Topic 8. Social protection
Lecture questions:
Concept social protection. Constitutional forms of social protection of workers
Guarantees and compensation: concept, types
Social insurance: compulsory and voluntary
1. The concept of social protection
Social protection- this is a set of legally enshrined economic, legal and social guarantees for citizens that ensure compliance with the most important social rights and achievements of a socially acceptable standard of living. It includes:
provision of state social guarantees to all categories of citizens, i.e. minimum amounts wages and social payments, the cost of living and indexation of personal income;
organization of social assistance to low-income and vulnerable groups of the population.
Employee social protection- a set of social and legal guarantees that ensure the employee realizes his most important socio-economic rights, including the right to a decent standard of living.
The most important constitutional forms of social protection for workers include social insurance, including pension provision and provision of benefits in the event of insured events; medical service; protection of workers' labor rights; protection of property and personal non-property rights of citizens.
2. Guarantees and compensation: concept, types
Guarantees and compensation- obligations of the state and employers (legal and individuals), upon implementation of which the legal rights of employees are realized. IN labor legislation concepts, types and procedures for providing guarantees and compensation are defined in Section VII of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Guarantees - means, methods and conditions by which the implementation of the rights granted to employees in the field of social and labor relations is ensured.
Compensation - cash payments established for the purpose of reimbursing employees for costs associated with the performance of their labor or other duties provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other Federal Laws. Thus, compensation, unlike guarantees, is always monetary in nature.
Types of guarantees. The guarantees established by law can be distinguished as:
1) intangible nature (for example, maintaining a job, position or providing other work), and
material character (for example, maintaining average earnings for the period of study leave, annual leave, business trip);
2) general guarantees, provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation when hiring, transferring to another job, for remuneration, for working in conditions that meet labor protection requirements;
3) special guarantees in the following cases:
when sent on business trips;
when moving to work in another area;
when performing state or public duties;
when combining work with training;
in case of forced cessation of work through no fault of the employee;
when providing annual paid leave;
in some cases, termination of an employment contract;
due to a delay due to the fault of the employer in issuing work book upon dismissal of an employee;
in other cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws (for example, in case of damage to the employee’s health (or in the event of his death) due to an industrial accident or occupational disease, guarantees for hard work and work under harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions.
4) additional guarantees certain categories of workers (Article 224 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). In cases provided for by laws and other regulatory legal acts, the employer is obliged to:
Comply with the restrictions established for certain categories of workers on their involvement in heavy work and work with hazardous working conditions, work at night, as well as overtime work;
Transfer workers who need easier work due to health reasons to another job (according to medical reports) with appropriate payment;
Establish rest breaks included in working hours;
Create working conditions for disabled people in accordance with an individual rehabilitation program.
The means and methods of general and special guarantees when employees exercise labor rights can be very diverse:
Maintaining your place of work (position) and providing additional leave (additional days of rest), for example, in the case of combining work with training;
Providing a number of categories of employees with a preferential right to remain at work when the number or staff of the organization’s employees is reduced;
In some cases, the employer is obligated to offer the dismissed employee a vacant position (another place of work), and to pay benefits to employees who are temporarily or permanently unable to work.
Naturally, this list of guarantees is not exhaustive, since additional guarantees may be established in agreements, collective agreements, other local acts of the organization, and employment contracts.
When guarantees and compensation are provided, the corresponding payments are made at the expense of the employer.
Compensation payments, like other amounts due to the employee, must be provided by the employer to the employee in a timely manner. An employee is not obliged to spend personal funds when performing work duties, state and public duties provided for by federal law. In this connection, the funds necessary to fulfill these duties in cases provided for by law must be provided to him by the employer.
The paradox of compensation legislation is that it establishes the maximum permissible parameters for reimbursing an employee for expenses incurred. Exceeding these parameters at the expense of the employer’s own funds is considered as the employee receiving additional income. Although in this case, the employer and employee recognize the expenses incurred as necessary for the performance of labor and other duties and, therefore, subject to compensation.
Compensations include:
Compensation in connection with the use of property by employees in the process labor activity;
Compensation for business trips, sending employees for advanced training and to work in another area;
Compensation for persons combining work with study;
Compensations related to treatment by employees.
Within the framework of social protection systems, citizens, upon the occurrence of adverse events established by law, are provided with compensatory assistance in cash and in kind, as well as in the form of various types of services. In addition, social protection systems implement preventive measures aimed at preventing adverse events.
The main form of direct social protection is monetary. The provision of cash benefits to low-income segments of the population, stipulated by law, is of decisive importance in maintaining their existence. Cash payments include social benefits (free provision of a certain amount of money to citizens), subsidy (targeted payment for material goods and services provided to citizens) and compensation - reimbursement to citizens of expenses incurred by them, established by law.
Part of the benefits and services goes to the population directly in kind through institutions of the non-productive sphere without taking into account the measure of individual labor and is entirely determined by the capabilities of society (free lunches, food stamps, sale of goods at reduced prices); their consumers are not all workers, but those who need it and only to the extent of this need (school services - for families with school-age children, free medicine - for those who are often sick). The system of social services (health care, education, vocational training, employment services) is based on the public sector of social infrastructure sectors, although each of them also has private enterprises. The state participates in the financing, production and distribution of social services, thereby increasing their availability to the population.
