What is included in utilities? Rules for the provision of public services. Analysis of the provision of housing and communal services to the population of the state institution "directorate of the customer housing and communal services" and development of recommendations for their improvement. What are housing and communal services

Not every citizen knows exactly what is included in the list of public services. Let's figure out what amenities each person can count on in Russian Federation in 2020.

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And we will determine how payments are made by users of resources supplied by management companies or HOAs.

Thanks to public services, citizens can count on comfortable living.

And the list of such services is specified in the agreement that was drawn up between the owners of the apartments and the housing and communal services, management company or HOA.

But not everyone has a sample contract on hand, and therefore the question often arises about what exactly the governing body should do and what is worth paying for.

Indeed, often, due to their ignorance of legal norms, citizens do not know about their rights and available benefits. As a result, they overpay.

General aspects

If you know what exactly we are paying for, you can justify recalculation of payments for housing and communal services, competently draw up plans for a private house when carrying out construction work, etc.

Housing and communal services provide 2 types of services – communal and housing. Both of them increase the comfort of people’s lives.

Such companies must ensure uninterrupted provision of amenities. Citizens, in turn, must pay for them on time.

Basic Concepts

Housing public utilities– services that are designed to provide citizens with basic goods.

If your apartment is not connected to all such communication systems, you can express your wishes to improve conditions to authorized persons of the relevant authorities.

And government agencies cannot refuse such requests. Mandatory objects in a residential area:

shower, bath, sink that has a working faucet;
a heating system that works without interruption (electrical appliances are not taken into account);
European-style power supply and sockets;
sewer system.

Who is the obligatory payer?

The obligation to pay fees for the provision of utility services is stated in.

It is indicated when it occurs in a certain circle of people. Must pay:

Only registered persons are charged. The legislation does not provide for accrual to persons who actually live in the apartment.

The exception is cases when consumers wish to pay for services on a voluntary basis. But in this case, it is advisable to conclude an appropriate agreement between such a person and the owner.

If such a device is not available, then the amount is determined based on the standard for resource consumption per resident (or per square meter).

It talks about the obligation of citizens to install common house metering devices (CDMU) in all apartment buildings.

This way you can determine the exact volumes of resource consumption in a particular apartment.

What else could it be

Not every service provided by a management company is mandatory. There are optional ones, when a person can choose one of 2 at his own discretion. These include the supply of hot water and gas.

You can also choose both services. Additional services that citizens have the right to choose independently include:

cable TV;
radio (if it is not used by residents, then they write a statement about disconnection);
intercom.

But citizens cannot help but pay for the elevator and garbage chute, since they are located on public territory. It's another matter if they are faulty.

Then a claim is filed in court and relevant evidence of the provision of poor-quality services is provided.

Emerging nuances

Let's look at how utilities are paid by tenants and legal entities.

When paying rent

When a property is rented, an agreement is drawn up between the owner and the tenant. In such a document it is worth specifying who is responsible for paying for utilities.

If there is no such clause in, then all bills for services will be sent to the owner of the apartment.

Therefore, the payment clause in the contract will allow the landlord to protect himself from unscrupulous tenants.

There are 3 possible options:

Landlords include the cost of housing and communal services in the rent paid by the tenant	The latter will pay the owner, and he will already repay the accrued amounts for the consumption of resources. This method is trustworthy
The tenant pays his own bills	And the owner transfers the amount only for accommodation in accordance with the drawn up contract. Plus - there will be no overpayment. How much a person spends (of the same water), so much will he pay for. And the landlord will thus not have to worry about paying for utilities. This option is convenient if a long rental period is expected.
Services are paid for by the tenant, but this is not stated in the agreement	In this situation, the owner should monitor how such an obligation is fulfilled by the tenant of the premises

On approval of prices, rates and tariffs for housing and communal services for the populationDOWNLOAD

Dear residents, we inform you about alternative ways payment for housing and communal services and other services.

