What is Unity of Measurements? What is measurement quality?

Read also: A) Quality should be defined as conformity to requirements and not as usefulness. The basis for the construction of f.s. 3 fundamental elements are laid down: functional purpose (each link has its own tasks), territoriality, unity of the financial system. The BIP system was based on self-control of labor directly by the contractor. The contractor was responsible for the quality of the manufactured products. In verifying the exact observance of legislation on financial matters, the timeliness and completeness of the fulfillment of financial obligations is the ___________________ function of finance What is the dramatic nature of the development of sociology in Russia? What is the heuristic role of a hypothesis in scientific research? Introduce courses on standardization and product quality management into the curricula of higher educational institutions. INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON SURFACE QUALITY

One of the main tasks of metrology is to ensure the uniformity of measurements.

When carrying out measurements, it is necessary to ensure their unity. Under unity of measurements is understood as a characteristic of the quality of measurements, which consists in the fact that their results are expressed in legal units, the sizes of which, within the established limits, are equal to the sizes of the reproduced values, and the errors of the measurement results are known with a given confidence probability and do not go beyond the established limits.

The concept of "unity of measurements" is quite capacious. It covers the most important tasks of metrology: the unification of units of physical quantities, the development of systems for reproducing quantities and transferring their sizes to working measuring instruments with established accuracy, and a number of other issues. Unity must be ensured with any precision required by science and technology.

At the state level, activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements are regulated by standards, the state system, and ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the SSI.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" unity of measurements- the state of measurements, in which their results are expressed in units of quantities approved for use in the Russian Federation, and the measurement accuracy indicators do not go beyond the established limits.

The activities of state and departmental metrological services, carried out in accordance with established rules, requirements and norms, are aimed at achieving and maintaining the uniformity of measurements at the proper level. At the state level, activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements are regulated by standards. State system ensuring the uniformity of measurements (GSI) or regulatory documents of the bodies of the metrological service.

To ensure the uniformity of measurements, the identity of the units in which all existing measuring instruments of the same value are calibrated is necessary. This is achieved by accurately reproducing and storing in specialized institutions the established units of physical quantities and transferring their sizes to the measuring instruments used.

The legal basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements is legal metrology, which is a set of state acts and normative and technical documents of various levels that regulate metrological rules, requirements and norms.

The unity of measurements can be ensured subject to two conditions that can be called fundamental:

− expression of measurement results in terms of approved for use Russian Federation units of quantities;

− establishment of permissible errors (errors) of measurement results and limits beyond which they should not go

The error is the deviation of the measurement result from the actual (true) value of the measured quantity. It should be borne in mind that the true value of a physical quantity is considered unknown and is used in theoretical studies; the actual value of a physical quantity is established experimentally on the assumption that the measurement result is as close as possible to the true value.

Measurement quality characterizes a set of properties of measuring instruments that ensure the receipt of measurement results with the required accuracy, reliability, correctness, convergence, and reproducibility within a specified period.

Accuracy of measurements is a characteristic of the measurement quality, reflecting the closeness to zero of the error of the measurement result.

Measurement reliability is determined by the degree of confidence in the measurement result and is characterized by the probability that the true value of the measured quantity is within the specified limits. This probability is called confidence.

Correctness of measurements– measurement characteristic, reflecting the closeness to zero of the systematic errors of the measurement results.

Convergence of the measurement result- a characteristic of the quality of measurements, reflecting the proximity to each other of the results of measurements of the same quantity, performed repeatedly by the same methods and measuring instruments and under the same conditions. Convergence reflects the influence of random errors on the measurement result.

Reproducibility of measurement results- a characteristic of the quality of measurements, reflecting the proximity to each other of the results of measurements of the same quantity, obtained in different places, by different methods and measuring instruments, by different operators, but reduced to the same conditions.

Additionally:

GSI- this is a set of interrelated rules, regulations, requirements and norms established by standards that determine the organization and methodology for carrying out work to assess and ensure the accuracy of measurements.

The technical basis of the CSI is:

§ The system (set) of state standards of units and scales of physical quantities - the reference base of the country

§ A system for transferring unit sizes and scales of physical quantities from standards to all SI using standards and other means of verification.

§ A system for developing, putting into production and putting into circulation working measuring instruments that provide research, development, determination of product characteristics with the required accuracy, technological processes and other objects.

§ The system of state testing of measuring instruments (type approval of measuring instruments) intended for serial or mass production and import from abroad in batches.

§ System of state and departmental metrological certification, verification and calibration of measuring instruments

§ System of standard samples of composition and properties of substances and materials

§ System of standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials.

There are reproduction units:

Decentralized (units are reproduced where measurements are made (m^2)

Centralized (information about units is transmitted from the place of their centralized storage and reproduction. It is carried out using special technical means, called standards. The main units are reproduced only centrally.

Standard unit of measure- a measuring instrument designed to reproduce and store a unit of a quantity (or multiple or fractional values ​​of a quantity) in order to transfer its size to other measuring instruments of a given quantity. From the standard, the unit of magnitude is transferred to the bit standards, and from them to the working measuring instruments.

Measuring instruments (SI) can be divided into standards and working measuring instruments.

Working measuring instruments used to determine the parameters (characteristics) of technical devices, technological processes, environment etc. Reproduction, storage and transmission of unit sizes are carried out using primary, secondary and working standards. Working standards used to be called exemplary measuring instruments. The highest link in the metrological chain of transferring the sizes of units of measurement are standards.

Reference is a high-precision measure designed to reproduce and store a unit of physical quantity (PV) in order to transfer its size to other measuring instruments.

From the standard, the unit of magnitude is transferred to the bit standards, and from them to the working measuring instruments.

The standard should have three essential features: immutability, reproducibility and comparability.

ü Immutability - the property of the standard to keep the size of the reproducibility of a unit of PV unchanged for a long period of time.

ü Reproducibility - the ability to reproduce the unit of PV with the smallest error for the achieved level of development of measurement technology.

ü Comparability - the ability to ensure comparison with the standard of other measuring instruments that are lower in the verification scheme, with the highest accuracy for the achieved level of development of measurement technology.

The definition of the standard includes the concepts: reproduction, storage, transmission.

Reproduction of a PV unit is a set of operations for the materialization of a PV unit using the state primary standard. Distinguish between the reproduction of basic and derived units.

The transfer of the size of units is the reduction of the size of the PV unit stored by the verified MI to the size of the unit reproduced or stored by the standard, carried out during their verification (calibration). The size of the unit is passed "from top to bottom".

Storing units is a set of operations that ensure that the size of a unit inherent in a given SI remains unchanged over time.

Distinguish the following types standards:

primary standard- a standard that reproduces a unit of physical quantity with the highest accuracy possible in this field of measurement at the current level of scientific and technological achievements. The primary standard can be national (state) and international. State primary standard - the state standard of the PV unit, which ensures the reproduction, storage and transmission of the PV unit with the highest accuracy in the Russian Federation, approved in this capacity in the prescribed manner and used as the initial one on the territory of the Russian Federation.

International primary standards are accepted by international agreement as international basis to harmonize with them the sizes of units reproduced and stored by national standards.

Secondary and working standards are subordinated to the primary standard.

Secondary standards get the size of the unit by comparison with the primary standards of the unit in question.

Working standards perceive the size of a unit from secondary standards and, in turn, serve to transfer the size to a less accurate working standard and working measuring instruments. Working standards are divided into categories (1st, 2nd, 3rd, ...).

Comparison standards are standards used to compare standards that, for one reason or another, cannot be directly compared with each other.

Standards are not used in normal measurements.

