INTRODUCTION
The labor market is primarily a mechanism for coordinating the interests of employees and employers. In addition, the interests of the state appear in the labor market, determined by the need to manage social relations.
The labor market is no different from the commodity market: and on it some people, the owners of labor potential, offer, and if they succeed, sell their services, others ask the price of the product and, when suitable, buy. If the demand exceeds the supply of labor, there is a situation of labor shortage. The result of excess supply over demand is unemployment. Neither the shortage nor the surplus of workers is absolute: the first is a lack of suitable labor potential, the second is a surplus of unsuitable labor (from the point of view of entrepreneurs). Such excess and such shortage can follow parallel courses, forming structural unemployment or structural deficit. For example, today in Russia more than 2 million unemployed are registered at the labor exchange, and from 300 to 500 thousand vacant positions are sought through the employment service for those willing to fill them.
Demand labor depends on the economic situation, the degree of labor mechanization, and the ratio of labor and equipment costs. The supply of labor is determined by labor potential (the size of the working population, its health, morality, activity, level of education, qualifications, mobility), possible wages, traditions and customs.
The result of the ongoing exchange each time is a synthesis of the ideas of both parties about labor in a new image of its quality and conditions, focusing on which the offer of services is formed “ human capital"and the demand for them in the future. This can explain the observed changes in the structure of one (in terms of professional qualifications, level of intelligence, education, activity, discipline, etc.) and the other (in terms of subject focus, technology and technical equipment, forms of organization of production, remuneration) observed over time. labor services, etc.).
The scale and structure of supply in the labor market depend on the state and activities of many public institutions. This is the family, education systems, vocational training and career guidance, religion, health care structures, etc. Labor supply depends on the organization and functioning passenger transport, housing market and other real estate, household services population, military service system. It is influenced by the media, propaganda campaigns political parties and social movements. To a large extent, the scale, territorial and professional structure of supply can change due to political processes that cause mass migrations. The state policy in the field of legislative consolidation and protection of human rights is significant.
The professional orientation of the population, especially young people, plays a major role in regulating supply. This is a consultative and formative-educational activity on issues of choosing a profession and professional development, adaptation to work, changes in the direction of searching for an occupation. It involves familiarizing people with the current situation and projected future of various professions in the labor market (with the possibilities of supply and demand, their stability and mobility, payment terms, various risks, qualification requirements, etc.).
A person’s choice of profession, as a rule, occurs at the beginning of his working career: sometimes it happens by chance, but mostly consciously, and it is very important that the person takes into account his abilities and inclinations. In progress labor activity the development of abilities and inclinations often has a decisive influence on career success and vice versa - in the absence of inclinations and abilities for this species labor may require a change of profession. Many people spend years searching for their professional calling.
1. PERSON IN THE LABOR MARKET. PRODUCT "WORK FORCE"
A person uses his labor power in the process of work. In a market economy, labor is considered as a commodity with all the concepts inherent in this category. Labor force is the physical and mental capabilities and skills that allow a person to perform certain types of work with the required level of labor productivity and quality of manufactured products (services). The term "labor force" represents economic category, which characterizes the totality of human abilities necessary to carry out the labor process.
Although labor power is considered a commodity, unlike any other commodity it has two features:
− versatility - this means that a person capable of work can do various types activities, i.e. his ability to work is universal. He can become a driver, a doctor or an artist, or he can engage in these activities at different times, based on his own needs or the needs of society. In market conditions, situations especially often arise when a person is forced to retrain or acquire new profession, more in demand at this time. The versatility of the workforce helps him achieve this;
−the desire of labor owners for social justice. Man is a rational being, and this greatly affects the product “labor power”. A person has inherent feelings of justice, equality, brotherhood and humanity, so he will strive to defend them in his work activities. Trade unions serve this purpose by helping workers protect and defend their interests.
The economic nature of the market, in particular the labor market, often comes into conflict with the social nature of the “labor” product, resulting in conflicts. However, any conflict resolved within the framework of legal rules is dialectically viewed as a means of further progress.
The social aspect influences the hard pressure of the market, but can distort the patterns economic development. For example, at two enterprises, two turners with the same qualifications receive different wages, which at first glance may seem unfair. But at the first enterprise, as a result of successful activities, they receive good profit, and in accordance with the market mechanism, the wages of employees of this enterprise should be higher than the market one. The second enterprise is unprofitable. Here, wages are set at the minimum level for a given profession. If an industry trade union demands equal wages and this demand is accepted by industry employers, then we should expect a distortion of the economic proportions of the market: high wages for a turner at a second enterprise will lead to high costs and bankruptcy.