The social protection system of the population performs the function of maintaining the real preservation of the monetary unit in conditions of inflation, an operational mechanism for protecting certain segments of the population (disabled, low-income, unemployed, families with children, amateur population) from innovations leading to a decrease in their standard of living (indexation of cash income, establishment preferential prices for goods and services for pensioners, preferential taxation, etc.).
The main elements of the system and organizational forms of social protection of the population include social insurance, social security, social services and social assistance. All elements of this system are interconnected.
The social protection system includes the operation of budgetary and extra-budgetary funds at various levels: federal, regional, local.
In Russia, the Ministry of Health of Russia and the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Russia are responsible for social protection, which, in turn, are managed by the Government Russian Federation.
State extra-budgetary funds providing social protection in the Russian Federation:
Pension Fund of the Russian Federation
Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation
Compulsory health insurance fund.
The state level of social protection ensures the guaranteed provision of legally established pensions, services and benefits in accordance with monetary and social standards. At the regional level, taking into account local conditions and capabilities, issues of additionally increasing the level of provision above the state level are being resolved. At the discretion of local authorities, it is possible to establish regional security standards, but not lower than those enshrined in legislation. A regulation has been adopted on the territorial social service, which is intended to provide immediate measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens in need of social protection.
3. An important element of the social protection system is social insurance.
One of the main directions of social reforms in Russia in the early 90s. XX century was the transition from state social security to a mixed system of insurance against social risks. The emergence of a modern social insurance system is associated with the adoption of the Civil, Labor and Tax Codes of the Russian Federation, the laws of the Russian Federation “On state pension provision in the Russian Federation”, “On employment in the Russian Federation”, “On medical insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation”, federal laws“On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation”, “On the cost of living in the Russian Federation”, “On compulsory social insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases”, “On state social assistance”, “On the basics of compulsory social insurance”, others legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Compulsory social insurance is defined as part of the state system of social protection of the population, the specificity of which is the insurance of working citizens against possible changes in material and (or) social status, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories of citizens due to their recognition as unemployed, work injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as old age, the need to receive medical care, sanatorium-resort treatment and the occurrence of other social insurance risks established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, subject to compulsory social insurance.
The social insurance base usually consists of the following elements:
a) pension insurance: b) medical insurance: c) industrial accident insurance: d) unemployment insurance.
Main types of social insurance, currently used in Russia are:
compulsory and voluntary pension insurance;
compulsory and voluntary medical insurance;
compulsory social insurance;
compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;
various types of voluntary social insurance that do not have a mandatory form.
Compulsory social insurance for employees. The compulsory social insurance system is managed by the Government of the Russian Federation. Mandatory social insurance funds are federal state property.
The bulk of insurance payments are made through the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (FSS RF). All enterprises are required to make contributions to this fund. The amount of insurance premiums and the procedure for their payment are established by law.
The employer is obliged to ensure the employee’s rights to safe work. In this regard, every employee has the right to compulsory social insurance. State social insurance of employees is the main form of employees exercising their right to financial support in old age, in case of illness, complete or partial loss of ability to work.
The Labor Code of the Russian Federation obliges the employer to provide compulsory social insurance for employees. Thus, from the moment of conclusion employment contract between an employee and an employer, the employee has the right to protection from social risks, and the employer must provide compulsory social insurance in relation to this employee. Insurance risks subject to social insurance include cases, determined by federal laws: recognition of a citizen as unemployed, work injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as old age, the need to receive medical care, sanatorium treatment, etc.
This obligation applies to all employers, regardless of their legal form and taxation system. For violation of the legally established procedure for paying social insurance contributions to employees or for failure to pay these contributions, certain financial sanctions may be applied to the employer.
Failure by an employer to pay state social insurance contributions does not deprive his employee of the right to security from state social insurance funds.
Voluntary social insurance- this is a relationship based on free will between the insurer and the policyholder to protect the property interests of citizens in order to ensure their well-being in the event of certain insured events at the expense of funds generated by insurers from insurance premiums and other sources of funds.
Voluntary social insurance is carried out on the basis of the free will of the policyholder and the insurer, enshrined in the insurance contract. Object voluntary social insurance is not the interests of citizens that contradict the law, but purpose– ensuring their well-being. Well-being includes the level of material (housing, food, living conditions, transport), social (labor, employment, healthcare) and spiritual (culture and art, recreation, education, information, mental well-being) needs, generally defined as the standard of living.
Voluntary social insurance does not replace personal or property insurance of citizens. Voluntary social insurance exists in the form of protection against social risks (risk insurance), while the purpose of insurance is to minimize the deterioration of the material, social or spiritual situation of citizens, as well as in the form of accumulative or savings insurance, the purpose of which is to maintain and increase well-being.
The list of social risks to protect against the consequences of which social insurance can be used is huge. No less significant is the list of insurance cases, in the implementation of which the welfare of a citizen can be increased through savings social insurance.
The classification of voluntary social insurance in relation to the Russian Federation should be built on the basis of civil legislation and the Law of the Russian Federation of November 27, 1992 No. 4015-1 “On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation.” According to Art. 4 of this law, insurance in the Russian Federation is carried out in two sectors - personal and property insurance. Personal insurance consists of the sub-sectors of life insurance, accidents and illnesses, medical insurance, and property insurance - of the sub-sectors of property insurance, civil liability insurance, and business risk insurance.
