with growth: A tall person, a man or a woman mincing their legs, looks ridiculous and ridiculous, just like a short person taking excessively wide steps. An unpleasant impression is made by a person who sways while walking or wobbling his hips. It's not nice to walk around slouching with your hands in your pockets. And, on the contrary, it is pleasant to look at a person with a straight and free gait, the main quality of which would be naturalness. But if we are talking about a straight gait, then, of course, it has nothing to do with the one about which they say that if its owner “swallowed a arshin”.
6. Components of etiquette.
a) Politeness.
Isn't it sometimes painful to be treated carelessly, a dismissive tone and a rude word, an unceremonious and impolite gesture? Arguing early in the morning in a crowded bus and trolleybus on the way to study, work can ruin a person's mood for the whole day, reduce his performance. A skirmish with an usher and a cashier, a salesman or a cloakroom attendant will poison all the pleasure and impression from the performance and film, from the purchased thing, from the rest ...
Meanwhile, there is indeed magic words- “thank you”, “please”, “excuse me”, which open the hearts of people and make the mood more joyful.
It is possible and necessary to be polite always and everywhere: at work and at home in the family, with comrades and with subordinates. There are still people who believe that politeness is something opposite to directness and sincerity, especially if we are talking about the need to show courtesy to a person who for some reason does not like it. They even tend to regard politeness as sycophancy and servility. One can agree with them, if only they have in mind people like Gogol's Chichikov, who, while still a schoolboy, in order to ingratiate himself with his teacher, tried several times to catch his eye and each time bowed to him with special courtesy.
In the same connection, I would like to mention the “automatism of politeness”, which, according to some, can give rise to “automatism of hypocrisy”. But can you really see something bad in the fact that a man, for example, “automatically” gives way to a woman, a place in transport? .. Probably, many will agree that this is just good if a person develops a kind of conditioned reflex, habit of courtesy and respect for others.
Say hello to a person oblige elementary rules of conduct. But this does not at all mean the most sincere disposition towards him. Otherwise, such a seemingly insignificant fact as ignoring a greeting can cause an undesirable, psychologically unhealthy environment in the team, and for the person himself - a state of anxiety and hurt pride. In addition, we should not forget about the significance of positive and negative emotions that arise as a result of various relationships between people.
b) Tact and sensitivity.
There is one more character trait of a person that is so close to politeness that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between them, but still it has its own distinctive properties. This is tact.
If the rules of politeness can be mechanically memorized, memorized, and they become a good habit of a person, as they say, his second nature, then with tact, tact, everything is much more complicated. A sense of tact involves a person's understanding of everything that can cause trouble, pain, annoyance to another. This is the ability to understand the needs and feelings of another, the ability to behave without hurting the dignity and pride of others.
In what real life situations does it find its application?
So, in a conversation, you should not speak louder than your interlocutor, get annoyed during a dispute, raise your voice, lose a friendly, respectful tone, use such expressions as “nonsense”, “nonsense”, “nonsense in vegetable oil”, etc. Always tactlessly interrupt the speaker without first apologizing.
An educated person knows how to listen to his interlocutor. And if he is bored, he will never show it, patiently listen to the end, or, in any case, find a polite way to change the topic of conversation. It is tactless to make comments in the course of a conversation, to interfere in someone else's conversation without an invitation, to conduct it in a language that the rest of those present do not understand. For the same reason, they do not speak in a whisper in front of others. But if you still need to say something in secret to your interlocutor, you should leave this conversation until a more convenient time or comfortable environment.
Don't give unsolicited advice to people you don't know well enough or older people.
It happens that the presence of a person is not very desirable in this moment. A tactful person will always feel this and will never interfere: importunity is alien to him. Yes, and in a conversation with anyone, he will pay attention to the reaction of the interlocutor and, depending on it, continue or stop the conversation.
Before saying or doing something, a tactful person will always think about how his words and deeds will be perceived, whether they will cause undeserved resentment, offend, or put another in an uncomfortable or awkward position. Namely, first of all, the essence of the following proverbs is close and understandable to such a person: “Do not do to another what you do not wish for yourself”, “Correct your behavior according to the behavior of others”, “Look at yourself 5 times a day”.
A tactful person also takes into account such moments: what in relation to some people looks like a manifestation of friendly feelings and disposition, to others - as a manifestation of bad manners, unjustified rudeness and tactlessness. So this point should also be taken into account. For example, what you say to your good friend or friend is far from always possible to say to unfamiliar or older people. And if, during a lively conversation, one of the interlocutors jokingly pats his friend on the shoulder, this will not at all be considered such a serious violation of the rules of cultural behavior. But such behavior towards people unfamiliar or unfamiliar, different in position, age and gender, is not only tactless, but also unacceptable.
A tactful person will not stare and frankly look at another. It would seem that there could be something bad when people look at each other. But to look does not mean to stare unceremoniously. Idle curiosity should not take place, especially in relation to persons who have some kind of physical disability. It should be remembered that excessive attention to their appearance can never be pleasant for them, but on the contrary, it is always painfully perceived by them.
Tact is also evident in such situations. It happens that the owner, having apologized, leaves us alone in the room, maybe he went to the kitchen for some reason, maybe he went into the next room to call or his neighbors urgently called him ... A tactful person will not walk around the room, will not look at and look at things, especially take them in hand, sort through books, records ... Such a person will not look at his watch all the time when someone comes to him. If he is in a hurry and he does not have time for a meeting, he will apologize and say so and take care to move it to another, more convenient time.
Under all circumstances, it is not good to emphasize some of your advantages, something that others do not have.
Being in the apartments of other people, they do not make comments aloud, especially in the homes of unfamiliar people. So, one self-confident young man said to the owners with whom he exchanged apartments, critically examining their situation: “Do you want to transport such furniture? I would make a good fire out of it...” And although, perhaps, the situation in the room was really unsightly and dilapidated, did he have the right to speak about it aloud? Obviously not. You never know how each of us can think of another? But this is not a reason to make your thoughts and conjectures the property of others.
Sometimes you have to feel embarrassed for those who make such remarks that can hurt a person's feelings. “How awful to be, probably, alone,” someone says, being with his companion at a party, and, for sure, there will be those whose heart will tremble with resentment and become uncomfortable and awkward from these words. But even worse, if the remark is attributed to a very specific person. On the same basis, it is impossible to draw attention to a person who, for some reason, does not eat this or that dish, to find out his health.
Tactful people will never put others in an awkward position with a deliberately provocative question or a hint of something that the interlocutor is unpleasant to hear, remember, or talk about. In addition, they will not notice someone else's unintentional and accidental reservation, as well as awkwardness. After all, this happens.
Anything can happen: a seam bursts, a button comes off, a loop on a stocking goes down, etc., but it is not at all necessary to make comments on this matter. If, nevertheless, we decide to speak about it, then this must be done imperceptibly to others.
There are people who, not at all embarrassed, can make a remark in the presence of others to a person who does not have good manners. But they show themselves by no means from an exemplary side in relation to the same good manners.
A tactful person will not ask questions that are related to the intimate side of another's life and will not interfere in his personal life unnecessarily.
He will not boast of his official position or material well-being in front of those who are less well off and occupy a lower official position, emphasize his mental or physical superiority.
Some people interpret tact as forgiveness, boundless indulgence, the ability to calmly and indifferently pass by violations of the norms of socialist community life, as a blissful ability not to notice anything bad around you, to look at it through your fingers or pink glasses. Of course, a well-mannered person will forgive another for his involuntary oversight, will not go so far as to respond to rudeness with rudeness. But if he sees that someone deliberately and quite consciously violates the norms of socialist community life, interfering with those around him, insulting and humiliating them, then no condescension should be allowed towards such a person. Tact in relation to such violations of public order has nothing to do with good form in our understanding. In fact, it covers up cowardice and philistine worldly wisdom - "My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything."