In Moscow there are now several ways to pay for utilities:

1. Cash through the bank.

Payment in any bank convenient for you. Bank fees for payment acceptance services are paid by residents themselves. Moscow Government Decree No. 1294 “On approval of tariffs for housing and communal services in 2010” dated December 1. 2009.

2. Remote service channels.

A bank service for managing your account via the Internet, which allows you to transfer funds from your bank account to the account of your service provider. To do this, you need to know the payment details of the payee and have funds in the account.

When paying through remote access channels (via an ATM, information and payment terminal, Internet banking Sberbank Online, mobile banking) of the Moscow Bank of Sberbank of Russia and on a long-term order (the client fills out an application with the bank, and the bank transfers the agreed amounts monthly from the client’s account) - at rates approved by the bank in which the account is opened.

3. Payment terminals.

Many shops, underground passages and other crowded places in the capital today have machines that allow you to pay in cash for mobile communications, Internet, digital television and utilities. To pay rent, you need to enter the payer code and the required amount in the appropriate “windows”. In most cases, terminals charge a commission - on average 3-5%. The machine does not give change, but the extra money goes towards paying for future months.

4. Electronic payment system.

Today, many companies allow you to conduct payments, enter into contracts and transfer money using electronic communications. Choose the system that you like best, open your personal account, and you will be able to pay for services through your computer. Money can be credited to the account via prepaid cards, cash or non-cash transfer from a bank account or by mail.

5. Russian Post.

There is no commission charged to the client when paying for housing and communal services in the capital's post offices.

An exception is the case when the payer lives in a cooperative house. If his management company does not have a contractual relationship with the Bank of Moscow, which regulates the procedure for accepting payments from the public, he is charged a bank commission.

From June 1, 2010, when paying for housing and communal services through banks and payment systems, in addition to the amount of charges for housing and communal services, residents pay a bank commission for the service of accepting payments. Previously, the service for accepting payments was included in the cost of housing and communal services (Decree of the Moscow Government of December 1, 2009 1294-PP “On approval of prices, rates and tariffs for housing and communal services for the population for 2010”).

Residents who go on vacation for the summer months can receive advance EDPs from the subscriber department of the district's State Information System Administration and pay for housing and communal services in advance without a commission.

The concept of utility tariffs includes the cost of all housing and communal services (HCS) that are provided to citizens of the Russian Federation by housing and communal services enterprises.

Utilities include: hot and cold water supply; electricity supply; gas supply; drainage; heating the apartment.

Housing services include: payment for rent of living space; home repair and maintenance; cleaning and removal of garbage from the local area; other services.

Other services, together with basic utilities, include: intercoms, combination locks; collective antenna; radio point; other.

Formation of tariffs for utilities

Tariffs - prices (housing and communal services) are established by executive bodies state power, regional energy commissions, local authorities, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

How and where are utility rates paid?

Tariffs - housing utility services (HCS) are paid directly at the cash desks of housing and communal services enterprises, at post offices, in banks, through instant payment terminals, etc. You can pay in cash, as well as by non-cash payment (for example, at a bank). Paid receipts and checks for utility bills must be kept so that timely payment can always be confirmed.

What is the frequency of payments?

It is necessary to pay in full once a month, before the 10th day, for all utilities of proper quality.

What happens if utility rates are not paid on time?

As you know, it is necessary to pay for housing and communal services on time - this is what the legislation of the Russian Federation says. For late payment, you will be expected to pay a penalty, and malicious debtors will be completely deprived of the right to use housing and communal services. But this does not deprive them of their civil obligation to pay the entire debt for housing and communal services in full.

How often do utility rates change?

Tariffs - prices for housing and communal services can change no more than once a year. This is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Utilities include: cold and hot water supply, sanitation; electricity supply, gas supply, heating.

The amount of payment for utility services is calculated according to the tariffs established by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in Moscow - by the Moscow Government.