Economic Dictionary. 2010.
Economic Dictionary. 2000.
Social protection is:
Social protection Social protection Social protection - in a broad sense - is the activity of the state to implement the goals and priority objectives of social policy, to implement a set of legally established economic, legal and social guarantees that ensure each member of society respects the most important social rights.Social protection - in the narrow sense - is a set of targeted specific measures of an economic, legal and organizational nature to support the most vulnerable segments of the population. See also: Social protection of the population Social policy
Financial Dictionary Finam.
/ The place of CSR in the system of modern social
26 Place of CSR in the system of modern social, labor and socio-economic relations lies in the form of one of the main elements of the mechanism of social protection of the employed population. The role of CSR in the regulation of social and labor relations consists of personnel development, health protection, creation of safe working conditions, implementation of social programs for enterprise employees and members of their families.
However, to say that CSR is becoming new form social and labor relations would be incorrect. CSR is a concept of the relationship between business and society, and business and society are two interdependent institutions. Rather, CSR and social-labor relations complement each other, enriching themselves through the development of each system of relations. Neither the concept of CSR nor the manifestation of new qualities of social and labor relations are possible separately. CSR and modern social and labor relations form new system socio-economic relations in society, in tune with the changes taking place in the world.
§3. CSR and social protection of the employed population
CSR is, first of all, social protection of the employed population. Modern period Russian history, characterized by a transition from a planned form of economic management to market relations, put forward the problem of developing an adequate social policy of the state as a priority task. Clause 1 of Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation declares: “ The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people" The process of formation and development of social protection, the core basis of state social policy, should cover all aspects of human life, taking into account both the characteristics of social and labor relations and problems
27 disabled population. “A developed system of social protection becomes the political content of mass democracy. The political system is not able to achieve the unlimited loyalty of the masses and therefore, in order to give legitimacy to its actions, it must offer state and social programs, the implementation of which is subject to control”1.
1 Habermas Yu. Relations between the system and the life world in the conditions of late capitalism // THESIS. Theory and history of economic and social institutions and systems. Spring 1993. T. 1. Issue. 2. – M., 1993. P. 127.
2 Constitution of the Russian Federation. M., 2005. P.4.
The formation of a social protection system for workers is becoming one of the priorities of the state’s social policy. At the same time, in many modern research, devoted to the social side of society, the social protection of the working population is undeservedly ignored. Part of the explanation for this fact lies in the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation itself, in paragraph 2 of Article 7 of which the directions of social protection are indicated as follows: “In the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum size wages, state support for family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens is provided, a system of social services is developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established”2. As can be seen, in the Constitution the social protection of workers is outlined schematically, in the form of establishing a minimum wage and certain social guarantees in the event of the realization of certain social risks.
The explanation for this could be this. As you know, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, and the main attention when developing social articles was rightfully paid to unemployed citizens, as the least protected group of society. However, in relation to modern economic conditions, one can argue about the urgency of research and development of the basic provisions of social protection
28 economically active population, constituting more than half of the country’s total population1.
1 According to Rosstat, the population of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2006 was 142.8 million people, the economically active population was 73.8 million people or 52% of the total population. (Russia in numbers. 2006: Brief statistical collection/Rosstat. M., 2006. P.72-82).
2 Economic Encyclopedia. Ed. L.I.Abalkina. M., 1999. P.207.
3 Yudin V.P. Social protection: concept, essence, boundaries. Educational method. allowance Kazan, 1995. P.9.
Social protection of the population
In modern economic literature there is no generally accepted definition of the category “social protection”, according to which one could provide an interpretation of the socio-economic content of the category “social protection of the employed population”. For example, in the Economic Encyclopedia edited by academician L.I. Abalkin, social protection is defined as “an important function of the state to ensure basic social human rights on the basis of international and national norms”2.
An overly general definition logically pushes us to consider the content of the definition of “social human rights”, as well as to clarify “international and national norms”, while the main role in ensuring social protection is assigned to the state, which, taking into account the size of the economically active population, is not entirely correct . The state, together with workers and employers, must take an equal part in the creation and development of a social protection system, especially for the employed population.
An overly general definition of social protection is also presented in educational manual V.P. Yudina “Social protection: concept, essence, boundaries”: “the activities of the state to ensure the development of the individual”3. Let us add that in this definition we're talking about V to a greater extent about the development of the entire social sphere of society, including education, culture and art, physical education and sports, rather than about minimizing negative influence certain social factors, in case of implementation of which a social protection system is being developed.
29 Some leading experts in the field of social security provide their own definitions of the category “social protection”, filling them with their own detailed understanding. Thus, N.M. Rimashevskaya believes that “social protection systems are actually mechanisms by which income from some “financing” groups of society (as a rule, especially active ones) is usually redistributed in favor of “receiving” subgroups, i.e. sick, elderly, disabled, unemployed, poor”1.
1 Rimashevskaya N.M. Man and reforms: secrets of survival. M., 2003. P.192.
2 Roik V.D. Fundamentals of social insurance. M., 2005. P..25.
When considering this interpretation, in addition to the lack of specification of “donor groups,” the composition of “needy” subgroups may raise questions, which does not include able-bodied parents or guardians receiving child benefits, enterprise employees using preferential loans to improve housing conditions, various categories of government employees in whose performance of duties the state is no less interested than in ensuring full employment of the able-bodied population.