There are also false opinions associated with tact and criticism, tact and truthfulness. How do they interconnect?
It is known that the purpose of criticism is to eliminate shortcomings. That is why it must be principled and objective, that is, it must take into account all the reasons and circumstances that caused certain actions. But it is also important in what form the remark is made, what words are chosen at the same time, in what tone and with what facial expression claims are made. And if it is clothed in a rude form, a person can remain deaf to the very essence of the remark, but he will very well perceive its form and can respond to rudeness with rudeness. It should be understood that in one case he will accept the remark correctly, and in the other, when, for example, he is upset about something or has already understood his mistake and is ready to correct it, the same remark may cause him an undesirable reaction.
Just punishment requires mandatory respect for human dignity. That is why remarks are not made in a rude form, especially with mockery or mockery. And after punishment, only tactless people remind a person of his guilt.
It is tact about some things that forces us to speak allegorically and most often in the presence of children and adolescents. Sometimes it forces one to give up the truth, a frank confession. And is it really right for someone who, after many years of separation, seeing his school friend or colleague, neighbor or just an acquaintance, exclaims or says with regret and pity: “My dear, how you have changed (or changed)! What is left of you?..” And such a person forgets that he looked, in essence, as in a mirror, at his own reflection. We notice so well how other people change, and we do not notice how we change. But time is relentless. And in the life of every person there will come a moment when old age will knock on his door. And old age does not skimp on illness, gray hair, wrinkles ...
A tactful person will not be frankly surprised at what is destroyed by time in a person, but on the contrary, he will somehow cheer up his friend, make this unexpected and, perhaps, completely fleeting meeting pleasant.
They don’t even tell the patient how he lost weight, became ugly, etc. After all, one or two kind words - and a person’s mood rises, vigor and hope come again. And this is not so little in life.
Some people think that you should be tactful and attentive only with strangers, but you can not stand on ceremony with your relatives, friends and acquaintances. However, they have no less right to such treatment. And here the main commandment of good manners also remains in force - to think, first of all, about the conveniences of others, and then about your own.
V) Modesty.
"A person who talks only about himself, only thinks about himself," says D. Carnegie. "And a person who thinks only about himself is hopelessly uncultured. He is uncultured, no matter how highly educated he is."
A modest person never strives to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, his qualities, does not require any privileges, special amenities, services for himself.
However, modesty should not be associated with either timidity or shyness. These are completely different categories. Very often, modest people are much firmer and more active in critical circumstances, but at the same time, it is known that it is impossible to convince them that they are right by arguing.
D. Carnegie writes: “You can make it clear to a person that he is wrong with a look, intonation or gesture no less eloquently than with words, but if you tell him that he is wrong, will you force him to thereby agree with you ? Never! For you dealt a direct blow to his intellect, his common sense, his pride and self-respect. This will only arouse in him a desire to strike back, but by no means change his mind "The following fact is cited: during his stay in the White House, T. Roosevelt once admitted that if he were right in seventy-five cases of a hundred, he could not “If this was the maximum that one of the most prominent people of the twentieth century could hope for, what can be said about you and me?” asks D. Carnegie and concludes: “If you can be sure of your right those even in fifty-five cases out of a hundred, then why should you tell others that they are wrong.
Indeed, you have probably witnessed how a third person, watching the raging debaters, can end the misunderstanding with a friendly, tactful remark, a sympathetic desire to understand the point of view of both debaters.
You should never start with the statement "I will prove to you so-and-so." This is tantamount, psychologists say, to saying: "I'm smarter than you, I'm going to tell you something and make you change your mind." It's a challenge. This generates internal resistance in your interlocutor and a desire to fight with you before you start an argument.
In order to prove something, it is necessary to do it so subtly, so skillfully, that no one would feel it.
Carnegie considers the following as one of the golden rules: "People must be taught as if you had not taught them. And unfamiliar things should be presented as forgotten." Calmness, diplomacy, a deep understanding of the interlocutor's argumentation, well-thought-out counter-argumentation based on accurate facts - this is the solution to this contradiction between the requirements of "good manners" in discussions and firmness in defending one's opinion.
In our time, almost everywhere there is a desire to simplify many of the conventions prescribed by general civil etiquette. This is one of the signs of the times: the pace of life has changed and continues to change rapidly socially. living conditions have a strong influence on etiquette. Therefore, a lot of what was accepted at the beginning or middle of our century may now seem absurd. Nevertheless, the main, best traditions of general civil etiquette, even having changed in form, remain to live in their spirit. Ease, naturalness, a sense of proportion, politeness, tact, and most importantly benevolence towards people - these are the qualities that will help you in any life situation, even when you are not familiar with any minor rules of civil etiquette that exist on The earth is in abundance.
d) Delicacy and correctness.
Delicacy is very close to tact.
If tact must be observed in all cases, then delicacy implies a situation that has in mind people who are familiar and, moreover, worthy of respect. It is inappropriate in relation to a person who has committed an unworthy act, and is not always possible in relation to strangers or unfamiliar people. This is the ability to timely and imperceptibly come to the aid of a person who needs support and understanding, the ability to protect him from prying eyes, interference in the agitated state of his soul. And if we notice that a familiar person is somewhat depressed, upset, it is far from always necessary to turn to him with questions, especially with jokes. Still, it's better to wait, maybe he will turn to us and ask for advice, share his experiences. In other cases, it is worth diverting the attention of others from him so that they do not notice his tears and upset look. And if we feel that our presence bothers him, that he is not up to us, it is best to leave him alone.
And there is one more concept close to tact - correctness. This is the ability to control oneself, to keep oneself within the framework of generally accepted decency in any situation. Of course, one should also take into account the fact that a person's behavior largely depends on the state of his nervous system, character, and temperament.
Any person can find himself in some kind of conflict situation at home and at work, in public life. And often I call correctness will help him adequately get out of any situation. Life situations show how a person who fails to pull himself together in time, to restrain himself from anger, which often leads to reckless actions, belated repentance and shame, loses in many ways. And what an unpleasant aftertaste remains on the soul after that. “What is started in anger ends in shame,” said Leo Tolstoy. Based on life examples, scientists and educators, writers and public figures have long come to the conclusion that anger is a sign of weakness, not strength, and its manifestation most often only brings harm to the person himself. It is not for nothing that folk proverbs say: “He flared up - he ruined the business”, “In anger - that a youth, that an elder, as soon as anger flared up, so the mind disappeared.”
Correctness is necessary for a person. Whoever he is and wherever he works, self-control, endurance and courtesy will create for him a strong authority and respect from others. At work, she helps to eliminate what interferes with the interests of the grandfather, in personal relationships it promotes mutual understanding of people, helps to maintain dignity. By the way, dignity is one of the personal qualities of a person, which also takes its place in the culture of human behavior.
There are no two identical people among people, but this does not mean at all that the one who is less beautiful, less capable, less educated should feel disadvantaged and suffer from an inferiority complex. But each person has some personal virtues that can positively distinguish him from others. And even if he does not know how to write poetry or sing, he knows how to swim well, knit and sew, cook delicious dishes, be dexterous and resourceful, not to mention the fact that, along with this, he can be a good public figure or specialist, excellent knowledgeable about their profession.
Each person can positively affirm himself as a person, and then he will feel good in any society.
The one who has self-respect does not play manners, he is simple and natural. Even at school, we get acquainted with Pushkin's Tatyana, who can serve as an example in this regard:
“She was not hasty, Not cold, not talkative, Without an impudent look for everyone, Without pretensions to success, Without these little antics, Without imitative undertakings ... Everything was quiet, it was just in her.”
True, with regard to calmness and restraint, one cannot but reckon with the peculiarity of the character and temperament of a person. But it is the self-esteem that makes him believe in himself, not to consider himself useless, superfluous, and will not allow a person to be dishonest, humiliated or endure insults.