UNITY, a unit visually given single (count unit) or a multitude, the constituent parts of which are interconnected and interact so that all together produce a single impression, act as a single whole (synthetic unity). ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

UNITY, unity, cf. 1. distraction noun to one. unity of the plan. The unity of the box office. Unity of place, unity of time, and unity of action are the three basic requirements that classical tragedy had to satisfy. 2. only units community,… … Dictionary Ushakov

See similarity... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. unity unity, cohesion, solidarity, integrity, integrity, union, adhesion, bond, association, connection, ... ... Synonym dictionary

A group of Menshevik defencists. It arose in 1914, took shape in March 1917. Supported the Provisional Government in carrying out the war to a victorious end. Edition of the newspaper Unity. Broken up in the summer of 1918 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A group of Menshevik defencists. Arose in 1914, took shape in March 1917. Leader GV Plekhanov. She supported the Provisional Government in waging the war to a victorious end. Published the newspaper Unity. Broke up in the summer of 1918. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian history

1) a group of Menshevik defencists. It arose in 1914, took shape in March 1917. Supported the Provisional Government in carrying out the war "to a victorious end." Edition of the newspaper "Unity". It broke up in the summer of 1918. 2) the Russian centrist political ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

unity- unity, kind. unity (wrong unity, kind of unity) ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

UNITY, a, cf. 1. Generality, complete similarity. E. views. 2. Wholeness, cohesion. E. nation. 3. Continuity, mutual connection. E. theory and practice. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

unity- UNITY1, fusion, solidarity, cohesion UNITY2, solidity, indivisibility, inseparability, inseparability, inseparability, inseparability, fusion, integrity, integrity, wholeness ONE, monolithic, indivisible, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

unity- 1. Generality, complete similarity. 2. Cohesion, integrity. 3. Continuity, mutual connection. Dictionary of practical psychologist. Moscow: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

This article is about philosophical and religious concepts. Wikipedia also has an article about Unity (meanings) Unity (other Greek μονάς, Latin Unitas) is such an interconnection of certain objects, processes, which forms an integral system ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• , Kuznetsov Vasily Yurievich , Why talk about the unity of the world in a postclassical situation, when countless multiplicity is rapidly running away in different directions? Then, to see the conditions of possibility... Category: General philosophy Publisher: ,
• The unity of the world in a post-non-classical perspective, Kuznetsov V., Why talk about the unity of the world in a post-classical situation, when countless multiplicity rapidly scatter in different directions? Then, to see the conditions of opportunity... Category:

The structure of the worldview

Worldview is a synthesis of various features of a person's spiritual life; it is the knowledge and experience of the world by man. Emotional-psychological the side of the worldview at the level of moods and feelings is the attitude. For example, some people have an optimistic attitude, while others have a pessimistic one. Cognitive-intellectual side of the worldview is worldview.

The worldview, like the whole life of people in society, has historical character. The emergence of a worldview is associated with the process of formation of the first stable form of human community - the tribal community. Its appearance was a kind of revolution in the spiritual development of man. The worldview singled out man from the animal world. The history of the spiritual development of mankind knows several basic types of outlook. These include mythological, religious, philosophical worldview.

Historically, the first step in the development of a worldview was mythological worldview. Mythology consolidated the system of values ​​accepted in society, supported and encouraged certain forms of behavior. With the extinction of primitive forms public life the myth has become obsolete and has ceased to be the dominant type of worldview.

The fundamental questions of any worldview (the origin of the world, man, the mystery of birth and death, etc.) continued to be resolved, but in other worldview forms, for example, in the forms religious worldview based on the belief in the existence of supernatural beings and the supernatural world, and philosophical worldview that exists as a theoretically formulated system of the most general views on the world, man and their relationships.

Each historical type of worldview has material, social and epistemological preconditions. It is a relatively holistic worldview reflection of the world, due to the level of development of society. Features of various historical types of worldview are preserved in the mass consciousness of modern people.

Components of a person's worldview

Our attitude to the world and to ourselves includes various knowledge. For example, worldly knowledge helps to navigate in everyday life- communicate, study, build a career, create a family. Scientific knowledge allows you to comprehend facts at a higher level and build theories.

Our interaction with the world is colored emotions, associated with feelings, transformed by passions. For example, a person is able not only to look at nature, dispassionately fixing its useful and useless qualities, but to admire it.

Norms and values are an important part of the worldview. For the sake of friendship and love, for the sake of family and loved ones, a person can act contrary to common sense, risking his life, overcome fear, doing what he considers his duty. Beliefs and principles are woven into the very fabric human life and often their influence on actions is much stronger than the influence of knowledge and emotions combined.

deeds of a person are also included in the structure of the worldview, forming its practical level. A person expresses his attitude to the world not only in his thoughts, but also in all his decisive actions.

It is traditionally believed that knowledge and feelings, values ​​and actions are Components worldview - cognitive, emotional, value and activity. Of course, such a division is very arbitrary: the components never exist in their pure form. Thoughts are always emotionally colored, actions embody a person's values, etc. In reality, a worldview is always integrity, and its division into components is applicable only for research purposes.

Worldview types

From the point of view of the historical process, there are three main historical type of outlook:

§ mythological;

§ religious;

§ philosophical.

Mythological worldview(from the Greek. mythos - legend, tradition) is based on an emotional-figurative and fantastic attitude to the world. In myth, the emotional component of the worldview prevails over reasonable explanations. Mythology grows primarily out of a person's fear of the unknown and incomprehensible - natural phenomena, illness, death. Since mankind did not yet have enough experience to understand the true causes of many phenomena, they were explained using fantastic assumptions, without taking into account cause and effect relationships.

Religious worldview(from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is based on belief in supernatural forces. Religions, unlike a more flexible myth, are characterized by rigid dogmatism and a well-developed system of moral precepts. Religion spreads and supports patterns of correct, moral behavior. Religion is also of great importance in uniting people, but here its role is dual: uniting people of the same confession, it often separates people of different faiths.

Philosophical worldview is defined as systems-theoretical. Characteristic features of the philosophical worldview are logic and consistency, consistency, a high degree of generalization. The main difference between the philosophical worldview and mythology is the high role of reason: if the myth is based on emotions and feelings, then philosophy is primarily on logic and evidence. Philosophy differs from religion in the permissibility of freethinking: one can remain a philosopher, criticizing any authoritative ideas, while in religion this is impossible.

If we consider the structure of the worldview at the present stage of its development, we can talk about the ordinary, religious, scientific and humanistic types of worldview.

Ordinary worldview based on common sense and worldly experience. Such a worldview takes shape spontaneously, in the process of everyday experience, and it is difficult to imagine it in its pure form. As a rule, a person forms his views on the world, relying on clear and harmonious systems of mythology, religion, and science.

Scientific outlook based on objective knowledge and is modern stage development of philosophical outlook. Over the past few centuries, science has been moving further and further away from "nebulous" philosophy in an attempt to achieve exact knowledge. However, in the end, it has also departed far from a person with his needs: the result of scientific activity is not only useful products, but also weapons of mass destruction, unpredictable biotechnologies, methods of manipulating the masses, etc.

Humanistic worldview based on the recognition of the value of every human person, all rights to happiness, freedom, development. The formula of humanism was expressed by Immanuel Kant, who said that a person can only be an end, and not a mere means for another person. It is immoral to take advantage of people; Every effort should be made to enable each person to discover and fully realize himself. Such a worldview, however, should be considered as an ideal, and not as a reality.

Seminar 2

What does philosophy mean

The word "philosophy", like many other names of subjects and scientific disciplines, came to us from the ancient Greek language. It should be noted that there are a great many ancient Greek borrowings in the Russian language, and there are especially many of them in the scientific apparatus of almost any discipline. The word "philosophy" consists of two Greek words: ????? (read as "filia") - love and ????? (read as "sophia") - wisdom. Thus, we have received the immediate meaning of this subject. Philosophy is the love of wisdom.