Let us note a number of other features of the “labor” product. Unlike other goods, the product “labor power” is inseparable from its direct bearer - the employee and after sale comes only to the disposal of the employer. The product “labor power” has high maneuverability, which is characterized by the ability of its seller to move from one employer to another offering a higher price or Better conditions labor. As a result of this, migration (movement) of workers occurs between enterprises, industries, regions, countries, which causes a state of constant competition between buyers, i.e. employers. The movement of the product “labor power” allows you to create the necessary equilibrium in the market for this product.
An important characteristic of the labor force product is its effectiveness, which depends on factors such as:
1) capital - at significant investments funds into fixed capital in the form of machinery, mechanisms and equipment, the share of materialized labor is growing with constant costs of living labor, which affects the growth of labor productivity;
2) natural resources - the presence of fertile land, minerals, cheap raw materials and cheap energy sources, as well as a favorable climate have a positive effect on the use of labor;
3) technology of social development - the application of scientific and technological progress in the country leads to high labor productivity;
4) quality of labor - the productivity of workers largely depends on the state of health, level of education, attitude towards work, moral climate in the team and the stability of society.
Among the factors influencing labor productivity, one should also note the effectiveness of the applied labor motivation system, personnel management, the scale of the domestic market, etc.
2. MACROECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE LABOR MARKET
The labor market, simply called the labor market, is integral part market economy, which for normal functioning must also have a market for goods and a market valuable papers. Thus, a profitably operating enterprise attracts investors who lend it their capital in the form of securities for further development, which, as a rule, leads to an increase in the number of jobs and an increase in workers' earnings. A drop in demand for an enterprise's products scares off investors and leads to a narrowing of the enterprise's labor potential.
The labor market is a multifactorial mechanism that is formed under the influence of many economic and social factors and influences them himself. The labor market should be considered as a sphere of the economy where exchange relations arise between individuals who own labor power and employers who own the means of production. Employees and employers act in this market as its subjects: some – as sellers of goods, i.e. own labor force, others - as buyers of this product. Concluding a transaction means that a person gets the opportunity to work and produce consumer goods. The relations of these market subjects are subject to general market laws, in particular the laws of supply and demand.
The law of demand is based on the principle: the higher the price (wages) for labor, the less demand for it from employers (buyers). The law of supply is based on the principle: the higher the payment for the commodity “labor power,” the more sellers of labor power are willing to engage in this type of labor.
So in simple conditions, i.e. traditional market, there are categories of supply and demand: regulation of demand, supply and price of goods in each this moment time occurs based on prevailing circumstances. In accordance with the current laws, various factors will influence the position of the supply and demand curves in different ways: they will move either to the right or to the left, then up or down, at different angles to the coordinate axis. For example, an increase in the cost of education will move the supply curve upward, and an increase in demand following a recovery in the market will move the demand curve to the right. Factors such as migration of workers, expansion of social benefits, etc. will influence the relationship between supply and demand.
The role of the labor market is that it allows:
−effectively use the country’s labor potential;
− create competition for jobs;
− create a need to increase the qualifications of workers;
−reduce staff turnover and accordingly increase labor productivity;
−use different forms of employment, for example part-time or casual work, which gives the labor market greater stability and versatility, and also leads to the selection of the most effective methods management.
Market subjects are sovereign, i.e. independent. This means that, having opposing interests, each subject can defend its interests. A dialectical solution to the issue of contradictions in interests leads to the development of labor relations.
The state of the labor market is influenced by:
− the level of economic potential of the country: the higher it is, the more vibrant the labor market;
− national characteristics of the country: they may be associated with attitudes towards people of other nationalities, women, and the traditions of society, for example in the field of lifelong employment;
−phases of the economic cycle in the country (phases of recession and recovery).
The restraining influence on the state and development of the labor market is exerted by:
− population size in society, including its labor resources;
−share of economically active population;
− fund of working hours of the year, quarter and month, which is influenced by government policy regulating the number holidays, length of the working week, vacation time, etc., as well as the provision of various benefits;
− worker’s qualifications (his education), level of well-being, which determines the average consumer budget, public institutions and their level of development.
Depending on the scale, a distinction is made between the global and local labor markets. This division determines a different approach to markets, since there is a tendency to increase the role of local markets in economic developed countries. State policy on the labor market takes into account the peculiarities of the development of local markets within one country.
Each local labor market, which has common development features in the existing sectoral structure of the economy, the state of the socio-demographic situation and economic relations, differs in density and population and, among other things, historical development.