A self-respecting person will not allow others to behave improperly, indecently in his presence and others: raise his voice, speak obscenely, show rudeness. He will not pretend that he does not hear or see anything. He will intervene where someone should be besieged, corrected. Such a person, moreover, will not give frivolous promises that he cannot fulfill. That is why he is still a neat and obligatory person.
Accuracy, accuracy, commitment - these are also positive qualities of a person's personality, which affect the culture of his behavior.
The obligatory person does not throw words to the wind, he promises only what he can deliver. But what has already been promised will always be fulfilled and, moreover, at the exact appointed time. There is a Chinese proverb: “It is better to refuse a hundred times than not to fulfill the promise once.” Indeed, if you promised, you need to keep your word, no matter how hard it costs. This is what the Russian proverb says: “If you didn’t give a word - be strong, but gave a word - hold on.”
If a person always fulfills what he promises, if he comes at the appointed time, then you can always rely on him. He will never let you down in business and other matters. And his composure, smartness and accuracy can serve as an example for others. Usually such a person enjoys authority among acquaintances and workmates.
A person's upbringing is also connected with modesty, which is manifested in his behavior, demeanor, and clothing. The words of one scientist who said about himself are known: “When I graduated from school, it seemed to me that I knew everything and was smarter than many; after graduating from the institute, I realized that I still didn’t know a lot and that many were smarter than me; when I became a professor, I became convinced that I still knew almost nothing and was not smarter than others.
Most often, immodest are young people who have not yet learned to respect others because they did not have the opportunity to be convinced of the immaturity of their views, incompleteness and gaps in knowledge, lack of experience.
At one time, the writer Mark Twain replied to a young man who complained in a letter that his parents were already very “intelligent”: “Be patient. When I was fourteen years old, my father was so stupid that I could hardly bear him, but when I was twenty-one years old, I was amazed at how much this old man had grown wiser over the past seven years ... ”
Probably, the time will come, and some of them, looking back at themselves in the past, will understand how wrong they were, how, perhaps, funny and arrogant they seemed to others. It is not pleasant to look at those who are arrogant and exalt themselves. But being humble is not always easy. Sometimes you really want to be noticed, praised, appreciated, and others seem to not do this. Yet modesty rarely goes unappreciated.
It has long been noticed that the more cultured a person is, the more modest he is. And no matter how great his merits, he he will never boastfully flaunt them, unnecessarily show all his knowledge. On the contrary, this uncultured person is often arrogant and swaggering. He is condescending to everyone around him, considering himself superior and smarter than them. Pushkin's words “we honor everyone as zeros, and ourselves as units” fully belong to these.
Here is how the poet S. Smirnov ridiculed snobby people in the fable “Naive Planet”:
I am above everyone! - thought the Planet And even somewhere Emphasized it, And the Universe, which has no limit, looked at it with a smile.
Over the centuries, many observant people have noted a pattern: the more meaningful the personality, the more modest and simpler the person is.
Secular etiquette strongly condemns and intolerant of such behavior, which suggests that a person thinks only of himself, completely ignoring how others react to his words and actions.
It happens that a person striving to preserve his own dignity overestimates himself, clearly exaggerates, or simply immodestly emphasizes his merits or advantages. And then, instead of a seemingly respectful attitude, the surrounding people may have completely opposite feelings.
Any self-assessment should involve, first of all, knowledge of one's own weaknesses and shortcomings, which will not allow you to overestimate your merits or advantages. That is why modesty is natural for those who know how to correctly understand and evaluate all the qualities of their own personality, self-critically judge themselves, and not loudly and publicly declare their merits and advantages.
We talk about modesty, but it can not be equated with shyness. This is a completely different quality that interferes with a person, first of all, in his communication with others, often gives him painful experiences, often associated with an underestimation of his personality. Such a person is more inclined than another to overestimate his shortcomings.
Such qualities as politeness, tact, delicacy, correctness, commitment, modesty, a person must educate himself and others in every possible way in order to make communication with others healthy and beautiful, save nerves, time and peace of mind.
Compliance with the rules of Soviet etiquette helps create that good moral atmosphere in which people live well, breathe easily and work.
7. International etiquette.
The main features of etiquette are universal, that is, they are the rules of courtesy not only in international communication, but also at home. But sometimes it happens that even a well-educated person gets into a difficult situation. Most often this happens when knowledge of the rules of international etiquette is necessary. Communication of representatives different countries, different political views, religious beliefs and rituals, national traditions and psychology, ways of life and culture require not only knowledge foreign languages, but also the ability to behave naturally, tactfully and with dignity, which is extremely necessary and important when meeting people from other countries. Such skill does not come by itself. This should be learned throughout life.
The courtesy rules of every nation are a very complex combination of national traditions, customs and international etiquette. And wherever you are, in whatever country you are, the hosts have the right to expect attention from the guest, interest in their country, respect for their customs.
Previously, the word "light" meant an intelligent, privileged and well-mannered society. "Light" consisted of people distinguished by their intelligence, learning, some kind of talent, or at least their politeness. At present, the concept of "light" is departing, but secular rules of behavior remain. Secular etiquette is nothing but knowledge of propriety the ability to behave in society in such a way as to earn universal approval and not offend anyone by any of their actions.
a) The rules of the conversation.
Here are a few principles that should be followed in a conversation, because the manner of speaking is the second most important thing after the manner of dressing, to which a person pays attention and which forms the first impression a person has about his interlocutor.
The tone of the conversation should be smooth and natural, but not pedantic and playful, that is, you need to be scholarly, but not pedantic, cheerful, but not making noise, polite but not exaggerating politeness. In the "light" they talk about everything, but they do not delve into anything. Any serious controversy should be avoided in conversations, especially in conversations about politics and religion.
Learn to listen to the same necessary condition for a polite and well-mannered person, as well as being able to speak, and if you want to be listened to, you yourself need to listen to others, or at least pretend that you are listening.
In society, one should not start talking about oneself until specifically asked, since only very close friends (and even then hardly) can be interested in the personal affairs of anyone.
b) How to behave at the table.
There is no need to rush to lay out your napkin, it is better to wait for others to do it. It is indecent to wipe your appliances at a party, with friends, as by doing this you show your distrust of the owners, but this is permissible in restaurants.
Bread should always be broken into pieces over your plate, so as not to crumble on the tablecloth, cut your piece of bread with a knife or bite off a whole slice.
Soup should not be eaten from the end of the spoon, but from the side edge.
For oysters, lobsters, and indeed for all soft foods (such as meat, fish, etc.), only knives should be used.
It is considered very indecent to eat fruits by biting directly from them. It is necessary to peel the fruit with a knife, cut the fruit into pieces, cut out the core with grains and only after that eat.
No one should ask to be served first with a dish, showing in any way his impatience. If you feel thirsty at the table, then you should stretch your glass to the one who pours, holding it between the thumb and middle fingers of your right hand. Avoid leaving wine or water in your glass that could spill.
When getting up from the table, you should not fold your napkin at all, and naturally it is very indecent to leave immediately after dinner, you should always wait at least half an hour.
c) table service.
When setting the table, it should be borne in mind that it is not customary to put more than three forks or three knives (each type of dish must have its own device), since all devices will still not be used at the same time. The remaining knives, forks and other additional serving items are served, if necessary, with the corresponding dishes. The forks should be placed to the left of the plate in the order in which the dishes are served. To the right of the plate is a snack knife, a tablespoon, a fish knife and a large dinner knife.
Glasses are placed in the following sequence from right to left: a glass (glass) for water, a glass for champagne, a glass for white wine, a slightly smaller glass for red wine and an even smaller one for dessert wine. On the highest wine glass, they usually put a card with the name and surname of the guest for whom the place is intended.
d) Clothing and appearance
Although they say that they see off according to the mind, they accept according to clothes, and clothes are one of the main conditions for how good a person’s opinion of you is. Rockefeller started his business by buying an expensive suit with his last money and becoming a member of a golf club.