Let us present the definition of another leading specialist in the field of social protection of the population, V.D. Roik: “Social protection is a system of economic, social, legal, organizational, medical and technical measures to protect workers from adverse factors (social and professional risk), worsening the quality of their working life, in order to protect the health, ability to work of workers, their financial situation through the creation at enterprises, regions and the state of special mechanisms, funds, including insurance, and social protection institutions, in cases and on the conditions established by law And labor agreements"2. In the definition of V.D. Roic we are talking about the social protection of the working population, that is, children, students, refugees, migrants who have suffered from
30 natural or man-made disasters. In addition, the “quality of working life of workers” is only one side of the social protection system, the other side is the social life of a person. The final part of the definition is positive, in which the mechanism of social protection of the working population is revealed.
The emphasis on the consequences of the implementation of social risks, traced in V.D. Roic, is also found in S.M. Berezin, who defines social economic content category “social protection” as “a set of institutions and mechanisms designed to maintain and ensure an acceptable (existing) standard of living of the population in the event of the onset of social risks”1.
1 Berezin S.M. Social insurance on Far North. M., 2005. P.22.
2 Strengthening social protection and reducing vulnerability in a globalized world. Report of the UN Secretary-General to the Economic and Social Council. February 2001. P.4.
3 Introduction on the Social Security. International Labor Office. Geneva. 1984, p.3.
Let us consider the interpretations of the category “social protection” given by authoritative international organizations. Thus, the United Nations (UN) interprets social protection as follows: “Social protection in general refers to a set of public and private sector policies and programs implemented by society in connection with various unforeseen circumstances in order to compensate for the absence or significant reduction of income from work, providing assistance to families with children, as well as providing people with medical care and housing”2. The ILO definition states that social protection is “the protection that a society provides to its members through a set of public measures against economic and social ills that result from the cessation or reduction of earnings as a result of illness, childbirth, industrial accidents, unemployment, disability, old age and death, providing medical care and providing subsidies to families with children”3.
The UN interpretation includes a complex of social programs of both the state and the private sector, while in the ILO definition the source of development and
31 implementation of social protection measures is called more broadly – society. The goals for which the social protection system is designed to function are of interest.
According to the UN, this is compensation for the absence or significant reduction in labor income, assistance to families with children, and providing people with medical care and housing. The ILO believes that social protection, in addition to the purposes defined by the UN, is aimed at stopping or reducing earnings as a result of illness, childbirth, industrial accidents, unemployment, disability, old age and death. However, the ILO provides a list of social risks that can be insured, and the UN considers the goals of social protection more broadly, since, for example, the occurrence of housing problems cannot be insured.
Definition of social protection of the employed population
Social protection is one of the ways to maintain incomes and comprehensive development of people. The goals of social protection institutions for the employed population are as follows:
ensuring the process of creating a social product labor force- its main factor;
maintaining social sustainability and social stability in the workforce, the main conditions for the reproduction of the labor potential of the enterprise;
creation of a favorable social environment around the production of a public product - an important tool for the development of the economic system.
Social protection of the employed population is based not only on the redistribution of part of the national income and compulsory social insurance, but also on the use of part of the newly created own product by employer corporations. In the same time financial base measures for social protection of the entire population are based on the redistribution of part of the national income in accordance with priorities
32 social policy of the state, as well as on the formation and use of special funds Money or insurance funds with the mandatory participation of all working citizens in their creation.
The socio-economic content of the category “social protection of the employed population” represents relations in the creation and implementation of social programs of the state and economic systems aimed at maintaining workers’ incomes at a socially acceptable level, quality reproduction work force, economic and social development.
Let us note that, firstly, the object of social protection of the employed population is the employee in the process of functioning in the system of social reproduction. When considering the social protection of the entire population of the country, the object becomes that part of society that falls under the minimum criteria of living standards defined by law.
Secondly, social protection of the employed population is a complex of social programs of both the state and corporations, including economic, social, legal, organizational, medical and technical measures. A set of social programs is implemented through the creation of special social protection institutions, which are regulated by current legislation and labor agreements (collective agreements) of workers and employers.
Third, social protection of the employed population is aimed at maintaining workers’ incomes in the event of social risks, the main of which are temporary or permanent disability, inability to find employment, material losses due to maternity or paternity, old age, and the need to pay for medical care. In addition, high-quality reproduction of the labor force means not only the creation of the necessary conditions for the biological and social reproduction of a person, but also the development of his physical, intellectual and
33 creativity necessary to ensure the forward movement of the economic system.
Fourthly, sources of financing for social protection of the employed population include the federal, regional and local budgets, material resources of corporations and employee income. The above does not exclude the possibility of creating specialized funds of funds, such as, for example, compulsory social insurance funds and other financial institutions, the purpose of which is to finance socially oriented activities.
Fifthly, social protection of the employed population serves both as a tool and as a goal for the development of the economy and society, since the forward movement of an individual economic unit has a positive effect on the growth indicators of the economy as a whole, the diversified development of the employee’s abilities takes on very specific material outlines in the form of an increase in the employee’s income, and in a general economic sense, in an increase in the effective demand of the population and growth Country's GDP. Effective social protection of the employed population allows us to focus society's resources on the social problems of the non-working population.