3. EMPLOYMENT IN THE SOCIETY
The source of labor is man. But not every person can be an employee. Labor resources are the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work. Children and elderly people are not included in the labor force. Also, people who have lost their ability to work or do not have it, for example, disabled people or sick people who have been undergoing treatment for a long time, are not considered labor resources. Therefore, the number of labor resources in a country is always less than the population. In Russia, for example, the labor force makes up about 58% of the country's population.
For a person, the opportunity to work is determined by various circumstances. The main one is the working age, which has certain physiological boundaries. In Russia, the working age for men is set from 16 to 60 years, for women - from 16 to 55 years. The duration of working age can be influenced by the specifics of work, which lowers its upper limit, for example, for a ballerina, a professional athlete or a military man.
The labor force includes a part of persons under 16 years of age and persons of retirement age who practically work for hire or independently.
The population that is part of the labor force can be divided into two groups: the economically active population and the economically inactive population.
The economically active population covers all those actually employed in the national economy of the country. This population provides the labor supply in the society.
The economically inactive population is people of working age who, for various reasons, are not employed in the national economy. These include pupils, students, listeners and cadets, full-time graduate students, persons receiving a survivor's pension, caring for children or sick relatives, persons without work, or those who do not need to work to provide for themselves. means of subsistence.
The economically active population may consist of hired workers and individuals who provide themselves with work, including employers.
Hired employees can be civilians and military personnel on active military service under conscription or contract. In addition, the economically active population is divided into employed and unemployed.
Employment is a term that characterizes the state of a person involved in social useful activity, related to the satisfaction of his personal and social needs, does not contradict the legislation of the country and, as a rule, brings earnings (labor income). The number of employed persons includes persons of both sexes over 16 years of age, as well as younger ages who perform hired work for remuneration.
The employed population can work full-time or part-time. Complete work time characterizes work for the time established by labor legislation, but not more than 40 hours per week, and for some professions, such as teachers and doctors, 36 hours per week. Part-time work describes work of shorter duration than established by labor legislation. So, a woman with a small child can work not 8 hours, but only 3 or 4 hours a day. Accordingly, payment for her work will be made for the time worked or according to production.
In labor economics, the concept of “underemployment” is used. The reasons for underemployment are objective factors, for example, structural restructuring in the country or enterprise, lack of orders for production, technical progress. Under the influence of these reasons, the demand for labor changes and fewer workers are required. When going to market relations Many enterprises, not wanting to allow mass layoffs, resort to part-time employment and thereby provide their employees with some social support. The action of the market mechanism is such that an enterprise whose products are not in demand must close. However, the current objectives of ensuring growth in the well-being of the population are often achieved by increasing employment.
The employed population includes persons temporarily absent from work due to illness, vacations, time off, strikes, days off, working on a family contract, etc. Employed population Unemployed people performing work are not considered public Works, as well as pupils and students working in agricultural work in the areas of educational institutions.
In world practice, different models of employment management are used. Thus, the American model involves the creation of jobs with low labor productivity for a significant portion of able-bodied citizens. As a result, unemployment formally decreases, but a large class of “new poor” appears, that is, the working poor. The Scandinavian model focuses on providing employment for almost the entire workforce by creating jobs in the public sector with average, satisfactory working conditions and pay. The model is designed only for public funds, which, if limited, may result in a reduction in the number of jobs. The European model is based on a reduction in the number of employees while increasing labor productivity and, accordingly, increasing the income of the working part of the population. The model envisages the creation of a broad system of benefits for the increasing number of unemployed people requiring significant funds. Negative consequences The application of the European model may result in long-term and persistent unemployment and a heavy burden of social and financial costs associated with it.
Public employment management in various countries is associated with the rate of economic growth, employment and the rate of growth of labor productivity, since when the rate of economic growth decreases, employment is affected by changes in labor productivity indicators in the country. It is believed, for example, that countries that by 1994–1995. established a low level of unemployment, achieved this through losses in labor productivity and, consequently, in the income of workers. There is a trend in various countries to increase underemployment and employment in the informal sector. The informal sector is the area of work of a significant part of the population, which is not officially recognized and is not statistically taken into account. Does not apply to those employed in this area labor legislation, measures social protection and government guarantees. There are many examples of employment in the informal sector: self-employment in repair services, tourism, household work, etc.
In the context of developing competition and further scientific and technological progress, there is a natural tendency to increase the demand for qualified labor. The banking business, professional services, healthcare, education and other areas of labor application that require highly qualified specialists are actively developing.
Employment in the service industry is growing. Currently, in industrialized countries, almost 60% of all employees work in this area. There is a worldwide trend towards reducing the number of low-skilled labor force. It is aggravated by the new balance of power between industrialized and developing countries. Thus, the share of developing countries in world production is growing rapidly, and the acute competitive fight on the world market forces European companies to adopt programs to re-equip production, introduce new technologies and increase labor productivity. This, as a rule, leads to mass layoffs of low-skilled workers in traditional industries.