I think it's not worth saying that clothes should be neat, cleaned and ironed. But here are some tips on how and when to dress.
For receptions until 20:00, men can wear any suits in non-bright colors. For receptions starting after 20:00, black suits must be worn.
In a formal setting, the jacket should be buttoned up. In a buttoned jacket, they enter to friends, to a restaurant, to the auditorium of the theater, sit on the presidium or make a report, but you should know that the bottom button of the jacket is never fastened . You can unbutton your jacket buttons at lunch, dinner or while sitting in an armchair.
In the case when you need to wear a tuxedo, this is specifically indicated in the invitation (cravate noire, black tie)
The color of men's socks should in any case be darker than the suit, which creates a transition from the color of the suit to the color of the shoes. Patent leather shoes should only be worn with a tuxedo.
A woman enjoys much more freedom in choosing the style of clothing and fabric than a man. The main rule that should be observed when choosing clothes is the appropriateness of time and environment. Therefore, it is not customary to receive guests or visit guests in luxurious dresses during the daytime. For such cases, an elegant dress or dress-suit is suitable.
9. Etiquette observed in letters.
Etiquette in letters is essentially all the same formalities that have turned into customs. Letters congratulating the new year are sent in advance, so that they would be received on the eve of the new year or on the day of the new year. This period must be observed in relations with relatives, but regarding friends or close acquaintances, the period of congratulations can be extended to the first week after the new year, everyone else can be congratulated throughout January.
Letters are written only on one side of the sheet, back side must always remain clean.
Etiquette does not require beautiful handwriting, but writing illegibly is just as ugly as muttering under your breath while talking to others.
It is considered very ugly and not polite to put one letter with a dot instead of a signature. Whatever kind of letter it is: business or friendly - you must never forget to put the address and number.
You should never write verbosely to persons who are above or below you in position, in the first case, your verbosity can show your disrespect, and, most likely, they simply will not read a long letter, and in the second case, a long letter can be considered familiarity.
In the art of composing letters, the ability to distinguish the one to whom we write and choose the right tone of the letter plays a very important role.
The letter depicts the moral character of the writer, it is, so to speak, the measure of his education and knowledge. Therefore, when writing, you should be subtly witty, remembering every minute that people conclude from it about your strengths and weaknesses. The slightest tactlessness in words and carelessness in expressions expose the writer in an unpleasant light for him.
10. Conclusion.
Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand the other. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas.
Intelligence is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
At the heart of all good manners is the concern that the person does not interfere with the person, so that everyone feels good together. We must be able not to interfere with each other. It is necessary to educate in oneself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a careful attitude to the world, to society, to nature, to one's past.
No need to memorize hundreds of rules, but remember one thing - the need for a respectful attitude towards others.
Additional reading 1. Spiritual culture and ethnic identity of nations. - M., 1990. - Issue. 1. - 234 p. 2. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 3. Kukushin V.S. Ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology / V.S. Kukushin, L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. - 448 p. 4. Mid M. Culture and the world of childhood / M. Mid. - M. : Academy, 2002. - 256 p. 5. Okoneshnikova A.P. Ethnopedagogical features of peoples in the upbringing of children / A.P. Okoneshnikov. - Perm, 1996. Lesson 4. Orthodox folk pedagogy (4 hours) Key concepts: education system, folk pedagogy, Orthodox Christian family, Christian commandments, morality of everyday rituals. The problematic question is: how does the creative power of the Orthodox Church manifest itself? Questions for Discussion 1. Traditional child-rearing systems different peoples peace. 2. Orthodox folk pedagogy. 3. The ideal of an Orthodox Christian family. 4. Basic Christian commandments. 5. The Christian ideal of man. Christian criterion of morality. Christian concept of duty and conscience. Christianity and work. Family and marriage code of Christianity. 6. The educational role of everyday rituals. Nepotism and its educational role. 7. Folk pedagogy about the upbringing of children at a young age. 8. Family traditions in the education of middle-aged children. 9. Community traditions and their influence on the spiritual development of the child. Pedagogy of a large family. Creative task Give examples and facts of the influence of folk pedagogy on one's own upbringing: grandmother's edification, father's suggestions, mother's advice, wishes of older comrades. Main literature 1. Introduction to ethnic psychology / [ed. Yu.P. Platonov]. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - 248 p. 2. Volkov G.N. Ethnopedagogy / G.N. Volkov. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 168 p. 3. Pedagogy of the peoples of the world. History and modernity. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 455 p. 4. Ethnology / [ed. G.E. Markova, V.V. Pimenov]. - M. : Academy, 2000. - 217 p. 11 Additional reading 1. Vasiltsova Z.P. Wise commandments of folk pedagogy / Z.P. Vasiltsov. - M.: Pedagogy, 1983. - P.141. 2. Spiritual culture and ethnic identity of nations. - M., 1990. Issue. 1. - 234 p. 3. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 4. Kukushin V.S. Ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology / V.S. Kukushin, L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. - 448 p. 5. Okoneshnikova A.P. Ethnopedagogical features of peoples in the upbringing of children / A.P. Okoneshnikov. - Perm, 1996. 6. Rachinsky S. Christian education of children / S. Rachinsky. - M., 1905. 7. Rybakov B.A. People and manners Ancient Rus'/ B.A. Rybakov. – M.: Education, 1966. 8. Erickson E. Childhood and society / E. Erickson. - St. Petersburg. : Peter, 2000. - 302 p. Lesson 5. Fundamentals of folk pedagogy Key concepts: folk pedagogy, educational traditions of peoples professing different religions. The problematic question is: why should the upbringing and culture of the people be based on religion? Issues for discussion 1. Educational traditions of Christian nations. 2. Educational traditions of Muslims. 3. Educational traditions of peoples practicing Buddhism. 4. Educational traditions of the Jews. Creative task 1. Write an essay on the topic "Pedagogical views of various peoples on education and training." 2. Prepare an essay on the topic “Religion as a pivotal factor in the formation of a person's spirituality. The educational potential of traditional religious teachings: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Main literature 1. Introduction to ethnic psychology / [ed. Yu.P. Platonov]. - St. Petersburg, 2000. - 248 p. 2. Volkov G.N. Ethnopedagogy / G.N. Volkov. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 168 p. 3. Pedagogy of the peoples of the world. History and modernity. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 455 p. 4. Ethnology / [ed. G.E. Markova, V.V. Pimenov]. - M. : Academy, 2000. - 217 p. 12 Additional reading 1. Spiritual culture and ethnic identity of nations. - M., 1990. Issue. 1. - 234 p. 2. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 3. Kukushin V.S. Ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology / V.S. Kukushin, L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. - 448 p. 4. Mid M. Culture and the world of childhood / M. Mid. - M. : Academy, 2002. - 256 p. 5. Okoneshnikova A.P. Ethnopedagogical features of peoples in the upbringing of children / A.P. Okoneshnikov. - Perm, 1996. Lesson 6. Means of folk pedagogy Key concepts: means of folk pedagogy: proverbs, riddles, fairy tales, folk songs. Problematic question: why proverbs, riddles, fairy tales, folk songs act as means of folk pedagogy? Questions for discussion 1. Proverbs. Education of industriousness as the leading idea of proverbs. 2. Riddles. Puzzle tasks. Riddles features. Various forms riddles. 3. Folk songs. Lullaby. Poetry of an early age. Songs of adolescence. Youthful songs and songs of mature age. The complex impact of the song. 4. Tales. The cognitive role of fairy tales. Pedagogical ideas of fairy tales. Fairy tales as a manifestation of folk pedagogical genius. Creative task 1. In ethnopedagogics folk proverbs considered to be “models of education”. Try to pick up a few folk sayings that fit this definition. 2. The most brilliant fairy tales in the world are "Ryaba the Hen", "Gingerbread Man", "Turnip". Try to justify it with reasoning. Main literature 1. Volkov G.N. Ethnopedagogy / G.N. Volkov. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 168 p. 2. Pedagogy of the peoples of the world. History and modernity. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 455 p. 3. Ethnology / [ed. G.E. Markova, V.V. Pimenov]. - M. : Academy, 2000. - 217 p. Further Reading 1. Antonova R.Ya. Parenting. Ideas of national folk pedagogy / R.Ya. Antonova. - Yakutsk: IIF, 1995. 