To substantiate the author’s definition of social protection for the employed population, we present the interpretations of two well-known specialists in the field of social protection. V.V. Basov believes that “social protection can be understood as an instrument for the distribution and consumption of a certain part of the necessary product created by the total labor of workers, and the economic content of the process of distribution and social protection can be understood as one of its elements, designed to ensure that the total labor force meets the needs social production"1. He is echoed by B.G. Zbyshko, who argues that “social protection is a tool for regulating the reproduction of the labor force and employment, directly affecting
1 Basov V.V. Non-state pension funds as an institution for social protection of the population. N.Novgorod, 2000. P.24.
34 economic development not only from the point of view of the effective functioning of the labor force, but also as a factor in expanding the effective demand of the population”1. As can be seen, both researchers focus specifically on the reproduction of labor power and the development of social production. The author's interpretation further emphasizes the role of the state as a subject of social protection and notes the positive impact of the development of social protection of workers on achieving and strengthening social stability in society.
1 Zbyshko B.G. Regulation of social and labor relations in Russia (international and national aspects): Monograph. M., 2004. P.204.
Functions, principles and forms of social protection of the employed population
Economic function consists of replacing temporarily or permanently lost income of workers, improving the quality of the labor force used in the production of a social product and, as a consequence, economic growth, and more efficient redistribution of national income throughout the state.
Social function provides for the implementation of measures to ensure high-quality reproduction of the workforce, which include not only protection from material insecurity due to the inability to participate in work or a complex of medical, professional and social rehabilitation in order to restore health and ability to work, but also the creation, restoration and development of physical, spiritual, intellectual abilities to activity. It is important to improve the general standard of living of the employee, expressed, in particular, in raising the educational and cultural level, improving living conditions, and caring for his family members.
35 Political function involves the provision of constitutionally guaranteed standards of social protection, maintaining social stability and moral climate in society, increasing its spiritual potential, ensuring the unity and consent of society and the current government.
Innovative feature is designed to stimulate research and development activities in economic systems, generate new solutions in the field of social protection of the working population, and implement the social protection factor in the development of the knowledge economy.
1. Social responsibility of the state and economic systems (corporate Social responsibility) for the development of society in economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other spheres of life in accordance with legally prescribed areas, as well as measures that go beyond the legal minimum.
2. Social justice in ensuring equal rights to receive and increase income, occupational safety and health, health protection, access to material, social and spiritual benefits, compensation for temporary or permanent disability, obtaining the necessary material and social compensation when realizing social risks.
3. Interest of subjects of social protection of workers (bodies state power, public and private commercial and non-profit institutions, associations of workers and employers, economic systems, workers) in the creation and implementation of a social protection system.
4. Multi-level, multi-aspect and multi-directional nature of social programs of the state and economic systems from mandatory ones government programs for the entire employed population to narrowly targeted
36 measures for certain categories of workers, from wages, medical care and pensions to the impact on the social relations of workers outside production process, from the universal nature of social protection measures to a differentiated approach and personification of the employee as an object of social protection.
5. State guarantees in the implementation of state social programs and self-governance of private initiatives that go beyond the scope of current social legislation.
Considering various aspects of CSR, we will focus on the fourth principle: multi-level, multi-aspect and multi-directional social programs of the state and economic systems. This principle presupposes the presence of a variety of forms of social protection of the employed population. Forms of social protection, based on the specifics, objectivity, and financing mechanism, may be as follows.
Compulsory social insurance– “relations based on the principles of universality, solidarity and remuneration, to protect the interests of individuals in the implementation of certain social risks at the expense of those formed by insurers from paid insurance premiums cash funds and other funds of insurers"1. This form of social protection assumes the universal, solidary and reimbursable nature of protection against social threats through the use of an insurance mechanism organized and regulated by the state.
1 Krichevsky N.A., Kuksin A.G. Government regulation social insurance. M., 2006. P.19.
Compulsory social insurance is based on compulsory insurance contributions by the employee, employer and the state, and the financial component of insurance payments allows us to talk only about the minimum necessary expenses to maintain the employee’s income and social status. Types of compulsory social insurance, according to the current legislation in this area, are divided into compulsory pension insurance, compulsory health insurance, compulsory
37 social insurance, compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases.
Corporate (voluntary) social insurance– relations based on a contract for voluntary collective insurance of social risks. Corporate social insurance can be carried out in the types of risk or savings (savings) insurance, serve as an addition to compulsory types of social insurance (for example, compulsory health insurance, compulsory pension insurance) or be independent types of social protection (for example, insurance in case of illness or death, business travel insurance, insurance in case of a certain insured event).
State social insurance– relations based on the state’s interest in preserving the life, health, ability to work, income, social status of persons under public service or performing socially important functions. The types of state social insurance include all types of social insurance for civil servants, carried out at the expense of budget funds, provision upon reaching retirement age, assistance in increasing the social level of a civil servant.
Social Security – relations based on social programs of the state to ensure the minimum social needs of citizens. Examples of social security include subsidies for housing and communal services, guardianship benefits, unemployment benefits, employment assistance, etc. A type of social security is social assistance provided individually in the event of emergency events, for example, natural or man-made disasters.