Owners of premises in apartment building and house owners pay for cold and hot water, electricity, gas and heat, as well as for sewerage, based on the readings of metering devices installed at the “entrance” to the house. The total amount of resources received is distributed among the owners, taking into account the readings of individual meters. If such devices are not installed in apartments, all water used by residents and the heat received are distributed to payers.

REMINDER TO RESIDENTS

List of free services performed by operating organizations during the maintenance and repair of engineering equipment of the housing stock.

1. Elimination of minor faults in the water supply and sanitation system (carried out once a year):

Changing gaskets in water taps;

Compaction of slops;

Cleaning deposits from clogged cold and hot water supply pipelines;

Adjustment of flush cisterns;

Packing of oil seals;

Installation of throttle washer limiters;

Strengthening pipelines.

2. Elimination of minor faults in heating and hot water supply systems (carried out once a year):

Adjustment of three-way valves;

Packing of oil seals;

Minor repairs to thermal insulation;

Replacement of steel radiators in the event of a leak (without the cost of the radiator);

Dismantling, inspection and cleaning of air collectors, plungers, compensators of control valves, valves, gate valves;

Cleaning shut-off valves from scale;

Strengthening loose devices at the points of their connection to the pipeline;

Strengthening pipelines;

Deaeration of heating systems.

3. Elimination of minor malfunctions of electrical devices (carried out 2 times a year):

Changing burnt out light bulbs in common areas;

Replacement or repair of sockets and switches in common areas;

Minor electrical repairs in common areas;

Installation of electric switches, signal lamps, fittings on electric stoves;

Tightening terminals, wires, stripping electrical switch contacts, tightening electric stove plug connectors;

Replacement of circuit breakers.

4. Preparing buildings for operation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods (carried out 2 times a year):

Repair and insulation of pipelines in attics and basements;

Repair, adjustment and testing of water supply and heating systems;

Flushing of heating and water supply systems;

Adjustment and adjustment of systems automatic control engineering equipment;

5. For gas equipment:

Maintenance work;

Repair work on indoor gas equipment;

Work to replace in-house gas equipment with expired service life;

Instructing the population on the Rules for using gas appliances, including the issuance of booklets and leaflets;

6. Liquidation emergency situations no additional charge:

Only on equipment installed according to the project;

Arose not through the fault of the tenant.

Note:

This list applies only to equipment and devices installed according to the project.

Services are provided at no additional cost to tenants, regardless of whether the apartment is privatized or not.

Free replacement (work) of project plumbing fixtures and gas equipment that have expired and become unusable is carried out in the presence of a formalized act with the participation of the balance holder (or owner) of the house from the operating organization.

The list of paid works performed by the organization operating the housing stock of the region and their estimated cost can be found in the United Dispatch Service.

To carry out repair work at the expense of the population, a resident must contact his local community service department by phone (or during a personal visit) and make a request to call a specialist to establish the scope of work (services). Contact the workshop of the operating organization to draw up an estimate and receive a receipt for payment. After paying the receipt, the site foreman agrees with the applicant on the time and organizes the work according to the estimate.

The leaflet was developed by the State Unitary Enterprise "Dispatch Center "Zelenograd" guided by:

1) Resolution of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Construction and Housing and Communal Sector dated September 27, 2003 N 170, Moscow “On approval of the Rules and Standards for the Technical Operation of the Housing Stock.” Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on October 15, 2003. Registration No. 5176.

2) Regulations for the interaction of the Unified Dispatch Service for Housing and Communal Services of the Zelenograd Autonomous Okrug with organizations of the municipal services complex.

For questions regarding the quality and deadlines for completing applications, please contact " Hotline Housing and communal services" by phone 957-75-57 around the clock.

Services in the housing and communal services sector are various types of work combined into a single complex. These works are carried out in order to supply utility resources to homes and maintain residential facilities in good technical condition. Services in the housing and communal services sector are also aimed at solving a number of problems that can interfere with the comfortable life of citizens.