2. Vasiltsova Z.P. Wise commandments of folk pedagogy / Z.P. Vasiltsov. - M.: Pedagogy, 1983. - S. 141. 3. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 13 4. Kuzina T.F., Baturin G.I. Entertaining pedagogy of the peoples of Russia: advice, games, rituals. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 145 p. Lesson 7. Factors of public education Key concepts: nature, game, word, work, traditions, art as factors of public education. Problematic question: why nature, play, work, traditions, art act as factors in the upbringing of the younger generation? Issues for discussion 1. Nature as a factor in public education. Traditional lifestyle and nature. 2. Play as a factor in public education: play as a sphere of activity for children. Game examples. 3. The word as a factor in public education. Variety in folk pedagogy of verbal forms, spontaneity of the process of mastering the native language. 4. Labor and its place in folk pedagogy. 5. Traditions and connection of generations. 6. Art as a factor in education. Creative task 1. The fate of every person and any nation is ultimately decided by three loves - love for children, love for work, love for the Motherland. Continue your thought. 2. Everyone is born a grandson, dies a grandfather. Discuss this saying in connection with the theme of the continuity of generations. 3. Take any game, write down its purpose and method of organization. 4. Explain the influence of all factors on public education. Give your examples. Main literature 1. Volkov G.N. Ethnopedagogy / G.N. Volkov. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 168 p. 2. Pedagogy of the peoples of the world. History and modernity. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 455 p. 3. Ethnology / [ed. G.E. Markova, V.V. Pimenov]. - M. : Academy, 2000. - 217 p. Additional reading 1. Antonova R.Ya. Parenting. Ideas of national folk pedagogy / R.Ya. Antonova. - Yakutsk: IIF, 1995. 2. Volkov G.N. Pedagogy of life / G.N. Volkov. - Cheboksary: Chuvash book. publishing house, 1989. - S. 334. 3. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 4. Kukushin V.S. Ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology / V.S. Kukushin, L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. - 448 p. 14 5. Kuzina T.F. Entertaining pedagogy of the peoples of Russia: advice, games, rituals / T.F. Kuzina, G.I. Baturin. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 145 p. Lesson 8. Contemporary Issues ethnopedagogization of education Key concepts: national education, designing ethnic education, ethnodidactic methods, methods, techniques, forms and means of education. A problematic question: what are the reasons for the deformation of the system of education and upbringing that has developed over the centuries? Issues for discussion 1. The idea of national education. Ethno-didactic approach to the design of ethnic education (three-component structuring of its content: ethnic, interethnic and polyethnic). 2. Ethno-didactic principles: The principle of ethnic conformity to nature, the principle of conformity of the content of education and teaching methods with ethnopedagogical traditions, the principle of conformity of the content of education and teaching methods with ethnopsychological features. 3. Ethno-didactic methods of teaching. 4. Ethno-didactic methods and teaching methods. 5. Ethno-didactic forms and teaching aids. Creative Activity Create a model of a national school. Main literature 1. Volkov G.N. Ethnopedagogy / G.N. Volkov. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 168 p. 2. Pedagogy of the peoples of the world. History and modernity. - M. : Academy, 2001. - 455 p. Additional literature 1. Volkov G.N. Pedagogy of life / G.N. Volkov. - Cheboksary: Chuvash book. Publishing House, 1989. - S. 334. 2. Danilov D.A. Folk pedagogy - the basis for the development of science and education // National education of Yakutia. - 1993. - No. 1. - P. 32. 3. Kon I.S. Child and society: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments / I.S. Con. - M. : Academy, 2003. - 336 p. 4. Kukushin V.S. Ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology / V.S. Kukushin, L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000. - 448 p. 5. Mid M. Culture and the world of childhood / M. Mid. - M. : Academy, 2002. - 256 p. 6. Okoneshnikova A.P. Ethnopedagogical features of peoples in the upbringing of children / A.P. Okoneshnikova. – Perm, 1996. 15 Tasks for controlled independent work of students Write an essay on the following topics Folk traditions of labor education and upbringing of preschool children. Ethnic system of physical education. Pedagogical culture of the people. Folk etiquette and problems of its revival. Dictionary of our wedding. Rural wedding in aesthetic and moral aspects. What can be learned from the Cossacks? What is interesting in mountain etiquette? Games of my childhood and the childhood of my ancestors. Folk omens and belief. Popular conspiracies. Russian patronal holidays and their educational role. Legends and their moral and educational character. Legends of my small Motherland. Street or stanitsa nicknames and nicknames. Folk carols and schedrovkas. Christmas and baptism rituals. Pagan and Christian in Maslenitsa. Muslim holiday. The moral aspect of Great Lent. Spring rituals and its educational value. Aesthetic beginning in folk rituals. What etiquette teaches us nature itself. Animals, morally, psychologically and energetically treating people. Practical individual independent work Development of a universal ethical code student group based on the rules of folk pedagogy. Development of a questionnaire for examining the classroom team for the use of drugs, alcohol, nicotine, taking into account traditional popular views on these dopings. Methodology for organizing a school evening using folk experience in education. Methodology for organizing the work of a folklore circle. 16 Test questions for the test 1. The structure of ethnic psychology. 2. Ethnopsychological foundations of communication and social regulation of behavior. 3. Ethnocultural variability of socialization and upbringing of children. 4. The concept of folk pedagogy. 5. Common and different in folk pedagogy and ethnopedagogy. 6. The origins of folk pedagogy. 7. Religion and folk pedagogy. 8. Nature and folk pedagogy. 9. Ethnopedagogics as component culture. 10. Moral ideal as the goal of folk pedagogy. 11. Labor is the basis of folk pedagogy. 12. Religious rituals and moral education. 13. Phenomenon of ethnopedagogics. 14. Pedagogical views of different peoples on education and training. 15. Features of Orthodox folk pedagogy. 16. Ethical Foundations Christianity is a source of moral education for Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Armenians, and Greeks. 17. Orthodox Christian etiquette. 18. Russian folklore and its role in aesthetic education. 19. Russian folklore and its role in the mental development of children. 20. The educational value of traditional medicine. 21. Educational value of folk meteorology. 22. The educational role of Russian rituals. 23. Representations of the Russian people about mental, labor, aesthetic and moral education youth. 24. The educational role of dancing. 25. Patriotic education of children and adolescents by folk traditions of Christians and Muslims. 26. The educational role of folk architecture. 27. Features family education in a Catholic family. 28. The specifics of education in a gypsy family. 29. Humanism of folk pedagogy. 30. Pagan elements in our life and their educational role. 31. Influence of the basic principles of folk pedagogy on the development of modern educational paradigms. 17 Annex 1 NATIONAL DOCTRINE OF EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (Excerpts) Introduction The National Doctrine of Education in Russian Federation(hereinafter - the doctrine) - the fundamental government document that establishes the priority of education in state policy, the strategy and the main directions of its development. The doctrine defines the goals of education and training, ways to achieve them through the state policy in the field of education, the expected results of the development of the education system for the period up to 2025. Strategic Goals education are closely linked to the problems of the development of Russian society, including: creating the basis for sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of Russia, ensuring High Quality the life of the people and national security; strengthening the democratic rule of law and the development of civil society; staffing a dynamically developing market economy, integrating into world economy, which has high competitiveness and investment attractiveness; approval of the status of Russia in the world community as a great power in the field of education, culture, art, science, high technology and economy. The doctrine reflects the interests of citizens of the multinational Russian state and is designed to create conditions in the country for universal education of the population, to ensure real equality of citizens' rights and the opportunity for everyone to improve their educational level throughout their lives. The doctrine recognizes education as a priority area for the accumulation of knowledge and the formation of skills, the creation of the most favorable conditions for the identification and development creativity every citizen of Russia, cultivating diligence and high moral principles in him, and also recognizes education as a sphere of employment of the population, profitable long-term investments