Corporate social programs– relationships based on the mutual interest of the employer and employee in strengthening and
38 development of social and labor relations. Examples of corporate social programs are providing workers with housing, food, everyday items, issuing preferential or gratuitous loans, paying for education, recreation, sanatorium and resort treatment, financing health programs for workers’ children, assistance former employees who have reached retirement age, labor protection and others. Corporate social programs should include ensuring environmental safety of production, development of the surrounding community, and maintaining fair business practices.
Individual social programs for employees– relationships based on the independent activities of workers to protect their income and living conditions in the event of the occurrence of various social risks. The types of this form are personal savings of employees, dividends on deposits, coupon income on bonds, income from placing savings in shares of an enterprise, individual insurance at special insurance rates, and the creation of mutual assistance funds for employees.
Gratuitous corporate financing of social programs of the surrounding community- relationships based on the interest of economic systems in creating and maintaining a positive image among the surrounding community, various categories of the population or government bodies. The most common types of this form of social protection are sponsorship, patronage, and charity.
We have listed the main forms of social protection of the working population. Let us take into account the fact that this list is constantly expanding and supplemented by new social initiatives of government bodies, employer corporations, public organizations representing the interests of both employers and employees, and the study of advanced international experience.
In summary form, the classification of the main forms and types of social protection of the employed population is presented in Table. 1.2.
40 As can be seen from Table 1.2, the least researched and at the same time the most expensive area of social protection of the employed population are social programs of enterprises, consisting of corporate social insurance, corporate social programs, free corporate financing of events in support of the surrounding community. In one form or another, enterprises also participate in the implementation of compulsory social insurance and individual social programs for employees. The special role inherent in economic systems in the implementation of social protection of workers served as the starting point for the formation of a new direction in the social protection system - corporate social responsibility.
Social protection system
Social protection - system of measures carried out by the state. and public organizations to ensure guaranteed minimum sufficient living conditions, maintaining the life and active existence of a person. Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as ensuring a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for some reason, cannot provide for their own existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, large families. Basic principles of social protection: humanity; targeting; complexity; ensuring individual rights and freedoms.
Types of social protection. State forms: affordable healthcare; privileges; accessible education; pension; social system services and provision of social services. services; social measures support. Non-state forms: voluntary social insurance; charity; private healthcare systems, etc.
Social system protection- this is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of social measures. protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.
It includes:
1. Social security- creation of state systems of material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. In addition to pensions (old age, disability, etc.) to social security. provision includes benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, child care under 3 years of age, assistance to families in maintaining and raising children, family benefits, maintenance of the disabled in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or preferential prosthetic care , providing disabled people with means of transportation, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people.
2. Social guarantees - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account labor contribution and means testing based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of available public resources. In our country, to social guarantees include: guaranteed free honey. service; accessibility and free education; minimum wage; minimum pension, scholarship; social pensions (disabled since childhood; disabled children; disabled people without work experience; etc.); benefits for the birth of a child; ritual benefit for burial and some others.
A type of social guarantees are social. privileges. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.).
Social insurance - protection of the economically active population from social risks based on collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, prof. illness, death of the breadwinner. There are 2 forms of social. insurance - compulsory (with the support of state funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Support for citizens is provided primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for illness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of health care organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.
Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free lunches, clothing) and is financed from general tax revenues. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below minimum living standards, and acts the most important element anti-poverty policies. Social support is not limited to financial assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided individuals or social groups. services to overcome life's difficulties, maintain social status, adaptation in society.
Social activities social services support, provision of social, medical, pedagogical, legal services and financial assistance, social services. adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations has formed into a separate branch of social services. spheres – social service. Work aimed at providing assistance, support and protection to people, and, above all, to the socially weaker sections of society is called social work. The object of social work are people who need outside help: the elderly, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who find themselves in a difficult life situation: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, those convicted and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc. Social subjects work- those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social services. politics through government social authorities protection.
What is social protection? ? Please answer very simply and clearly
Vladimir Zublenko
Social protection is a multi-level system of economic, legal, organizational, medical, social, pedagogical, psychological and other measures aimed at realizing individual rights and freedoms in the field of social security, guaranteeing not only survival, but also a sufficient level and quality of life.
Social protection is assistance provided by the state, as well as private organizations, to the entire population or, more often, to categories in need of assistance: single mothers, large families, families at social risk, pensioners, disabled people, etc. In a broader sense, social protection It is also provided by private organizations, for example, insurance companies.
lat. sacialis - public) - a system of various kinds of measures taken by society or labor collective to protect its members from certain negative impacts of the social environment or to mitigate them. The term is used in two senses. In a broad sense, social protection is the activity of the state and public organizations (and, first of all, trade unions) to implement the goals and priority objectives of social policy, to implement a set of legally established economic, legal and social guarantees that ensure each member of society observes its most important social rights, incl. to a standard of living worthy of a person, necessary for normal reproduction and personal development. In a narrow sense, SZ is a set of targeted specific measures of an economic, legal and organizational nature to support the most vulnerable segments of the population from the negative manifestations (consequences) of the processes of the transition period of reforms. The current stage of market transformations has significantly “brought together” the real content of the concept of social protection in the broad and narrow sense, because both the majority of the population and the state of the economy itself, which does not allow the implementation of long-term goals and objectives of social policy, need protection, because There are barely enough funds for immediate measures. SZ is, on the one hand, a functional system, i.e. the system of directions along which it is carried out; on the other - institutional, i.e. the system of institutions that provide it - the state, trade unions, etc. public organizations. The subject of the trade union law is not all the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, but only those whose protection relates to the statutory responsibilities of trade unions. This is, first of all, the right to work with payment in accordance with its quantity and quality, but not below the minimum amount established by the state.