If we talk about what is the subject of philosophy, then we can characterize philosophy as a science that studies the fundamental principles of existence (man and the world) and knowledge (the world by man). In other words, philosophy is the discipline that tries to answer the question of how the world works and what is the place of man in it. Now let's talk about this in more detail.

What does philosophy study - the essence of science

Here we will not reinvent the wheel and just tell you about the traditional definitions. The fact is that scientists-philosophers do not like to give any definitions of philosophy, often saying that such definitions simply do not exist. However, a beginner in the study of this subject (whether desired or necessary) still needs such definitions.

So, philosophy is engaged in the study of the root causes, the foundations of existence, existence. These are those universal principles, according to which being and thinking, trying to cognize being, exist and change. From the point of view of traditional philosophy, being is both conceivable and thought. That is, both the object and the thought about it are one and the same. Philosophers have long understood that in its variants and particulars the conceivable is boundless. Therefore, they began to concentrate on general categories and the root causes of existence. The difficulty, however, lies in the fact that these categories are different for each era and, moreover, for each philosophical trend. We will not talk about philosophical trends and schools, but will immediately move on to the sections of philosophy. Firstly, there are a lot of schools of philosophy, and secondly, each direction deserves special attention and a separate article.

Sections of philosophy

Philosophy is a very complex science, since the very subject of its study is complex. That is why there are still no clear boundaries in the definition of its disciplines or sections. Therefore, we will also rely on the traditional division here. Traditionally, philosophy includes such sections as ontology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics and epistemology. Now let's look at each of them in more detail.

Ontology

Ontology deals with the study of being itself, the foundations of existence, that is, the most general questions. In fact, ontology is an attempt at the most general description of being, existence without being tied to any discipline. This discipline attempts to cognize being as the unity and totality of all kinds of reality: objective, subjective, real, virtual and physical.

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a discipline that investigates the original nature of reality, answering the question of where everything came from. Thus, metaphysics tries to find out the true nature and cause of the emergence of being and the real world. There are so-called metaphysical questions, the answers to which have always been and probably will be different. The main questions (reduced, in general, to the same thing) are the following: What are the beginnings of the beginnings? What are the origins of origins? What is the cause of causes? If ontology is concerned with the study of existence itself, then metaphysics is the study of the cause of existence.

Logic is also referred to as a branch of philosophy, since it studies thinking: how it works, according to what laws it exists, what forms it has. In fact, logic is the science of cognitive intellectual activity, as well as the science of the laws and forms of correct thinking. Also, logic is often called the science of methods of reasoning and methods of proof and refutation, since thinking in the language takes the form of reasoning.

Ethics deals with the study of morality and morality in a general sense, as well as the moral and moral norms of various social groups and strata of society. Here are the three main problems that ethics has been trying to solve for many centuries:

1. The problem of the purpose of man and the meaning of life.

2. The problem of determining the criteria for good and evil.

3. The problem of justice.

Aesthetics

Aesthetics deals with the study of sensual, aesthetic perception of reality. In a general sense, this is an attitude towards art and nature, a manifestation of high feelings in enjoying something or in creativity. Aesthetics is often called the doctrine of the essence of beauty and its forms in life, in nature and in art. As for art, it is one of the main objects of study of aesthetics, as a special form of social consciousness.

Epistemology (epistemology)

And a few words about epistemology. There is a scientific synonym for this word - epistemology. In fact, epistemology (or epistemology) studies the possibility of a person knowing the world as a whole and himself in the world. Thus, for epistemology, the main problem is the problem of knowing the truth and the meaning of existence. Here again, we will not go into details, since each school and each major scientist-philosopher answers this question differently.

Philosophical methods of research

There are several basic methods by which philosophers carry out the knowledge of being and being. These are methods such as metaphysics, dialectics, eclecticism, dogmatism, hermeneutics and sophistry. Now a few words about each of them.

1. Metaphysics is a method of cognition in which all objects are considered separately, statically and unambiguously. That is, all objects are studied on their own, without the relationship between them, without taking into account development and changes, and also without taking into account possible internal contradictions.

2. Dialectics, in contrast to metaphysics, considers objects taking into account their changes and development, as well as internal contradictions, unity and struggle of opposites, causes and effects.

3. The eclectic method of cognition consists in the arbitrary combination of various disparate facts, concepts, concepts, etc., which do not have a single beginning. As a result, very superficial conclusions are obtained, which, however, seem very plausible and attractive. Throughout the ages, this method has been in demand by those who needed to shape the mass consciousness and public opinion.

4. Dogmatic knowledge of the world is carried out with the help of clearly defined and accepted dogmas - unprovable beliefs that are absolute. This method now practically not used and was more characteristic of medieval philosophers.

5. Hermeneutics is both a philosophical, linguistic and literary term. The essence of hermeneutics lies in the correct interpretation of the meaning of a particular text, which leads to more objective results from the point of view of science.

6. Sophistry is a method of deriving logically correct, but essentially false premises, used more to win in disputes and conflicts than in knowing the truth, which is what philosophy should do.

There are also several philosophical directions that can be called methods of philosophy. These are materialism, idealism, rationalism and empiricism.

1. Materialism implies a realistic perception of matter, in which reality is perceived as completely real. Consciousness materialists refer to a part of matter.

2. Idealists perceive matter as a derivative idea of ​​consciousness, a fundamental idea that gave rise to everything around.

3. Rationalists are firmly convinced that truth can only be understood by reason. At the same time, they deny the influence of personal experience and sensations.

4. Empiricism, on the contrary, recognizes knowledge only as a result of one's own, personal experience and sensory sensations.

So, we examined the main sections of philosophy and methods of knowledge, found out what philosophy is. We think that you understand now that philosophy is a very, very difficult discipline. But what does philosophy give to an ordinary person? In fact, a lot. The question of what is the meaning of philosophy can be answered in the following way. Philosophy largely forms the worldview of a person, forcing him to think about his place in the world, about the fundamental categories of being, moral standards and behavior in society.

Seminar 3

The word "antique" means ancient, but it has already become a tradition that this term has historically been assigned to only one socio-cultural region of the Ancient World - Greece and Rome. In this tandem, the decisive role, the role of leader, belongs to Greece.

Greek philosophy - one of the greatest wonders of the ancient world, along with science, art, sports, democracy - all this without a trace passed into the heritage of historical epochs. Many of the achievements of the Greeks in these areas of socio-cultural creativity have forever become classics.

Greek philosophy grew out of myth - the same problems (what is the world? What is man? What place does he occupy?), at the beginning the same terminology. Because the myth is based on traditions and fantasies, i.e. as if turned back to the past. And philosophy is based on trust in abilities reason. Myth is impersonal, anonymous. Philosophical teachings are always personified. Myth, as it were, enchants the world, philosophy disenchants it in the sense that it seeks to find the causes of things, phenomena, processes in the things themselves, phenomena, processes, and not in some supernatural things.

The lifetime of ancient philosophy is more than 1000 years (until the 2nd century AD), but the first three centuries are the most creatively productive, then only detailing, development of those ideas, hypotheses that were formulated at the dawn of the Ancient World.

Ancient philosophy can be divided into three relatively independent periods:

1. Naturphilosophical (nature - nature; VI-V century BC);

2. Classical (V-IV century BC);

3. Hellenistic (IV century BC - VI century AD).

The main intuitions (insights) of ancient philosophy:

§ Any knowledge, explicitly or implicitly, always rests, proceeds from some explicit or more often implicit assumptions, premises. These prerequisites cannot be proven or substantiated. They are the fruit of intuitive insights. Ancient philosophy has its own assumptions, insights on which it is based. The most important among them:

§ the last and highest instance of being, which embraces All this is space. People, gods, souls, atoms, emptiness ... - everything is embraced by the Cosmos (compare with the religious worldview: there are two realities: the highest divine, incomprehensible to the human mind, transcendental and natural, given to a person in his sensations and can be known by him). This Cosmos is huge, but finite, it is ideally arranged and has the shape of a ball, i.e. Cosmos for ancient thinkers is corporeal and, as it were, sensually visual.