and the most effective investment of capital. The doctrine reflects the new conditions for the functioning of education, the responsibility of social partners - the state, society, families, employers - in matters of the quality of general and vocational education, education of the younger generation. The doctrine defines the main directions for improving the legislation in the field of education and is the basis for the development of programs for the development of education. The main goals and objectives of education The education system is recognized to ensure: the historical continuity of generations, the preservation, dissemination and development of national culture, the development of respect for the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia; education of patriots of Russia, citizens of a legal, democratic state, capable of socialization in a civil society, respecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, possessing high morality and showing national and religious tolerance, respect for the languages, traditions and culture of other peoples; the formation of a culture of peace and interpersonal relations; versatile and timely development of children and youth, their creative abilities, the formation of self-education skills, self-realization of the individual; formation in children and young people of a holistic worldview and a modern scientific outlook, development of a culture of interethnic relations; formation in children, youth, and other categories of citizens of labor motivation, an active life and professional position, training in the basic principles of building a professional career and behavior skills in the labor market; organization of the educational process, taking into account modern achievements of science, systematic updating of all aspects of education, reflecting changes in the field of culture, economics, science, engineering and technology; continuity of education throughout a person's life; the variety of types and types of educational institutions and the variability of educational programs that ensure the individualization of education, personality-oriented training and education; continuity of levels and levels of education; creation of programs that implement information Technology in education and the development of open education; academic mobility of students; development of domestic traditions in work with gifted children and youth, participation of teachers in scientific activities; training of highly educated people and highly qualified specialists capable of professional growth and professional mobility in the conditions of informatization of society and the development of new science-intensive technologies; upbringing healthy lifestyle life, development of children's and youth sports; countering negative social processes; environmental education, which forms a careful attitude of the population to nature. The main tasks of the state in the field of education Education is the sphere of responsibility and interests of the state and its institutions. The state in the field of education is called upon to ensure the implementation of the constitutional right and equal opportunities for various social strata and territorial groups of the population to receive free high-quality education; – preservation and development of the unified educational space of Russia; – participation of organs state power in ensuring the activities of municipal educational institutions; – formation in the public consciousness of an attitude towards education as the highest value of a citizen, society and state; - expanding the participation of society in the management of education; – participation of professional educational communities in the development of educational policy at the federal and regional levels; - the secular nature of education; conditions for the full and responsible education and upbringing of children in the family, educational institutions all forms, types and types; – harmonization of national and ethno-cultural relations; – preservation and support of the ethnic and national-cultural identity of the peoples of Russia, the humanistic traditions of their cultures; – preservation of languages and cultures of all peoples of the Russian Federation; – development of education and culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East; – preservation and development of the significance of the Russian language as one of the unifying factors of a multinational Russian state; - high-quality education in a general education school, including in a rural one, based on the development of its material base, the use modern technologies training, saving additional social guarantees for students and teachers in rural areas. 19 Appendix 2 EXTRACTS FROM THE EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY (according to the book by Kurochkina I.N. Russian Pedagogy. Pages of Formation (VIII-XVIII centuries)) About the moral foundations of behavior "... virtue consists not only in not doing evil, but also in doing good." Ark F.O. Apologia... - S. 17. "...do good and go bad." "... Do what makes you and your condition perfect." “We must love God infinitely”; “All hope must be placed in God.” "Reason teaches everyone to submit to the will of God." “Love is most conducive to rendering mutual services, and to establishing favors.” Bavmeister F.Kh. Preacher Philosophy ... - S. 49, 106, 107, 140. "Decent in appearance, in spiritual movements, in words, in deeds ...". “It is very difficult to please in society ... direct politeness in speeches, in deeds, in deeds.” “Politeness consists in the continuous sacrifice of stubbornness, pride, willfulness, and strangeness... It unites people, obliges them to love each other... without it, society would represent only obscenity, vices and battles.” Le Clerc N.G. The Art of Appearing in the World... – P. 18, 23, 25, 26. “Politeness and unconstrained behavior replaces many imperfections in a person: it gives beauty and old age youth and liveliness with a bad look. Rough behavior not only disfigures beauty, but also takes away the price of good qualities from their direct dignity. Strangers do not look at anything with a big note, but at the outward appearance of our address and, according to what opinion they conclude about our disposition, they judge us well or badly. Seli N.Zh. Instilling a sound mind ... - S. 4, 5. "A person can always be recognized through those with whom he has a relationship." "Don't be a news-bearer. He who does not know how to be silent, he does not know how to speak.” Teplov G.N. Instruction to the son. – P. 43, 81 About appearance and manners “It is difficult for such a person to not have an inclination from the first sight, which, with a pleasant face and good manners, will come into the company. One look is reassuring about his virtues, and his free deeds and smart words will testify that he is of a good family and an honest person). “Bad use of the best thing spoils, and human intemperance is the cause of many wrongs.” Bellegarde J.B.M. The perfect upbringing of children ... - S. 45, 24. “If you laugh, laugh without laughing, and moreover, moderately. For to smile at every word and action is a sign of fools; and for all that, it is characteristic of the insensitive to put on airs. And so observe moderation as everywhere, so observe here. ” “If you happen to yawn, and sneeze and cough, then either turn away or cover your mouth with your hand, and moderate the sound.” 20
Valentina Vilchinskaya
Project "What nature teaches us"
annotation
In the sayings of the ancient and modern sages, we often meet the advice: "Learn from nature." What is meant? Maybe this is a poetic exaggeration? How can one learn from people, we can imagine without much difficulty, but how can one learn from nature? Can fresh mountain air filled with prana give us something else besides health and vitality? Walking among the trees, contemplating the flow of the river, watching the change of seasons, can we gain new knowledge? How and what can nature teach us?
From nature, man has learned everything he can, a lot of ideas for transforming the surrounding reality, changing it, are scooped up by man precisely from nature itself. Man himself, as part of nature, changes and transforms it.
During the preparation of the project, the child had the opportunity to satisfy their curiosity, which allowed them to expand their understanding of how to learn from nature. Summarize your findings and draw your own conclusions.
The work has a goal: to find out what nature teaches us.
A hypothesis has been put forward: children, having received knowledge about environmental phenomena and the behavior of animals, will treat them more carefully.
When working on the project, the following research methods were used:
Theoretical
Literature analysis.
Comparison and observations.
empirical
observation.
Practical
Booklet production
Conclusion: From this work we can conclude that cognitive research activity allows you to expand your understanding of the world around you, help children from an early age understand that they are part of nature, teaches you to generalize the ideas received and draw conclusions.
Introduction.
What nature teaches us
The sun teaches us not to regret
River - do not sit still,
The star is to burn, the earth is to search,
The expanse of heaven - take off from the earth.
Rains teach us purity,
Flowers - love, sunset - a dream,
Resistance - sails,
Forgiveness - mother's eyes.
Once Valentina Mikhailovna read to us a poem by the poet Vladimir Natanovich Orlov:
Us at any time of the year
Wise nature teaches.
Birds learn to sing
Spider - patience.