Social protection of the population- this is one of the most important directions of the state’s social policy, which consists in establishing and maintaining the socially necessary financial and social status of all members of society.
Sometimes social protection is interpreted more narrowly: as providing a certain level of income for those segments of the population who, for some reason, cannot provide for their own existence: the unemployed, the disabled, the sick, orphans, the elderly, single mothers, large families. Basic principles of social protection:
- humanity;
- targeting;
- complexity;
- ensuring individual rights and freedoms.
The system of social protection of the population and its structure
Social protection system is a set of legislative acts, measures, as well as organizations that ensure the implementation of measures for social protection of the population and support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.
It includes:
1. Social Security— arose in Russia in the 20s of the twentieth century. and meant creation state system material support and services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children at the expense of the so-called public consumption funds. This category is essentially identical to the category of social protection, but the latter applies to a market economy.
In addition to pensions (for old age, disability, etc.), social security included benefits for temporary disability and childbirth, for caring for a child under one year of age, assistance to families in maintaining and raising children (free or on preferential terms, nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools , pioneer camps, etc.), family benefits, maintenance of disabled people in special organizations (nursing homes, etc.), free or preferential prosthetic care, provision of means of transportation for disabled people, vocational training for disabled people, various benefits for families of disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system largely ceased to fulfill its functions, but some of its elements became part of the modern system social protection of the population.
2. - provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account labor contribution and means testing based on the principle of distributing these benefits according to the needs of available public resources. In our country, social guarantees include:
- guaranteed free medical care;
- accessibility and free education;
- minimum wage;
- minimum pension, scholarship;
- social pensions (disabled children since childhood; disabled children; disabled people with no work experience; children who have lost one or both parents; persons over 65 (men) and 60 (women) years with no work experience);
- benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
- ritual benefit for burial and some others.
Since January 1, 2002, the amount of benefits associated with the birth of a child has been increased. Thus, the amount of a one-time benefit for the birth of a child increased from 1.5 thousand rubles to 4.5 thousand rubles and in 2006 - to 8,000 rubles, the monthly benefit for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years from 200 up to 500 rubles, and in 2006 - up to 700 rubles. This benefit provided 25% of the subsistence level of an able-bodied person. The monthly benefit for a child under 16 years of age has not been revised and is 70 rubles. Its ratio to the child's subsistence level was 3.0% in 2004. In Moscow and some other regions, this benefit increased to 150 rubles in 2006.
A type of social guarantees are social benefits. They represent a system of public guarantees provided to certain groups of the population (disabled people, war veterans, labor veterans, etc.). In 2005, in-kind benefits for these categories of the population were replaced with monetary compensation. Since January 1, 2005 preferential category citizens have the right to use the social package and the right to receive monthly cash payments. The cost of the social package is set at 450 rubles. It includes travel on suburban transport, free medicine, sanatorium-resort treatment and travel to the place of sanatorium-resort treatment. The law provides that from January 2006, beneficiaries will be able to choose between a social package and receiving the corresponding amount of money.
From January 1, 2006, monthly cash payments in accordance with the law were established in the following amounts: disabled people of the Great Patriotic War— 2000 rubles; WWII participants - 1500 rubles; combat veterans and a number of other categories of beneficiaries - 1,100 rubles.
Persons who worked during the Second World War at air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities, family members of deceased or deceased disabled war veterans, World War II participants and combat veterans will receive 600 rubles monthly.
Disabled persons with a third degree of restriction of work activity are paid 1,400 rubles monthly; second degree - 1000 rubles; first degree - 800 rubles; Disabled children will be paid 1,000 rubles. Disabled people who do not have restrictions on their ability to work, with the exception of disabled children, receive 500 rubles monthly.
Social insurance— protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. The main social risks associated with loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special extra-budgetary funds formed from contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance - mandatory (with state support from its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of state assistance). Support for citizens is provided primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for illness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of health care organizations, vocational training, etc., related to the restoration of working capacity.
Social support(assistance) is provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free lunches, clothing) and is financed from general tax revenues. Social assistance is usually means tested. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below minimum living standards, and is an essential element of the anti-poverty policy, ensuring a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.
Social support is not limited to financial assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt to society.
The activities of social services for social support, provision of social services, medical, pedagogical, legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations have formed into a separate branch of the social sphere - social services.
System of institutions social services in Russia it is developing at a very rapid pace. During the period 1998-2004, the total number of social service institutions increased by a third. At the same time, the number of institutions for the elderly and disabled has increased by more than one and a half times compared to 1985, and by 18% compared to 1998. Number of social assistance centers for families and children for 1998-2004. increased by 2 times, social rehabilitation centers - by 2.5 times. There are 25 rehabilitation centers for young disabled people and 17 gerontological centers. New types of social service institutions have appeared: crisis centers for women, so far the only crisis center for men, crisis departments for girls.
Work aimed at providing assistance, support and protection to people, and especially to the socially weaker sections of society, is called social work.