§ Cosmos is alive. It is the cosmic soul that makes it so.

§ Cosmos is reasonable. This intelligence reveals itself in general order, regularity, repeatability, rhythms that are observed both in nature and in human life.

§ This Cosmos is static, unchanging.

§ It is given to man through his mind to enlighten the Cosmos like an X-ray and comprehend it.

§ Man is a small copy of the big Cosmos: body, soul, mind. Those. man is a microcosm. The meaning of his life is finding harmony (spiritual, internal, with the Cosmos, the world).

The main problem of Greek philosophy is problem of dialectics, i.e. elucidation of the relationship between the material and the ideal. Or in other words, the problem of understanding how out of chaos, out of a certain set of primary elements, into which everything falls apart, of which everything consists, an ordered, harmonious cosmos is formed.

The following features of the philosophy of the Middle Ages are distinguished: the philosophical doctrine is theocentric, the philosophy of the Middle Ages is closely connected with religion (the basis of philosophical thinking is church dogma), the postulation of God as a worldview principle.

The status of the basic principle of philosophical theorizing in the Middle Ages was acquired by supranaturalism, which was expressed in the following teachings:

1. creationism - the doctrine of God's creation of the world out of nothing,
2. providentialism - understanding of history as the implementation of God's plan for the salvation of man,
3. soteriologism - the orientation of human life to the salvation of the soul.

Philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages is retrospective (turned to the past). "The older, the more authentic, and the more authentic, the more true." The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was distinguished by traditionalism (any form of innovation was considered pride, erudition and adherence to traditions were valued). The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages relied on authorities. The main authority is the Bible.

The philosophy of the Middle Ages is a commentary philosophy. Commentaries were mainly on the Holy Scriptures. Turning to sacred texts, philosophers did not analyze and criticize them, but interpreted - the exegetical nature of the philosophy of the Middle Ages (exegesis - interpretation).

The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages is distinguished by the desire for impersonality (many texts of philosophers of the Middle Ages are anonymous). Didacticism (edification) was inherent in the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages. The form of thought presentation is a monologue (edification, sermon).

In the development of the philosophy of the Middle Ages, 2 periods are distinguished: patristics and scholasticism.

Patristics is a set of theological, philosophical, political and sociological doctrines of Christian thinkers of the II-VIII centuries. (fathers of the Church). Scholasticism - saw the main role of philosophy in substantiating theological dogmas by the methods of rationalistic thinking (IX-XII centuries).

The contradictions between patristics and scholasticism are contained in the dispute about universals. In the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages, the teachings of Plato and Aristotle played a great role. So, the medieval type of philosophical worldview has a religious coloring. "Philosophy is the servant of theology." The merit of this period is the development of the following categories of philosophy: being, non-being, meaning, history (even from the standpoint of religious dogmas).

Seminar 4 German classical philosophy covers a relatively short period, which is limited to the 80s of the XVIII century, on the one hand, and 1831 - the year of Hegel's death - on the other. Nevertheless, on a number of points it represents the pinnacle of philosophical development, which at that time could be reached.

The Age of Enlightenment, which created the cult of reason, set the task of a reasonable transformation of nature and society. However, the practical implementation of these ideas during the social transformations of the Great French Revolution showed that the social ideals of the Enlightenment were not realized in real processes. It became clear that the ideals of the Enlightenment were in need of impartial criticism. This task was fulfilled by German classical philosophy. Its undoubted advantage was that deep critical analysis did not destroy, but preserved and even multiplied the philosophical innovations of the Enlightenment, becoming, in fact, a new stage in the development of Western European philosophical thought.

German classical philosophy is represented by the teachings of Immanuel Kant, Johann Fichte, Friedrich Schelling, Georg Hegel.

All of them are very different philosophers, but nevertheless it is customary to evaluate their work as a single spiritual education. The philosophical systems of the German classics combine the following foundations:

1. a similar understanding of the role and purpose of philosophy as a critical reflection of culture;

2. belief that philosophy can be built as a strict systematic science, clearly differentiated by sections of ontology, epistemology, anthropology, philosophy of law, morality, religion, etc.;

3. general methodological principles for building systemic philosophical knowledge: rationalism, dialectics, historicism;

4. focus on humanistic values ​​- freedom and dignity of the individual, civil rights, etc.

In characterizing German classical philosophy as a single trend, two features are important - continuity in relation to the ideas of the Enlightenment and innovation. The German classics inherited the main achievement of the Enlightenment philosophers - rationalism, as well as a critical attitude to all social institutions and humanistic values.

The fundamental novelty of the ideas of German classical philosophy can be represented in the following provisions:

1. the idea of ​​the cognitive activity of the subject ( Kant);

2. substantiation of the moral and legal autonomy of the individual ( Kant);

3. ideas of the unity of the world, the identity of the subject and object ( Schelling);

4. the principle of the unity of opposites ( Schelling, Hegel);

5. systematics of the principles and categories of dialectics ( Hegel);

6. idea of ​​historical regularity ( Hegel);

7. the principle of historicism as applied to all areas of human knowledge and action ( Hegel).

Subsequently, these innovations became real tools for the philosophical analysis of reality.

Seminar 5 Stages of development of Russian philosophy. 1) Philosophy of medieval Russia (X-XVII centuries). The most important events that determined the formation of philosophy in this period were the adoption of Christianity in Russia, the Tatar-Mongol yoke, and the creation of a centralized Moscow state. The first philosophical work in Russia is considered to be the "Sermon on Law and Grace" of the Kiev Metropolitan Hilarion (XI century). The central problem of the Lay is the determination of the place of Russia in world history. Philosophical ideas in religious and literary and artistic form 2) Philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment (XVIII century). The 18th century in Russia is a time of transformations in the economy and politics, the rapid development of science and artistic culture, and the formation of a public education system. Russia actively perceives Western culture, including philosophical one. A great contribution to the development of philosophy in this period was made by M.V. Lomonosov. Lomonosov does not have philosophical treatises, but all his works are characterized by a philosophical level of comprehension. The central theme of his scientific and artistic works is the theme of the greatness of the human mind. Based on his natural science research, Lomonosov came up with a number of important philosophical ideas: the atomic and molecular picture of the structure of the material world, the law of conservation of matter, the principle of the evolutionary development of all living things, etc. Lomonosov introduced many scientific and philosophical terms into the Russian language. 3) Classical Russian philosophy (- the beginning of the 20th century). The nineteenth century is the "golden" age of Russian culture. The flowering of philosophical thought has become one of the constituent parts general upsurge of Russian culture. In the middle of the 19th century, philosophy in Russia emerged as an independent area of ​​spiritual life. The reasons for this were: - the need to systematize philosophical ideas accumulated over many centuries; - the influence of the philosophical culture of the West; - the rise of Russian national identity associated with key events Russian history XIX century: victory over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812, the peasant reform of 1861. Philosophy of the nineteenth century. is a heterogeneous phenomenon6 - religious-idealistic (Vladimir Solovyov, Nikolai Fedorov and others); - materialistic (N. Chernyshevsky and others), - literary, artistic and natural science lines. 4) Russian philosophy of the twentieth century. This period can be divided into 3 stages: - The philosophy of the "Silver Age" of Russian culture. This is the heyday of religious philosophy, in the center of attention of philosophers are reflections on the fate of the country, questions about the direction of social development, the possibility of an alternative to socialist ideas was discussed (N. Berdyaev and others); - the philosophy of the Russian diaspora (most religious thinkers completed their career in exile), - the philosophy of the Soviet period. The Soviet period is characterized by the development of the materialistic tradition in philosophy (G. Plekhanov, V. Lenin and others). Characteristic features of Russian philosophy. Features of the formation and development of Russian philosophy in the context of the originality of the historical path of Russia determined a number of its characteristic features. 1) anthropocentrism. The theme of man, his destiny, vocation and destiny is the key one in Russian philosophy. 2) Moral aspect. Problems of morality have always been the main content of Russian philosophical thinking. 3) Deep interest in social issues. The philosophical concepts of Russian religious thinkers have always been associated with a specific socio-political situation in the country. 4) The idea of ​​patriotism. The theme of the Motherland, the fate of Russia, its place and purpose in the world community is one of the central ones for Russian philosophical thought. 5) Religious character. The religious trend in Russian philosophy throughout the history of its development has been the richest and most significant in ideological terms. 6) Synthesis of philosophical and literary and artistic creativity. Fiction played a huge role in the expression of philosophical ideas in Russia, was the sphere of philosophical reflection and consolidation of philosophical traditions. Creativity A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy and others are rich in philosophical ideas. 7) The desire for integrity, universality. Russian thinkers consider the fate of a person in its inseparable connection with society, and humanity as a component of the world whole, the Universe. 8) "Russian cosmism". The task of cosmology is to study the world as a whole, to find an answer to the question of the place of mankind in the world.
Seminar 6 Being is the existence of material and spiritual objects. To be means to exist. Consequently, the category "being" reflects only one sign of the world - the fact of its existence.