The dependence of unemployment on the level of education is visible. In the early 90s, the unemployment rate among people with primary education was 10.9%, with education at the incomplete level high school– 8.4, full secondary school – 5.7, s higher education(excluding university) – 3.9%.
In the future, there may be a serious threat to industrialized countries from the so-called newly industrialized countries with cheap labor: the influx of relatively cheap goods from developing countries is increasing, which affects employment. There may be an active movement of capital to countries with low costs, which will affect the dynamics of the number of jobs.
New approaches to the employment policy of developed countries, carried out at the macroeconomic level, are manifested in increasing the flexibility of the labor market, containing labor costs, which, in particular, leads to the reduction social programs at the state level. But incentives for an active employment policy continue to be stimulated by funding additional jobs and expanding training and retraining systems. Projects are emerging to reform unemployment insurance systems, providing for tougher conditions for payment of benefits.
The role of business in solving social problems, including employment problems, is changing. Governments of many European countries guide private entrepreneurs not to limit themselves to allocating funds for social needs, but to participate more actively in the joint regulation of social problems.
Changes in intra-company employment policy are associated with rapid growth in labor costs. The economic recession has significantly accelerated this process. The policies of entrepreneurs are aimed at traditionally restraining wage growth, lengthening the working week, and increasing the use of part-time work and temporary work. Firms are seeing reductions in social insurance programs, including medical and supplementary pension insurance. At the same time, increasing requirements for the quality of the workforce are forcing firms to expand programs for vocational training, retraining and advanced training of workers. Entrepreneurs receive a kind of compensation by being flexible in hiring, firing and relocating workers, and applying different labor regimes in the interests of the company.
7) demand for workers who are able to adapt to new market conditions, especially in the field of financial and tax institutions, the system customs authorities and social institutions;
8) strict limits in choosing a place of work and in the conditions for applying the abilities of workers.
CONCLUSION
The Russian labor market is characterized by intensive personnel movement. Up to 14 million people change jobs every year, or every fifth worker. The country's market is quite flexible even by international standards.
The demand for labor is expected to increase in the coming years. Enterprises will increase hiring due to market recovery and normalization economic condition society.
It is expected that the number of economically active population will increase by approximately 700 thousand people due to refugees from neighboring countries and the labor supply will increase by reducing the size of the army by approximately 150 thousand people per year. The growth rate of unemployment will slow down somewhat, but the time it takes to find a job will increase, which now averages about 6 months. For full employment of the economically active population in the country there should be about 70 million jobs, but in fact there are only 66.5 million jobs.
Intensive job changes are taking place at will. In addition, there is an indirect displacement of workers from enterprises experiencing financial difficulties.
The labor market is influenced by the quality of the working environment. A poor work environment reduces potential employment opportunities, resulting in unfilled vacancies. The presence of low-prestige jobs limits the choice of work for young people, leads to additional pressure on the labor market, and increases unproductive compensation costs for medical rehabilitation of persons affected by industrial injuries, reduces the likelihood of their subsequent employment, and diverts budget funds necessary to expand the scope of employment.
As a result of changes in the labor market, the results of privatization in the country, the emergence of financial problems, delays in the payment of wages and low wages in a number of industries, there has been a significant diversification of types of employment. This contributes to the formation of a flexible labor market, which makes it possible to maintain the income of the population, and in some cases allows maintaining the core labor collectives and prevent mass unemployment.
According to the forecast, there will be a reduction in the number of workers in the metalworking and engineering industries, textile workers, garment workers and shoe makers. But an increase in demand is expected for builders, workers in market infrastructure institutions, housing and communal services, household and after-sales service, transport, education (primarily school) and healthcare. There will be many vacancies for workers in professions that require lengthy special training. The need for engineering and technical workers is not expected to increase.
State policy on the labor market in Russia should be aimed at solving a set of interrelated problems:
−increasing investment activity through all sources of entrepreneurship development, adjusting economic decisions in terms of their impact on the labor market;
−consistent stabilization of living standards, improvement social support population;
−development of a system of continuous education as the most progressive means of maintaining the quality of the workforce;
−improving the quality of the working environment by improving working conditions and the use of working time, organizing wages, stabilizing human resources;
−carrying out a balanced migration policy aimed at positive territorial movement of the population, settling migrants and protecting the internal labor market.