Bees in the field and garden
They teach us how to work.
And besides, in their work
Everything is fair.
Reflection in water
Teaches us truth.
Snow teaches us purity,
The sun teaches kindness
And for all the magnitude
Teaches modesty.
Nature all year round
Need to be trained.
Us trees of all kinds
All the big forest people,
Teaches strong friendship.
How one can learn from people, I can imagine without much difficulty, but how can one learn from nature? What can she teach us? I decided to find out what we can still learn from nature.
Purpose of the work: to find out what we can learn from nature.
The object of study was nature.
The subject of the study was natural phenomena and animal habits.
To achieve this goal, I solved the following tasks:
1. The study of natural phenomena, the life and habits of animals;
2. Mastering ideas and concepts about animate and inanimate nature;
3. The ability to find an answer to an exciting question using a variety of sources.
4. Development of understanding of interconnections in nature and the place of man in it.
Description of work.
1-2 slide
Hello. My name is Razumov Vladislav. I go to kindergarten"Berry" in the preparatory group.
3 slide
Once Valentina Mikhailovna read us a poem by the poet Vladimir Natanovich Orlov: "What nature teaches us." And it became interesting to me what else we can learn from nature. I talked with the teacher, read encyclopedias with my mother, searched for information on the Internet. And today I want to share what I have learned. I hope you will be interested as well as I am.
4 slide
We have a tree in front of us. It stands motionless.
5 slide
It endures everything: wind and cold, rain and snow. Cut the branch, it says nothing. Wood is by nature very patient. You can learn patience from him.
6 slide
What does a dog teach us? A dog is an attentive observer, surprisingly sensitive to a variety of emotions and intentions of people. Once in new team, the dog needs some time to understand how the roles are distributed here, who is the leader, who is the breadwinner, who will play and walk with her. And only having oriented itself in the system of relations between people, the dog establishes its own special relationship with each of the members of the collective individually. Her tact and ability to connect with people dependent on their individual characteristics and preferences are worth learning.
7 slide
When we see a dog, we see complete fidelity in the look. Why are dogs loved? Because they are faithful animals.
8 slide
If we compare dogs and wolves, then wolves are unfaithful, although they look like dogs. When we look into the eyes of a wolf (for example, in a zoo, he has a tense, suspicious look, he has no one to whom he would trust. Although outwardly they look like a dog. Dogs are faithful, therefore they are next to a person. You can learn fidelity from a dog .
9 slide
Pay attention to the cat. The cat knows what he wants, and unmistakably chooses what, in fact, suits her best. That is why many tend to consider her cold and selfish. But this is not true: a cat is a very sensitive animal, and its affection for the owner, although not as obvious as that of a dog, makes it a true friend, ready to support and soothe through gentle touches. She is relaxed all the time. This means that in life you need to learn to accept everything like a cat: to be relaxed and calm. The cat gives us a wonderful lesson in how to strike a balance between our own interests and the needs of others. The cat is unobtrusive in communication, she carefully doses the signs of her love and decides for herself what to do.
10 slide
Those who breed bees know how amazing this insect is, they know not to put the hive too far from the flowers. She will simply wear out her wings and die on the way, and therefore the hives are placed closer so that the bees do not fly so far. In order not to get very tired, because the bees will not take care of themselves. They will live to the last for this hive. The bee does not live for itself. You can learn collective thinking from a bee. Looking at the bees, we understand that in a team we need to do everything together.
11 slide
Watching a spider weave a web, a person learned to weave a web.
12 slide
If a dolphin finds an injured dolphin, it helps it stay afloat. Dolphins teach us not to leave each other in trouble.
13 slide
Elephants never abandon their elders. Elephants teach respect for elders.
14 slide
Some plants and mollusks have suggested to man how to make traps: mollusks close their shells, and plants close their doors when food enters them.
15 slide
Observing how a chameleon, carefully aiming, shoots at prey with its long sticky tongue, man invented the harpoon.
16 slide
Claws, fangs and beaks - hunting tools for animals - became an example for the manufacture of arrowheads and spears.
17 slide
Snakes and scorpions kill their prey with poison - this is a hint to a person how to use a poisoned weapon.
18 slide
Even such a method of hunting as an ambush was suggested to people by animals. Watch the cat, how patiently she can sit, crouching and watching if the sparrows have lost their vigilance. Large cats - panthers, leopards, lynxes and jaguars are also on the lookout for prey.
19 slide
Wolves were special teachers of people. In their hunting, all roles are strictly distributed: some hide in ambush, others drive prey. In such a hunt, intelligence is already required. Maybe that's why ancient people especially revered smart, brave and strong animals: bears, wolves, tigers.
To end my talk, I want to talk about 4 more things that animals can teach us:
Feeding and caring for the health of your pet teaches us responsibility.
Animals either love us or they don't. I think that animals are capable of love. And they teach us this.
Caring for an animal teaches us patience.
Try tossing a ball to a dog, or playing with a rope with your cat, and you will realize that you can also enjoy the little things.
I also realized that we should share difficulties among ourselves, help each other and stick together. Such is the law of nature. And we must live by this law.
Conclusion
While working on my project, I learned that since ancient times man has learned from nature. Nature is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and new discoveries. Nature must be loved, protected and very carefully observed and studied. And most importantly - to learn from her all my life, and then we will have many new discoveries.
Etiquette is generally accepted norms of behavior of people in society. Children, just like adults, need to know how to behave. And mothers and fathers, grandparents, aunts and uncles, all close and dear people should help them in mastering etiquette.
The Importance of Children's Etiquette
Why burden a small child with issues like etiquette at all and deprive him of a carefree childhood? Who needs it? We will answer these questions and talk about the importance of children's etiquette. But they really need him! First of all, they themselves, and not their environment, as many people think. It is in childhood that the foundations of human behavior, character traits, and habits are laid. From what kind of upbringing a child received in childhood, his further success, education, career, life in general depends. In addition, etiquette opens the door to society for the baby. The culture of behavior and communication helps the child to be understood and heard. With a well-mannered person, regardless of his age and status, it is pleasant to deal, talk, communicate. A child who knows and observes the rules of etiquette develops the correct attitude and understanding of conscience, morality, ethics, and responsibility.
At what age should children be taught etiquette?
Telling the kid about the rules of etiquette, we teach him good manners. It is necessary to explain to the child how to behave, and how not, from the time when he begins to walk independently, eat at a common table, talk, actively communicate with people, peers. From about 1.5 years of age, the baby needs to be explained, shown how to behave at the table. If before that time, he was forgiven a table smeared with porridge, his face, hands, it was forgiven that he could take food from someone else's plate, etc., now you should take this more seriously. The child has already quite well formed awareness of what is happening, what he is told, what is required of him. When he starts talking, you need to explain how to behave with people. For example, when meeting a familiar person, ask the baby to say hello, when parting, say “goodbye”. For ease of communication, usually very young kids are first taught to say the words "hello", "bye", "you". This is also education, at the most elementary level. At the age of 2-3 years, it is necessary to explain that such treatment is appropriate with peers, and adults need to communicate differently, more restrained.
Basics of etiquette
There are a great many rules of good manners. But for a young age, many of them are not yet needed. Recall the basic rules of behavior that parents should teach their children.
Etiquette at the dinner table
- Wash hands before eating;
- Eat carefully, try not to stain yourself and those sitting next to you;
- After eating, wash or wipe your lips with a napkin;
- Thank adults for dinner.
- Play with food, throw it;
- Hurry up, fill your mouth full;
- Eat from someone else's plate or with someone else's spoons, forks;
- Talk with a full mouth;
- Waving your arms, grimacing, indulging, swinging in a chair.
Away etiquette
- Say hello to the owners of the house;
- Be calm, do not make noise, do not run;
- Before leaving, thank you for your hospitality and say goodbye.