The opposite (antithesis) of the category "being" is the category "non-existence".

Forms of being- these are varieties of phenomena belonging to being, differing in the way of their existence. On this basis, the following forms of being are distinguished:

The being of objective reality, which, in turn, includes the being of nature, the being of the "second nature", that is, the world of things done by man, and in objective idealistic teachings - the being of the world spirit;

The existence of subjective reality (the spiritual world of man), containing the existence of individual consciousness and the existence of social consciousness;

Being the processes and results of the interaction of objective and subjective reality, that is, the being of a person and his culture.

CONCEPTS OF BEING

The philosophical content of the problem of being constitutes one way or another of understanding ontological contradictions

Between eternity, infinity, the enduring nature of the world and non-eternity, finitude, the transient nature of its concrete manifestations;

Between the unity of the world and its diversity in this unity;

Between the independence of the existence of the world from man and the inclusion of man in the world, his existence as a manifestation of the world.

Of particular importance is the contradiction between the spiritual and the material, subjective and objective, consciousness and matter.

In solving this problem, three concepts.

1.Monism (Greek mono - one) is a philosophical doctrine that takes any one principle as the basis of all that exists - matter or consciousness.

2. Dualism (lat. dualis - dual) Proponents of this direction consider the material and spiritual substance equal in rights, and the primacy of any of them is unprovable (Aristotle, Descartes, Kant).

3. Pluralism (lat. Plereles - plural) is a philosophical position that recognizes many independent equivalent substances: the foundations of being in ontology, the foundations and forms of knowledge in epistemology (Leibniz, Popper).

The main dividing line was between two trends of monists: materialists and idealists.

materialism - this is a trend in philosophy, which recognizes material substance, nature, the physical beginning as primary, and ideal, spiritual, subjective factors as secondary. Materialists believe that the nature surrounding man, the cosmos, were not created by anyone. As a result of the eternal self-development of being, they existed, exist and will exist independently of man or the divine idea.

Materialism is:

on fundamentality of knowledge on naive and evidence-based;

on way of thinking into dialectical and metaphysical;

on attitude towards socio-historical practice into effective and contemplative;

With the point of view of using the achievements of natural science on the scientific and vulgar (thought is a product of the activity of the brain);

Famous materialists include Democritus, Epicurus, F. Bacon, D. Locke, J. La Mettrie, D. Diderot, P. Holbach, K. Helvetius, L. Feuerbach, N. Chernyshensky, K. Marx, F. Engels, G. Plekhanov , V. Lenin and many others.

Idealism is a trend in philosophy that consciousness considers primary, that is, a subjective or objective ideal principle.

It has two forms: objective idealism and subjective idealism.

According to objective idealism, the basis of the universe is a spiritual substance that exists outside and independently of individual consciousness in the form of ideas, spirit, world mind (Plato, F. Scheling, G. Hegel). Subjective idealism believes that the material world exists only in the human mind. Objective reality is derived from subjective reality (Berkeley, Hume, empiricism, sensationalism, solipsism, phenomenalism).

The question of ratio F. Engels called matter and consciousness, thinking and being, spirit and nature the main question of philosophy.

Matter

In epistemological terms, matter there is philosophical category to denote objective reality, which is given to a person in his sensations, existing independently of them. That is, here matter opposes consciousness as an absolute opposite. Consequently, we can speak about the primacy of matter only in the epistemological aspect.

Ontological understanding of matter originates from attempts to find the fundamental principle, the substance of being. Her search at first was reduced to the definition of the material (original matter), from which all things are “sculpted”. Then, already in the New Age, they tried to understand matter not as a material, but as the primacy of the world, which determines the whole variety of properties of the phenomena belonging to it. Later it became clear that in the ontological sense matter in relation to its manifestations (states and properties) acts as substance - the universal primary basis of all things and, in fact, is equal to all processes in the Universe. That is, here matter presupposes consciousness not as its absolute opposite, but as its property.

It is important to always remember that the concept of "matter" in any aspect (epistemological or ontological) is always an abstraction and "pure creation of thought", that is, it is mentally derived as something common from a variety of objects and processes.

Matter, according to the representatives of dialectical materialism, has certain attributive properties (that is, constant, due to its own nature). This: variability, eternity, inexhaustibility, space-time form. Sometimes they are referred to reflection, information and consciousness.

What is the unity of the world?

There are several answers to this question and, accordingly, counterarguments to them:

1. The world is one, because the thought about it is one. Therefore, the unity of the world consists in its ideality.

Counterargument: thought can unite the elements of consciousness into a unity if it already existed or can exist in material prototypes.

2. The unity of the world lies in its beingness(i.e. existence).

Counterargument: the recognition of the presence of the property of existence is a way of solving the problem of being or non-being, and not the problem of the unity of the world.

3. The unity of the world lies in its materiality, that is, all infinitely diverse things: stars, planets, atoms, living organisms, man, society, and even the natural basis of consciousness, despite their qualitative difference, equally represent an objective reality, exist outside our consciousness and independently of it, that is, they are material .

System unity customs authorities due to the commonality of the functions performed. The activities of customs authorities as authorities executive power expressed in the performance of the functions assigned to them by the state. The functions of the executive authority should be understood as a complex of interrelated, defined in the status of the authority and based on the continuous exchange of information, organizational and legal influences of the authority, its structural divisions, employees who provide management objects with political, economic, methodological orientation, material, technical, labor and other resources aimed at achieving the goals facing the management system as a whole.

The customs authorities perform the functions assigned to them on a single basis. legal basis. The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Customs Tariff" is a single basis for the entire mechanism legal regulation customs relations, affect all the main issues that arise in practical activities customs authorities.

Enterprises, organizations and institutions of the system of customs authorities are fully covered by civil law. At the same time, the administrative and legal status of the system of customs authorities has some peculiarities - they are established by the state.

1.3. General principles customs organizations.

The customs posts of the Russian Federation located on the territory of the subordinate region are directly subordinate to the customs, with the exception of customs posts directly subordinate to higher customs authorities.

Customs in its activities is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, other federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory and other legal acts, and customs, directly subordinated to the Directorate, also by the legal acts of the Directorate. Customs solves the tasks assigned to it through customs posts subordinate to it in cooperation with territorial bodies of other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, commercial and non-commercial organizations and citizens.