LITERATURE
1. Vladimirova L.P. Labor Economics: Tutorial– M.: Publishing House “Dashkov and K”, 2000.
2. Zavelsky M.G. Economics and sociology of labor. – M.: Catallaxy, with the participation of KnoRus CJSC, 2008.
3. Roshchin S.Yu., Razumova T.O. Labor Economics: Economic Theory of Labor: Textbook. – M.: INFRA-M, 2000
4. Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor. Textbook for universities. – M.: Publishing group “NORMA - INFRA – M.:, 2008.
5. Starovoitova L.I., Zolotareva T.F. Employment and its regulation: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook Establishments. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2001.
The price of a person is his salary.
English proverb
After graduating from college, you will all find yourself in the role of salespeople. True, the product that you will offer for sale will be of a special kind - this is your ability to work. This is what you will be selling all your life, trying to get the highest possible price.
In order not to lose in such bargaining, you should now get acquainted with one of the most important markets for resources (factors) of production - the labor market.
Economic nature of the labor market
In ch. 1 we found out that in the labor market, labor services related to the use of people’s mental and physical abilities, as well as their skills and experience, are sold and bought to produce economic goods. The role of the labor market in the economy of each country is extremely large due to the fact that the vast majority of people in any country receive income precisely thanks to it, by selling their labor.
Labor market- a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for wages and other benefits that firms agree to provide them in exchange for these services.
Thus, the labor market connects people who want to sell their labor services and organizations that want to buy these services to carry out their activities. The latter are usually referred to by the terms “employers” or “tenants”.
The range of sellers on the labor market is extremely wide. It includes a miner who is hired to mine coal underground, and a rock singer who signs an agreement to hold concerts in the best halls of the country, and a scientist who receives money to carry out research needed by the customer, and a minister to whom the state pays a salary for the leadership of a certain area activities.
All of them offer their labor services on the labor market in the hope of getting a job where they will be paid for using these services. But the success of sales is different for everyone: someone finds a place without problems, and someone suffers for months without work, someone receives income for their work that allows them to live in luxury, and someone barely earns enough to feed their family. We will understand the reasons for such differences by analyzing the work of the labor market.
First of all, we note that the product sold here - labor services - is extremely diverse (the labor services of a waiter and the labor services of a banker are very different from each other), and does not exist separately from the people who provide these services.
This gives the functioning of the labor market several significant features:
- the demand here is not for labor services in general, but for services of a certain type and complexity (for example, not for the services of drivers in general, but for the services of bus drivers with a certain level of qualifications and experience);
- Along with the national one, there are local labor markets (for example, the labor market of the Ivanovo region or the labor market Krasnodar region), in which the ratio of demand for labor services of the same type and their supply may differ significantly;
- the supply of labor services may vary due to the fact that people are able to change professions by acquiring different qualifications.
Developments in the labor market are closely related to how the workforce acting as sellers behaves. By labor force in this case we mean all people of working age who are able and willing to sell their labor services.
For example, the labor market balances more easily, and the economy of any country develops, as a rule, the better, the greater the mobility of the labor force available in this country. There are two types of labor mobility:
- 1) professional;
- 2) territorial.
Under professional mobility labor force refers to a person’s ability to master different professions and retrain throughout life. Naturally, a person takes such a step only if he is forced by circumstances or if it is beneficial for him.
And in industrialized countries, it is not uncommon for even people with higher education to change professions. They go back to school and acquire new professions that promise more profitable terms labor. A similar situation has developed in Russia. For example, in 1992-1993. We suddenly had a boom in accounting courses. Masses of workers from research institutes, design bureaus and various government offices went there to retrain. They hoped to find work in commercial organizations and get higher earnings than at your previous job (and many succeeded).
Under territorial mobility workforce, we understand the ability and willingness of people to change their place of residence in order to get a job.
For example, American workers and employees change jobs 10 or more times during their lives, which is why the average period of work in one place has decreased in the United States to 3.6 years.
And the point here is not some special, “restless” character of Americans. In any country in the world, most employees are constantly “looking around” in search of a place where they pay better for the same work. And if they find an appropriate place, they immediately make an attempt to go to work there.
This rational behavior is inherent in people of all countries - even the Japanese, brought up on the tradition of lifelong employment, in which salary growth is directly dependent on length of service. But then one day there was a labor shortage in Japan and the opportunity arose to get higher wages in other companies. And the residents of the Land of the Rising Sun behaved exactly like the Americans. In 1989, almost 3 million Japanese left their old jobs, and surveys showed that 41% of men aged 20 to 29 were ready for the transition.
Having become acquainted with what is sold on the labor market and with the peculiarities of the behavior of sellers, let’s move on to how the labor market works and how the market price of labor services is formed on it - wage rate.