- Touch and take any objects in the room without the permission of the owners;
- Staying away for a long time;
- Ask for tea or lunch.
Etiquette in communication
- When meeting, you need to greet people you know, and when parting, say goodbye, saying "goodbye";
- Remember, and if necessary, use “magic words” in speech: “thank you”, “please”, “sorry”;
- Refer to adults by name, patronymic, "you". When greeting, say "hello", and leaving - "goodbye";
- With peers, you can communicate on "you", say "hello", "bye";
- You can not give nicknames to other children, call names, offend, humiliate them;
- You should not complain, tell adults about every trifle.
Here are perhaps the most important rules of etiquette for children. It seems that there are not so many of them here, however, for the child to understand and accept them all, it will take a lot of time. To simplify the task, you can combine the useful - the study of etiquette, and the pleasant - games.
Etiquette Games
The process of teaching a child the rules of behavior does not affect his cloudless, happy childhood and fun pastime. That is, the baby will not be so loaded that he will not have time for games, as well as other interesting activities. Any education of a small child should by no means be reduced to some lessons, should not be limited by time. This process should go unnoticed, between times or in game form. Thanks to this, the baby will not feel pressure on himself, because he is not forced, he is not required, so he will learn everything better, faster.
- Fairy tales, stories, cartoons - this is one of the easiest, accessible to everyone, moreover, interesting ways to teach a child good behavior. All you need is to watch your favorite cartoons with your baby, read your favorite fairy tales, and explain the behavior of the characters. Whatever you read, whatever you watch, you can always find characters with right and wrong behavior.
- You can give the child the opportunity to act as a teacher, explain to you or, for example, a teddy bear, how to behave, allow comments to be made. All children, without exception, want to feel at least a little more mature, so the child is unlikely to give up the game where he is in charge, the elder.
- Find or compose your own short poems with involved in them polite words. Continue the kid to continue the rhyme. Example:
To all the acquaintances at parting,
We say ... ("goodbye")
- Proverbs, sayings are another interesting way to tell children about the right behavior. For example, they say: "politeness costs nothing, but brings a lot." Children will be interested to hear about what this means. This is a kind of riddle, which also has a clue, that is, a hidden meaning.
- Children's goods stores have a variety of Board games by etiquette. These can be, for example, cardboard cards with images of good and bad behavior, the task of children is to choose the right option.
If at a difficult age of 3-4 years the baby from time to time behaves capriciously, ill-mannered, uncivilized, then it is not necessary to be very upset, worry, and even more so scold, punish him for this. A good help to proper education is visiting various social events with children: theaters, cafes, holidays. The child needs communication experience, living examples of good manners. Parents themselves should always be polite, adhere to the norms of etiquette, because children copy everything from their parents.
Modern etiquette is a whole set of rules of conduct and good manners that teaches how to make acquaintances, say hello, how to behave in public places, how to visit guests, how to properly set the table and behave during meals, and so on. The rules of etiquette at school begin to instill from childhood.
General for students
1. You need to come to school in advance, about 15 minutes before the lessons.
2. The appearance must correspond to the educational institution, the clothes must be clean and tidy.
3. The student must always have a change of shoes with him, which, like outerwear, must be removed in the school wardrobe.
4. Before the start of the lesson, the student must prepare everything necessary for the upcoming lesson, check the availability of a diary, pen, notebook, textbook, and so on.
5. It is strictly forbidden to bring any type of weapons, alcohol, cigarettes, narcotic and poisonous substances, and the like into the school territory.
6. It is impossible to leave the educational institution without permission during lessons and breaks. Absence from classes for valid reasons must be confirmed by a certificate from a doctor (in case of illness), or explanatory note from parents.
7. The rules of conduct for a student at school are based on the principles of respect for older students and caring attitude towards students in the lower grades.
8. Students are required to protect and maintain school property, including furniture, books, and so on.
Student behavior during the lesson
Students directly in the lesson must also follow certain rules of polite behavior at school. As soon as the teacher enters the classroom, students stand to greet the teacher or another adult who has looked into the classroom. During the lesson, you need to behave decently, do not make noise, do not shout, do not engage in extraneous matters, especially without permission not to leave your workplace and don't wander around the classroom. If you still need to leave the classroom, you must first ask permission from the teacher. The rules of behavior for children in school are the same for everyone. If you need to ask the teacher about something, you need to raise your hand first, and not shout from your seat.
Such simple rules
The student should try to express his thoughts when answering clearly, clearly and understandably, using all the visual materials necessary for this. On a day when there is such a subject in the class schedule as Physical Culture and health, you must have a sports uniform and shoes with you. You can enter the gym only with the permission of the teacher. Students who are exempted from physical education classes for various reasons must still be in the gym. It is believed that the bell at the end of the lesson rings for the teacher, and the students leave the class after the teacher announces the end of the lesson.
school etiquette
The rules of school etiquette oblige to have this in regard to clothing, hairstyles, reasonable use of cosmetics and accessories. School etiquette implies a friendly attitude of students towards each other. Polite students greet and greet all teachers, not just those they know personally. Each other should be called by name, do not use offensive nicknames.
The rules of student behavior in school also imply self-discipline. Litter on site educational institution(and not only) is prohibited, there are urns for this. Culturally, you need to behave not only in the classroom, but also during the breaks. Running, shouting and pushing is prohibited, you should be careful on the stairs. Children should also behave in a civilized manner in the dining room, eat only in the place designated for this, and after the meal clean up the dishes after themselves.
Rules of etiquette in elementary school
Etiquette lessons in primary school must be included in the plan educational work with students. It is very important from childhood to instill in the child the basics of correct behavior in a given situation. Mutual respect should be an integral part of behavior. Starting in the first grade, children are taught to be grateful, introduced to the words "thank you" and "please." Etiquette implies a respectful attitude towards elders, the appeal to which must be mandatory on “You”.
There is also the so-called If a child calls his teacher or class teacher, the first thing to do is to say hello and give your name. In a place where there are usually a lot of people, it is worth talking on the phone without attracting much attention to yourself, and in places such as a museum, theater or cinema, it is generally better to turn off your mobile phone.
- To feel comfortable in the classroom, be sure to complete the pre-assigned homework.
- It is better to have a school diary filled out for two weeks in advance, you need to keep it carefully and keep it on your desk during lessons.
- A bag or a school backpack must be collected in advance, be sure to check the availability of textbooks, notebooks, pens and pencils and other necessary things.
- Cell phones must be turned off or on silent during class. You can also call or send SMS during recess.
- You need to behave decently not only in the classroom, but also on the street, at home and in public places. These are not just the rules of student behavior at school that must be observed, it should become an integral part of the personality of an educated modern person.
- Leaving the school without the knowledge and permission of a teacher or nurse is strictly prohibited.
- You must always be neat, cleanliness should be maintained in everything, in your appearance, at work.
- It is the responsibility of the student to be on duty in the classroom on a first-come, first-served basis. It is worth fulfilling this duty in good faith.
- At the time of the break, it is better to leave the classroom and allow the teacher to ventilate the room. By the way, this is very good way walk and stretch
Lessons in etiquette: at school and in life
Etiquette at school is not only a set of rules that must be observed within the walls of the school. First of all, this is the formation and development of cultural communication skills, these are lessons of courtesy, attentiveness and kindness. These qualities are simply necessary for the development of a full-fledged harmonious personality in the future.
The rules of school etiquette include the correct attitude to different groups of people. Everyone knows that ladies should be let through first of all, and women in position, as well as the elderly and disabled, should give way to public transport. Etiquette at school and outside of it should also be observed by adults, because it is on them that children are primarily equal.
In order for study to bring useful knowledge and the joy of communication, it is necessary to follow certain rules of etiquette at school, which will make it comfortable for all participants in the educational process to stay within the walls of the educational institution.
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