The customs is a legal entity, has an independent balance sheet, a seal depicting the State Emblem of the Russian Federation and with its own name, other seals and stamps, current accounts for the federal budget, amounts on orders, other accounts in banks and other credit organizations. Customs is financed at the expense of the federal budget, as well as other sources provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In addition to all of the above, the customs is a law enforcement agency of the Russian Federation, and also has the right to operational management in relation to the property assigned to it, which is federal state property.

In general terms, the system of customs authorities is a set of customs authorities determined by the functional community, unity of goals and objectives. It is united by the functional unity of the bodies that have a common organizational center of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation and in their mutual relations are characterized by subordinates. organizational ties, and as a whole constitutes an organically interconnected, single, relatively isolated group of links of the customs authorities.

Consideration of the customs authorities as a single system involves an analysis of the specifics and components. Each of the customs authorities, in accordance with its place in this system, plays a special role, carries out a greater or lesser scope of functions and powers on the specifics, the identification and nature of which are especially important for understanding both the essence of this body and its place in the system under consideration, and for analysis this system as a kind of holistic education.

33. Customs structure. Distribution of management powers

The customs business is directly carried out by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, which are law enforcement agencies and components single system, which includes:

Regional customs departments of the Russian Federation;

Customs of the Russian Federation;

Customs posts of the Russian Federation.

The customs authorities of the Russian Federation perform the following main functions:

Participate in the development of the customs policy of the Russian Federation and implement this policy;

Ensure compliance with the legislation, the control over the implementation of which is entrusted to the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, take measures to protect the rights and interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations in the implementation of customs affairs;

Provide, within their competence, the economic security of the Russian Federation, which is the economic basis of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation;

Protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation;

Apply means of customs regulation of trade and economic relations;

Collect customs duties, taxes and other customs payments;

Participate in the development of economic policy measures in relation to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation, implement these measures;

Ensure compliance with the permit procedure for the movement of goods and Vehicle through the customs border of the Russian Federation;

They fight against smuggling, violations of customs rules and tax legislation related to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation, stop illegal trafficking across the customs border of the Russian Federation of narcotic drugs, weapons, objects of artistic, historical and archaeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, objects intellectual property, endangered species of animals and plants, their parts and derivatives, other goods, as well as assist in the fight against international terrorism and the suppression of unlawful interference at Russian airports in the activities of international civil aviation;

Implement and improve customs control and customs clearance, create conditions conducive to the acceleration of trade across the customs border of the Russian Federation;

Lead customs statistics foreign trade and special customs statistics of the Russian Federation;

Maintain the Commodity Nomenclature foreign economic activity;

Promote the development of foreign economic relations of the republics within the Russian Federation, the autonomous region, autonomous districts, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens;

Contribute to the implementation of measures to protect state security, public order, morality of the population, human life and health, protection of animals and plants, protection of the natural environment, protection of the interests of Russian consumers of imported goods;

Exercise control over the export of strategic and other vital materials for the interests of the Russian Federation;

Carry out currency control within their competence;

Ensure the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the part related to the customs business; participate in the development of international treaties of the Russian Federation affecting the customs business; carry out cooperation with customs and other competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations dealing with customs matters;

Carry out research work and consulting in the field of customs; carry out training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in this field for state bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations;

Provide, in accordance with the established procedure, the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, other state bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens with information on customs issues;

Implement a unified financial and economic policy, develop the material, technical and social base of customs authorities, create the necessary conditions labor for employees of these bodies.

The Federal Customs Service of Russia is the central body of the federal executive power of the Russian Federation, which directly manages the customs business in the Russian Federation.

The FCS of Russia carries out its activities in cooperation with other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and public associations In its activities, the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation is guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, other federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation and decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation. State bodies and their officials are obliged to assist the customs authorities of the Russian Federation in solving the tasks assigned to them, including by creating appropriate conditions for this.

The Federal Customs Service of Russia is directly subordinated to regional customs departments, as well as specialized customs offices (eg Central Energy Customs, Sheremetyevo Customs, Domodedovo Customs, etc.).

Powers of the leadership of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation.

1.11. The head of the FCS of Russia organizes the work of the Federal Customs Service and bears personal responsibility for the fulfillment of the powers assigned to the FCS of Russia in the established field of activity. The head of the FCS of Russia represents the FCS of Russia in relations with other state authorities, citizens and organizations, signs state contracts (agreements) and other documents of a civil law nature on behalf of the FCS of Russia, and also exercises other powers established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Federal customs service.

1.12. The deputy heads of the FCS of Russia represent the FCS of Russia on certain issues in the established field of activity of the FCS of Russia, organize and coordinate the exercise of the powers of the FCS of Russia in accordance with the Regulations on the Federal Customs Service, these Regulations, the distribution of duties between the head of the FCS of Russia and his deputies (hereinafter referred to as the distribution of duties ) and other acts of the FCS of Russia, as well as instructions from the head of the FCS of Russia.

The Deputy Head of the FCS of Russia, who oversees the operational and investigative work of the customs authorities, is accountable to the head of the FCS of Russia on financial and economic activities, and is empowered to make independent decisions on issues of operational and official activities.

1.13. In accordance with the distribution of duties, the deputies of the head of the FCS of Russia, if they are given the appropriate authority, can, on certain issues of organizing the activities of the FCS of Russia, sign orders of the FCS of Russia and other types of acts established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and also, on the basis of powers of attorney issued by the head of the FCS of Russia, sign on behalf of the FCS of Russia state contracts (agreements) and other documents of a civil law nature.

1.14. The order on the distribution of duties shall indicate:

a) exclusive powers of the head of the FCS of Russia;

b) the powers of each deputy head of the FCS of Russia;

c) the main departments (departments) of the FCS of Russia, customs authorities and organizations under the jurisdiction of the FCS of Russia, the coordination and control of which is carried out by the head of the FCS of Russia or the corresponding deputy head of the FCS of Russia;

d) a scheme for the temporary performance of the duties of the head of the FCS of Russia (deputy heads of the FCS of Russia) during absence due to illness, vacation or business trip.

1.15. Deputy Head of the FCS of Russia by decision of the head of the FCS of Russia and in accordance with the distribution of duties:

a) interacts (including correspondence) with subdivisions of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as with state authorities and local governments, citizens and organizations;

b) coordinates and controls the work of the main departments (departments) of the FCS of Russia, gives instructions to their heads;

c) interact (including give instructions) with customs authorities and organizations under the jurisdiction of the FCS of Russia;

d) hold meetings with representatives of state authorities, local governments and organizations;

e) considers appeals, documents and materials received by the FCS of Russia;

f) considers and endorses draft documents submitted for signature to the head of the FCS of Russia;

g) approve draft acts and other documents, and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, sign conclusions on them;

h) exercise other powers provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, these Regulations and orders of the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

1.16. The head of the main department (department) is appointed to and dismissed by the head of the FCS of Russia, directly reports to the head of the FCS of Russia and directly reports to one of the deputy heads of the FCS of Russia in accordance with the distribution of duties, except for cases of direct subordination to the head of the FCS of Russia.

The head of the main department (department) of the FCS of Russia represents the FCS of Russia in accordance with the powers defined in these Regulations, the regulation on the main department (department), job description, as well as on the basis of separate written instructions of the head (deputy heads) of the FCS of Russia.

Information on the appointment of the head of the main department (department) of the FCS of Russia within 10 days is sent to the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation by the head of the Department of Civil Service and Personnel.

The head of the main department (department) is not entitled to sign letters on the approval of draft acts, as well as sending comments and suggestions to them.