Wage rate - the amount of money paid to an employee for labor services provided by him during a certain time (hour, shift or month) or necessary to perform a certain amount of work (for example, the manufacture of one part).
Due to the limited teaching of economics in non-core schools, teachers experience difficulty in selecting test material. I offer a number of tests for primary school grades 7-8, which can be used at any stage of the lesson both to test knowledge and to update it.
Final summary on the topic “Labor Market. A person on the labor market" 8th grade. 5 options.
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Option 1.
1. Define “The labor market is...”
2. Most people are not engaged in business, do not run stores, do not have home workshops, but nevertheless, they successfully sell goods that everyone owns. What is this product? What is the price of this item?
3. Compare the attitude towards wage labor in the primitive communal system and under slavery. What's in common? What is the feature?
4. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false by selecting “yes” and “no”:
a) the demand for labor is formed by firms,
b) professional growth is associated with a person’s ability to change jobs,
c) the number of firms does not affect labor demand,
d) the higher the salary, the lower the supply in the labor market.
5. From the following professions, select those for which time-based wages are more suitable:
a) a pharmacy manager
b) emergency doctor
c) carpenter,
d) watchman
d) welder,
e) painter,
g) wardrobe attendant,
h) kindergarten teacher.
6. “Participation in success” is the main component underlying modern mechanisms stimulating the work of hired workers. What ways of this “participation” can you name?
7. How does the legislation of the Russian Federation regulate the amount of wages in the labor market?
8. The struggle between employers and hired workers over wages has been going on for a long time. In what ways does the employer deal with the most persistent employees? When specifying a method of struggle, an explanation is required.
9. Define “A strike is...”.
10. A worker has an hourly rate of 2 rubles. He worked the first week 40 hours, the second - 40 hours, the third - 48 hours, with a normal week length of 40 hours. Behind overtime work the worker will receive 1.5 times the wage rate. How much will his earnings be?
Final summary on the topic “Labor Market. A person on the labor market."
Option 2.
1. Define: “ Wage- This…"
2. Let’s say a person has found a job that matches his capabilities and salary level. What additional features Is it possible to encourage hired workers to increase productivity and raise wages?
3.Compare the situation on the labor market under the slave system with the order of feudal society. What common? What is the difference?
4. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false by selecting “yes” or “no”:
5. From the following, select those professions for which piecework wages are most effective:
a) turner
b) teacher,
c) piano tuner,
d) librarian
e) tailor studio,
e) director of the company,
g) fruit picker,
h) newspaper delivery man.
6. How did the demand for cab drivers change with the advent of the metro? Why did this happen?
7. How does the legislation of the Russian Federation regulate types of wages in the country?
8. The struggle between employers and employees over wages has been going on for a very long time. What methods do hired workers resort to when defending their rights? When answering, it is necessary to explain the essence of each method.
9. Give a definition: “Strikebreakers are…”.
Final summary on the topic “Labor Market. A person on the labor market."
Option 3.
1. Define: “ Industrial Revolution- This…"
2. The price of labor is wages. Is it possible for a situation in the labor market in which people will agree to work only for the wages that employers refuse to pay? Explain the situation with a specific example.
3. Compare the situation on the labor market in feudal society with modern times in history. What common? What is the difference?
4.Which form of remuneration is most suitable for remuneration:
a) electric train driver,
b) the conductor of the orchestra,
c) turner
d) a fruit picker
e) a librarian
e) seller?
5. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false by selecting “yes” and “no” respectively:
a) differences in wage rates may be caused by an attempt to equalize differences in wages,
b) the prestige of the profession does not have any significant impact on the number of job seekers,
c) differences in salary rates may be due to racial discrimination,
D) a change in production technology does not affect the demand for labor.
6. Why are the wages of workers in the same professions different? major cities higher than in small ones?
7. Why do entrepreneurs enter into agreements with trade unions, despite the fact that it is not profitable for them to increase the wages of their workers?
8. One way employers fight attempts to increase wages is called a “yellow dog” contract. Explain the essence of this contract.
9. How does Russian labor legislation regulate issues of youth employment?
10.The graph shows the labor supply curves of two different citizens. Determine which of them agrees to work with less favorable working conditions? Think about what could be the reason that people agree to less favorable working conditions?
Final summary on the topic “Labor Market. A person on the labor market."
Option 4.
1. Give a definition: “Piecework wages are...”
2. Why are football players paid more than farmers and steel workers, even though bread and steel are more important than football?
3. Write down your arguments, continuing the sentences:
a) arguments of supporters of high wages:...
b) the arguments of opponents of high wages:...