Object social work
are people who need outside help: the elderly, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people caught in
desired life situation: unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, convicts and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.
Subjects of social work— those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social policy through state social protection bodies. These are public organizations: Russian Association of Social Services, Association of Social Pedagogues and social workers etc. These are charitable organizations and charitable societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent.
The main subjects of social work are people engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. There are about half a million professional social workers (that is, people with appropriate education and diplomas) all over the world (several tens of thousands in Russia). The bulk of social work is carried out by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or out of conviction and a sense of duty.
Society is interested in increasing effectiveness of social work. However, it is quite difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs required to achieve this result. Efficiency in social sphere is a complex category that consists of goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. The result is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis a general improvement in the social situation in society. Criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level can be indicators of the financial situation of the family (person), life expectancy, level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc.
Closely related to the criterion of efficiency is the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As with the implementation of income policy, it is necessary to take into account possible Negative consequences massive social support: the appearance of dependency, passivity, reluctance to make decisions and solve one’s problems. There may be negative phenomena in the social sphere (for example, active support for single mothers may result in a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, the birth rate).
The concept of “social protection”
Social protection of the population is nothing more than a form of manifestation of the state’s social policy.
Social protection, being an economic category, is a system of distribution relations.
Public funds of funds, which are formed from part of the national income, are used to provide material support for low-income citizens.
Note 1
Thus, social protection is a system of measures to ensure minimally sufficient living conditions and active human existence.
The modern interpretation of the social protection system understands it as a set of rights and guarantees established by law, and social institutions and institutions ensure their implementation, creating conditions for maintaining the livelihoods of various social strata of the population and, first of all, the socially vulnerable.
In conditions of an economic crisis, social protection is not able to protect the entire population from a decline in living standards and other social problems.
In such conditions social support turns out to be only those most in need - this category of the population is usually called socially vulnerable layers. These include persons who do not have the opportunity to somehow improve their financial situation and, thus, support the necessary conditions existence.
If we consider socially vulnerable segments of the population more broadly, then these are people whose incomes are below the subsistence level.
In practice, socially vulnerable families are considered to be those families where each family member has a low monetary income, families that have lost their breadwinner, single mothers, the elderly, students living on scholarships, people affected by natural disasters, social conflicts, and illegal persecution.
Social protection has leading organizational and legal forms, which include:
- social services;
- state social insurance;
- pension provision;
- other forms of government support for the population.
Features of social protection of the population of Russia
In post-reform Russia, social protection developed spontaneously to a greater extent. There was no proper understanding of the tasks and ways to solve them, of its organizational and administrative structure, or legal norms.
Despite the fact that the social protection system in Russia has actual existence and rapid development, nevertheless, it has not yet been accepted by the public consciousness as an independent social institution.
This leads to a narrowing of the scope of its activities. For example, in 1997, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Program of Social Reforms for the period from 1997 to 2000.
In this Program, the concept of “social protection” was reduced only to the following issues:
- social services for the country's population;
- social protection of disabled people;
- social benefits;
- compensation payments;
- scholarships;
- social support for citizens discharged from military service into the reserve.
There is no clear and correct idea of what the nature of the institution of social protection and its content should be. The lack of correct ideas leads to arbitrary interpretation of terms and concepts, various categories that reveal the meaning and significance of such an institution.
In the USSR, to define the totality of social, economic and other relations in a broad sense, the term “social security” was used, which defined the entire institution of social protection under the name “social security law”.
In a narrow sense, this term was simultaneously used to define a system of relations in the field of social protection at the expense of the state budget. Social security in the system of planned economic management reflected the specifics of the organization of social protection of the country.
During market relations this term can no longer be used to define the totality of socio-economic relations and for administrative structures with new features. As a result, the term was forced out of the practical sphere and replaced by the new “social protection”.
The new term is more consistent with the essence of the social institution. Elements of social protection are at the same time social institutions and the main functions of this system.
In Russian science and practice, such concepts as “social assistance” and “social support” have appeared.
Definition 1
Social assistance is a system of social relations that develop between citizens with an average per capita income below the subsistence level on the one hand and government agencies on the other side. The reason for these relations is the provision of cash payments to families, in-kind assistance in addition to their earnings, pensions, benefits, etc.
Ensuring a living wage for the country's population is the goal of social assistance.
A distinctive feature of social support is that it includes measures for families in need of additional support, even if their income is not below the subsistence level. Social support is a prerogative local government.
Types of social protection
Social security is a form of distribution of material goods, the purpose of which is to satisfy the vital needs of a person. Social security included not only pensions, but also benefits for temporary disability and maternity, child care for up to one year. Families were provided with assistance in maintaining and raising children. Here we mean free nurseries or on preferential terms, kindergartens, pioneer camps, etc.
Social security also concerned disabled citizens - keeping them in nursing homes, providing means of transportation for the disabled.
The basic principles of social security are universality, accessibility, targeting, and variety of services provided. Social security includes social insurance and social assistance.
The second type of social protection includes social support. As an indirect support for the population, it includes a system of social guarantees and social benefits.
Social support can manifest itself in a wide variety of forms. This could be financial assistance, free food, placement in a shelter, medical, legal, psychological assistance, adoption, guardianship.
They are engaged in providing assistance, support and protection to people, and primarily to the socially weaker sections of the population. social institutions, whose activities are called social work.
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