(the paragraph was introduced by the Order of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation of November 27, 2008 N 1489)

1.17. In accordance with these Regulations, the regulation on the main department (department), job description, instructions of the head (deputy heads) of the FCS of Russia, the head of the main department (department):

a) directly manages the main department (department), bears personal responsibility for the performance of the functions assigned to the main department (department), as well as for the state of performance discipline;

b) interacts with other main departments (departments) of the FCS of Russia and other structural subdivisions of the FCS of Russia;

c) interacts (including correspondence) with customs authorities, with structural subdivisions of other federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as organizations under the jurisdiction of the Federal Customs Service of Russia;

d) ensures the preparation in the prescribed manner of draft acts and other documents of the FCS of Russia;

e) ensures consideration of appeals received by the FCS of Russia, draft acts and other documents, as well as preparation of conclusions on them;

f) provides consideration and signs responses to individual and collective appeals of citizens and organizations;

g) distributes duties among his deputies, and also determines the duties of officials of the main department (department);

h) ensures the implementation of activities related to the passage of the state civil service in accordance with the Federal Law of July 27, 2004 N 79-FZ "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation" (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2004, N 31, Art. 3215; 2006, N 6, item 636; 2007, N 10, item 1151; N 16, item 1828) and service in the customs authorities in accordance with the Federal Law of July 21, 1997 N 114-FZ "On Service in the Customs authorities of the Russian Federation" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997, No. 30, Art. 3586; 2000, No. 33, Art. 3348; No. 46, Art. 4537; 2001, No. 53 (Part I), Art. 5030; 2002 , N 27, item 2620; N 30, item 3029, item 3033; 2003, N 1, item 15; N 27 (part I), item 2700; N 52 (part I), art. 5038; 2004, N 27, item 2711; N 35, item 3607; N 49, item 4846; 2005, N 14, item 1212; 2007, N 10, item 1151), including proposals for appointment and dismissal, temporary performance of duties, professional development fication, encouragement of officials of the main department (department) and the imposition of penalties on them;

i) involve, if necessary, in accordance with the established procedure, scientific and other organizations, scientists and specialists to study issues related to the field of activity of the FCS of Russia;

j) signs on behalf of the FCS of Russia on the basis of powers of attorney issued by the head of the FCS of Russia (the person acting in his capacity) government contracts (contracts) and other documents of a civil law nature;

k) holds meetings with representatives of state authorities, local self-government bodies and organizations on issues within its competence;

l) exercises other powers established by the regulation on the main department (department) and instructions of the head of the FCS of Russia and his deputies (in accordance with the distribution of duties).

1.18. For the period of temporary absence due to illness, vacation, business trip of the head of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, by order of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, an acting person is appointed.

The performance of the duties of deputy heads of the Federal Customs Service of Russia in connection with illness, vacation, business trip is carried out in accordance with the scheme of temporary performance of duties.

In the event of the temporary absence of the head of the main department (department) of the FCS of Russia, his powers and official duties are performed by his first deputy.

In the absence of the first deputy head of the main department (department), the powers of the head of the main department (department) are performed by one of his deputies on the basis of an order of the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

The order on the performance of duties indicates the reasons for the temporary execution of powers and official duties, the term of their execution, restrictions on the exercise of powers (if necessary).

34. Service conflicts in the customs authorities

35. Carrying out service checks

INSTRUCTIONS ON ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING SERVICE CHECK IN CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

1. An internal audit is carried out in order to identify facts, circumstances, reasons for the commission of disciplinary offenses by customs officers.

2. An internal audit is carried out by decision of the head of the customs body.

The decision to conduct an inspection of employees of law enforcement units and internal security units is made by the Deputy Head of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, who is in charge of the operational-search work of the customs authorities, or, in agreement with him, the head of the customs authority.

3. In the process of an internal audit, it is necessary:

1) establish objectively and comprehensively:

a) the fact of committing a disciplinary offense, the time, place, circumstances of its commission;

b) an employee who has committed a disciplinary offense and persons involved in its commission;

c) business qualities of the employee who has committed a disciplinary offense;

d) the employee's guilt when committing a disciplinary offense or the degree of guilt of each employee when it is committed by several employees;

e) a causal relationship between the actions (inaction) of the employee who committed the disciplinary offense and the ensuing consequences;

e) size material damage caused as a result of committing a disciplinary offense;

g) circumstances affecting the degree and nature of the responsibility of the employee who committed the disciplinary offence;

h) the attitude of the employee to the disciplinary offense committed by him and its consequences;

i) the reasons and conditions that contributed to the commission of the disciplinary offence;

2) prepare proposals on the measure of disciplinary or material liability of an employee who has committed a disciplinary offense;

3) develop proposals on the organization and implementation of preventive measures aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of a disciplinary offense;

4) document all information about the disciplinary offense in accordance with these Instructions.

4. The results of an internal audit are used to strengthen official discipline and prevent offenses among employees.

II. Organization and conduct of an internal audit

5. The reason for conducting an internal audit is:

1) information about the commission of a disciplinary offense;

2) information contained in the presentation, message (orientation) of the body of inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecutor's office, court, other state body or its official, as well as contained in mass media publications, in letters, statements of legal entities or individuals;

3) information about the emergency;

4) initiation of a criminal case against the employee.

An internal audit at the discretion of the head of the customs authority may be carried out in cases not specified above.

6. If one of the reasons listed in subparagraphs 1 - 4 of paragraph 5 of these Instructions for conducting an internal audit is identified, the head of the customs authority is obliged to take immediate measures to organize and conduct it.

7. An internal check is carried out on the basis of an order of the customs authority, which indicates:

1) the reason for her appointment in accordance with paragraph 5 of these Instructions;

2) the timing of its implementation;

3) the composition of the commission for conducting an internal audit (position, surname, initials of the members of the commission);

4) the term for submission to the head of the customs authority of the materials of the internal audit and the conclusion on its results (hereinafter referred to as the conclusion).

8. An internal audit must be completed no later than one month from the date of issuance of the order of the customs authority on its conduct.

9. The commission for conducting an internal audit (hereinafter referred to as the Commission) is headed by a chairman appointed from among officials with relevant professional knowledge and the necessary experience in organizing and conducting internal audits.

The Chairman of the Commission is responsible for ensuring a comprehensive, complete and objective conduct of an internal audit in accordance with the requirements of this Instruction.

10. The composition of the Commission must include officials of the civil service and personnel department and the legal department.

11. Officials of other structural divisions are included in the composition of the Commission, taking into account the specifics of the issues of an internal audit.

12. Employees of the internal security units are included in the Commission:

1) in the event of a criminal offense against an employee (members of his family) in the performance of his official duties;

2) upon initiation of a criminal case against an employee;

3) when attacking customs facilities, as well as in attempts of undercover penetration of criminal communities into the customs authority or unauthorized technical (electronic) penetration into it;

4) in case of theft (loss) of military weapons, ammunition for them or special means in the customs body, as well as in case of disclosure of secret or confidential information, the protection of which is within the competence of the internal security units;

5) in other cases, in agreement with the Department of Internal Security of the Federal Customs Service of Russia.

13. When conducting an internal audit in relation to employees of internal security units in terms of operational and official activities, only employees of such units are included in the composition of the Commission.

When appointing an internal audit in respect of employees of operational-search units in terms of operational-service activities, only employees admitted to the organization and implementation of operational-search activities are included in the Commission.

(the paragraph was introduced by the Order of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2010 N 624)

14. The Commission does not include:

1) employees related to the commission of a disciplinary offense;

2) serving in the customs authorities relatives of employees related to the commission of a disciplinary offence;

3) employees directly subordinate in service to an employee related to the commission of a disciplinary offence;

4) the immediate supervisor of the employee related to the commission of the disciplinary offence.

15. The head of the customs authority exercises control over the Commission's compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as the provisions of this Instruction.