4.Compare the wage worker with all categories of labor over the centuries: which fundamental differences have been available to the hired worker since the period of modern times? (name at least 5 differences)
5. Indicate whether the statements are true, using “yes” or “no” answers accordingly:
a) the demand for labor is formed by the state,
b) the number of firms does not affect demand in the labor market,
c) qualifications affect the amount of wages,
d) the higher the territorial mobility, the lower the supply in the labor market as a whole.
6. Every person is doomed to old age and is capable of work for a limited number of years. In most countries, they believe that a woman after 60, and a man after 65, cannot withstand full workload. Question: how should they live on? How does the mechanism of human protection in old age work? How is it related to wages?
7. Choose from below listed professions who are suitable for piecework wages:
a) master adjuster of machines and equipment,
b) driver
c) pianist
d) librarian
e) conveyor shop assembler,
e) construction worker,
g) construction trust foreman,
h) scientist.
8. Define: “A lockout is…”
9. Why the state must necessarily participate in the signing labor agreements between workers and employers?
10. What is a "career chart"? What does this document have to do with the labor market?
Final summary on the topic “Labor Market. A person on the labor market."
Option 5.
1. Give the definition: “Time wages are...”.
2. How can one explain the higher level of income of entrepreneurs compared to the level of wages of his hired worker?
3. List and characterize the features characteristic of wage labor since the era of the industrial revolution.
4. Types of remuneration take into account various additional factors influencing the amount of wages. Which ones do you think are most important and why? Justify your answer.
5.Indicate whether the following statements are true or false by selecting “yes” or “no”:
a) labor supply is determined by firms,
b) qualifications influence not only the amount of wages, but also the demand for labor,
c) the higher the wage, the lower the demand for labor,
d) the labor market ensures that miners receive the same wages, regardless of the mines in which coal basin they work.
6. From the following, select those professions for which piecework wages are most effective:
a) turner
b) teacher,
c) piano tuner,
d) librarian
e) tailor studio,
e) director of the company,
g) fruit picker,
h) newspaper delivery man.
7. Can trade unions influence wages at enterprises where trade union organizations have not been created? Justify your answer.
8. What do you think is the economic effect of the “Italian strike”?
9. Define “Intellectual capital is...”.
10. A worker processes two types of parts. Processing one part of the first type costs 50 kopecks, and one part of the second type costs 20 kopecks. During the day, a worker processes 20 parts of the first type and 100 parts of the second type. After a month of work (22 working days), the workers received a bonus of 10%. Find the worker's total earnings.
Subject: A person on the labor market. Employment problems Southern Urals. (2 hours)
Target: educational: Give the concept of the labor market, explain its signs, show the importance of knowledge, skills and professionalism in their business for modern man. Recall the phenomenon of unemployment, find out its impact on people’s behavior and lives. Consider the problem of employment in the Southern Urals.
Developmental: Development of logical thinking and speech of students through problem solving and problem-solving tasks.
Literature : Salygin EN, G. Social science: man in society. Exp. textbook for 10th grade students. general education uchr. – M.: Venta-Grafor, 2001. § 23.
I. Social science: a textbook for grade 10. - M .: TID "Russian Word - RS", 2001. - § 11.
V. Social studies: Textbook. manual for schoolchildren Art. class and entering universities / A. V. Klimenko, . – 3rd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Bustard, 2003. p. 190-196.
Krachenko in social studies. 10-11 grade. – M.: “Russian Word – RS”, 2000. p. 77, 91.
Kravchenko in social studies: grades 10-11. – M.: TID “Russian Word – RS”, 2001.
“Teaching history and social studies at school” No. 3, 2004, p. 51.
Equipment: cards with tasks, test tasks, sheets with tables.
During the classes:
1) The concept of the labor market, its characteristics.
2) Requirements for modern worker.
3) Employment and unemployment.
4) The problem of employment in the Russian Federation and the Southern Urals.
I. In modern highly developed countries there is a variety of markets. Let's remember what markets you know.
(Student answers:
Stock market
Labor market
World market
Market of goods and services
Market of information
Today in the lesson we will talk about the labor market and people in the labor market.
(Teacher’s message about the topic and purpose of the lesson)
The labor market is an integral part of a market economy.
What is the labor market? What is bought and sold here? (Brainstorming method).
Labor market is a market in which labor is the object of free purchase and sale.
Hence, in a market economy, labor power is a commodity.
What is labor? (Method of "brainstorming").
Work force– physical and mental capabilities, as well as skills that allow a person to perform a certain type of work.
For the sale of his labor power, the worker receives a wage.
Wage- the amount of monetary remuneration that an employer pays to an employee for performing a certain amount of work or performing his official duties.
Hence, the price of labor power is wages.
What determines the price of a product on the market? (Answer: the price of a product depends on supply and demand).
Thus, in the labor market, as in other markets, there is demand, supply and price, i.e., the labor market has the same characteristics as the goods market. (Write down 3 signs of the labor market in your notebook).
1) What happens if the demand for a product (labor) is lower than supply?
2) What will the salary be if the demand for the product (labor) is high?
Since the number of jobs presented by the employer is claimed by a significantly larger number of people seeking to fill them, then between job seekers competition arises.
Who is more likely to find a job? Who is more competitive? (students' answers).
II. What should a modern employee be like?
Requirements for a modern worker (student answers):
Education
Professionalism
Qualification
Labor discipline
Initiative
Performance.
Professionalism– mastery, skill, competence in execution labor functions certain professions.
In the conditions of scientific and technical progress, much attention is paid to the qualifications of the employee.
Qualification– level of preparedness, degree of readiness for any type of work.
Qualification happensIt is easier to find a qualified worker Good work. Everyone wants to send their children to a good teacher, to a good doctor, to a good hairdresser.
Each employee has a qualification assigned to him by official bodies and a certificate is issued (for example, mechanic of the 6th category, captain of the 2nd rank, candidate of pedagogical sciences, etc.).
So, labor is divided into skilled and unskilled.
Class assignments:
(Notes on the board:
Low-skilled manual labor
Low-skilled mental work
Highly skilled manual labor
Physically hard work
Highly qualified mental work)
1) Which of the types of work listed on the board include the following professions: plumber, secretary, electric train driver, janitor, steelmaker, fireman, sailor, officer, priest, loader, miner, salesman, driver, deputy, turner, cashier, designer, plumber , lawyer, doctor.
2) Distribute professions into 5 columns and write them down in your notebook.
The class is divided in advance into 3 groups, each of which receives a card with a problem task.
1 group. A. I. Kravchenko “Problem book on social studies, grades 10-11” P.91 No. 000.
2nd group. “Problem book on social studies for grades 10-11” p. 69, paragraph 76.
3rd group. “Teaching history and social studies at school” No. 3, 2004.
III. The totality of all workers in the labor market is called labor resources. TO labor resources include the working-age population. In the Russian Federation, these are men aged 15-60 years and women aged 15-55 years.
There is also an international labor market.
“Problem book on social studies. 10-11 grade" No. 000, p. 98 (oral answer to a question)
As already noted, in the labor market, like in any other market, there is competition. That is, those who have been given the opportunity to work by their employers are called employed. That is, those who could not find a job are unemployed.
What is unemployment?
Unemployment- a situation in the economy in which some people who are capable and willing to work for hire cannot find a job that matches their abilities.
There are several types of unemployment:
1) structural
2) friction
3) stagnant
4) hidden
(brief explanation by teacher of types of unemployment)
Group assignment:
1 group. Name the reasons for unemployment.
(excessive wage demands; low demand; inflexibility characteristic of the labor market)
2nd group. What are the consequences of unemployment.
(negative: a decrease in living conditions, a deterioration in the well-being of the unemployed. Positive: a small (natural) level of unemployment is useful. This helps to maintain the necessary competition in the labor market.
But, if unemployment in the country exceeds the natural level, it can cause serious social conflicts)
3rd group. How to solve the problem of unemployment?
(residence employment services, information services, geographic mobility have been created)
In the Russian Federation there is a system of employment authorities, which is headed by the Federal public service employment of the population of the Russian Federation. The state guarantees the payment of unemployment benefits to the unemployed.
IV. The problem of unemployment exists in the Russian Federation and in the southern Urals.
Working with the source.
Students are given sheets with table No. 1 Dynamics of employment and unemployment indicators in the Russian Federation and table No. 2 Forecast of employment and unemployment indicators in the Russian Federation (data for 2000 and 2001).
Conclusions on the compilation of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation.
Student message on the state of unemployment in the Chelyabinsk region.
V. Reflection.
Students are given sheets of test tasks(two-choice tests).
Judgments are given, if you agree with them, then put the “+” sign, if not, then put the “-” sign.
(Kravchenko in social studies: grades 10-11. - M.: TID "Russian Word - RS", 2001.)
Today in class we talked about the labor market and people in the labor market. The labor market, like other markets, has the same characteristics: demand, supply and price.
Lesson grades.
Homework.
Textbook , Salygina. 10th grade, § 23.
Kravchenko 10th grade. §eleven.
Find the “Vacancies” section in local newspapers and find out which professions are most in demand in Chelyabinsk.
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