16. An employee in respect of whom an internal audit is being carried out, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, may be temporarily, but not more than for one month, suspended from the performance of official duties by order of the customs authority.

An employee temporarily suspended from the performance of official duties is subordinate to the immediate superior, unless otherwise specified in the relevant order.

17. In the event of temporary suspension of an employee from the performance of official duties, measures must be taken to exclude his unauthorized access to service combat weapons, special equipment, official documents and materials.

18. The Chairman of the Commission is obliged:

1) be guided by the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory and other legal acts of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, legal acts of the customs authority, as well as this Instruction;

2) ensure observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

3) familiarize the employee, in respect of which an internal audit is being carried out, with the order to conduct an internal audit and the requirements of this Instruction with affixing his signature;

4) take all measures necessary for a comprehensive, objective and complete study and documentation information about all the circumstances of the disciplinary offense and about the employees involved in its commission;

5) consider and attach to the audit materials applications and other documents related to the internal audit;

6) request from the immediate supervisor of the employee related to the commission of a disciplinary offense, a service reference;

7) prepare a conclusion based on the results of the work and submit it together with materials for approval to the head of the customs authority within the time limits established by the order on conducting an internal audit;

8) ensure the safety and confidentiality of the materials of the internal audit, as well as comply with the requirements of the secrecy regime;

9) develop proposals on the measure of disciplinary or material liability of the employee who has committed a disciplinary offense, and on measures to prevent it;

10) familiarize with the conclusion of the officer who committed the disciplinary offense, approved by the head of the customs authority, in the part relating to him, with affixing his signature;

11) prepare, together with the officials of the civil service and personnel department and the legal department that are members of the Commission, a draft order based on the results of an internal audit;

12) at the end of the service check, send copies of the conclusion and the order issued based on its results to the internal security unit.

19. A member of the Commission is obliged:

1) carry out the instructions of the chairman of the Commission regarding the conduct of an internal audit;

2) to prepare, based on the results of work in the assigned area, a certificate with conclusions and proposals and submit it to the Chairman of the Commission within the time period set by him;

3) draw up certificates on the examination of objects and the content of the studied documents that cannot be attached to the materials of an internal audit;

4) comply with the requirements set forth in subparagraphs 1 - 4, 8, 9 of paragraph 18 of this Instruction.

20. The Chairman and members of the Commission have the right to:

1) receive from the employee explanations on the merits of the internal audit in writing addressed to the head of the customs authority that appointed the internal audit (on this document, the Chairman of the Commission (member of the Commission) indicates the date, time and place of its receipt, his position, initials, surname, and also puts his signature);

2) get acquainted with the relevant documents, attaching them (or certified copies) to the materials of the internal audit (in third-party organizations, familiarization with documents and making copies of them is carried out with the permission of their head);

3) engage, in agreement with the head of the customs body, officials of the relevant structural subdivisions of the customs body as specialists or to perform, within their competence, one-time assignments within the framework of an internal audit;

4) receive from other customs authorities the necessary information in order to clarify the circumstances related to the internal audit;

5) send, in accordance with the established procedure, a request for documents related to an internal audit to state bodies, legal and individuals;

6) to photograph and video record the place where the disciplinary offense was committed;

7) temporarily seize official documents or property of the customs body.

21. Temporary seizure of official documents or property is carried out for the period of an internal audit on the basis of an act (Appendix N 1), drawn up in two copies. The first copy of the act is transferred to the official responsible for the storage of official documents or property, with a signature upon receipt, the second is attached to the materials of the internal audit.

The act indicates the place of storage of the seized documents or property and the initials, surname, position of the member of the Commission responsible for storage.

22. An employee who is subject to an internal audit has the right to:

1) to demand that applications, petitions and other documents submitted by him be attached to the materials of the internal audit;

2) submit an application for the challenge of any member of the Commission, indicating the reasons;

3) at the end of an internal audit, to get acquainted with the materials based on the results of an internal audit in the part relating to it, if this does not contradict the requirements for observing state and other secrets protected by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

4) appeal against the decisions and actions (inaction) of the members of the Commission to the head of the customs authority who ordered the internal audit.

23. If the employee refuses to give a written explanation, the Commission draws up an act (Appendix N 2), which is signed by the chairman and members of the Commission.

24. If the employee who has committed a disciplinary offense refuses to familiarize himself with the conclusion or if he refuses to put his signature on it, an act is drawn up (Appendix N 3), which is signed by the chairman and members of the Commission.

25. In conclusion indicate:

1) the reason for conducting an internal audit, the reason (order of the customs authority), position, surname, initials of the members of the Commission;

2) the timing of the internal audit;

3) fact, circumstances, time, place, conditions for committing a disciplinary offence;

4) information (position, surname, name and patronymic, period of service in the customs authorities, including the position held during the internal audit) about the employees who committed the disciplinary offense, as well as about other employees involved in its commission;

5) the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory and other legal acts of the Federal Customs Service of Russia, legal acts of the customs authority, job description, the measure of his responsibility violated by the employee;

6) the attitude of the employee to the committed disciplinary offense according to his written explanation;

7) legal qualification of a disciplinary offense;

8) the amount of material damage caused as a result of committing a disciplinary offense, proposals on the procedure for its compensation;

9) proposals to bring to disciplinary responsibility an employee who has committed a disciplinary offense;

10) proposals on carrying out the necessary preventive and preventive measures in the customs body.

26. The conclusion is signed by the chairman and members of the Commission.

27. In case of disagreement with the conclusions given in the conclusion, in general or with their individual provisions, a member of the Commission shall state his dissenting opinion in writing, which shall be attached to the conclusion.

28. The head of the customs authority ensures:

1) the conditions for the work of the Commission, the provision of the necessary information;

2) bringing, within the time limits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, to the attention of the employee who has committed a disciplinary offense, an order issued based on the results of an internal audit;

3) upon completion of an internal audit, a copy of the conclusion and the order issued on its results to a higher customs authority - if the employee who committed the disciplinary offense holds a position that belongs to the nomenclature of appointment of the head of this customs authority.

29. A copy of the order issued on the basis of the results of an internal audit is attached to the personal file of the employee who committed the disciplinary offense.

30. If during the internal audit or its results it is found that the employee has committed actions that indicate signs of a crime or administrative offense, the head of the customs authority ensures the immediate transfer through the divisions of its own security of certified copies of the materials received to the bodies of inquiry or to the bodies of preliminary investigation.

31. Certified copies of the materials of the internal audit are sent to the prosecutor's office and judicial authorities at their request without fail, to other state bodies - by decision of the head of the customs authority.

32. Upon completion of the internal audit, the chairman of the Commission organizes the formation of a file with the materials of the internal audit, which includes:

1) a document (copy) containing the information that gave rise to the appointment of an internal audit;

2) a copy of the order to conduct an internal audit;

3) explanations of the employee who committed the disciplinary offense, as well as other employees on issues of internal audit;

4) a copy of the job description of the employee who committed the disciplinary offence;

5) documents (originals or duly certified copies) relating to an internal audit;

6) reference materials;

7) performance characteristics of the employee who committed the disciplinary offence;

8) conclusion;

9) a copy of the order issued on the basis of the results of an internal audit (when issued);

10) a copy of the response to the person in the event of an internal audit at his request;

11) other documents relating to the facts established in the course of an internal audit.

33. The materials of the internal audit are numbered, laced, an inventory is drawn up on them, which is signed by the chairman of the Commission, and registered in accordance with the established procedure.

34. The materials of the internal audit are stored in the divisions of the civil service and personnel in accordance with the established procedure.

35. In the FCS of Russia, the materials of an internal audit are stored in structural divisions who, according to the order, carried out an official check.

36. Border and internal customs: general and different

There are border