In this article we will describe in detail services in the housing and communal services sector and consider the features of their provision. Management companies and homeowners associations, having detailed information about the provision of services, they know exactly how they should be provided and what tariffs should be set.

Utilities and housing services in the housing and communal services sector

Services in the field of housing and communal services in apartment buildings are provided by HOAs or management companies. If direct management is carried out, the responsibility for providing services lies with the residents of the house themselves. The owners of most individual households provide housing and communal services for themselves, and also create HOAs and enter into cooperation agreements with management companies or contractors.

Housing services- these are certain types of work on the operation of houses, improving the living conditions of citizens in them, preserving and maintaining the good condition of objects. The amount of payment for housing services is calculated taking into account the square footage of an individual apartment.

Despite the confidence of many owners that tariffs for services in the housing and communal services sector can be regulated, this is not the case. Tariffs are approved during the general meeting directly by the owners of premises in the apartment buildings. The management company or HOA has the right to “defend” the cost of housing and communal services offered to residents.

As for social housing, that is, houses in which the form of management has not been chosen, and houses where the tariff for the main service in the housing and communal services sector for maintenance and repair has not been approved, payment there is carried out according to tariffs established by municipal authorities.

Utilities services cannot be provided without the participation of monopoly companies. As part of the provision of utility services, natural and energy resources are supplied to homes. In this case, tariff regulation and payment on an individual basis are possible based on consumption standards established by the authorities or meter readings, in accordance with the volume of resource used.

It is the management companies and homeowners associations that provide housing and communal services services to consumers. As the current legislation states, homeowners' associations and management companies are executors of utility bills, since their responsibilities include maintenance of in-house engineering systems. These systems belong to the owners of apartments in apartment buildings on the right of common ownership. If residents do not receive sufficient services in the housing and communal services sector, or the quality of these services is inadequate, the management company and the HOA recalculate the payment.

Let us note that HOAs and management companies do not have the right to inflate the cost of purchased resources, that is, to sell them at a premium. Delivery of resources from the boundary of responsibility to the user’s apartment is carried out during the maintenance and repair of the residential premises.

What services are provided to the population in the housing and communal services sector?

Composition of provided utilities depends on how comfortable the house is. The level of improvement is determined by the presence or absence of engineering systems that make it possible to provide subscribers with such services in the housing and communal services sector as:

HVS— round-the-clock supply of high-quality cold water, the composition and properties of which fully comply with the established requirements; water must be supplied with proper pressure to the owners of apartments located on both the first and last floors; water is supplied in the required quantity, and it enters the apartment or to the water stand through the connected network;
DHW— hot water supply around the clock; water must also comply with all norms and rules, that is, temperature standards at the point of analysis, sanitary and hygienic requirements, and be supplied at a pressure that matches the design pressure;
drainage; implies the constant removal of domestic wastewater from the apartment through the connected network around the clock;
heating— when providing this service in the housing and communal services sector, the temperature in the apartment or house is maintained at a temperature that meets the standards throughout the entire heating season; at the same time, the maximum period of temperature deviations from the calculated indicators is observed in the home;
power supply— provision of high-quality electricity, that is, a resource whose parameters (voltage, frequency, etc.) comply with standards, technical specifications and certification requirements; electricity must be supplied to homes in the required quantity through the connected network;
gas supply— providing consumers with high-quality gas around the clock; this requires the supply of gas in the required quantities through the connected network.

Composition of housing services, the purpose of which is the maintenance of common property, may include a number of works. The list of services in the housing and communal services sector is determined by design features, degree of wear and tear and technical condition common property of the apartment building.

As part of the provision of services in the housing and communal services sector, the responsible persons:

inspect common property in order to promptly identify discrepancies in its condition with legal requirements, as well as factors that could harm the health and life of apartment building residents;
ensure the proper level of lighting in common areas;
maintain temperature and humidity in common areas at a level that meets legal standards;
clean common areas, perform sanitary and hygienic cleaning, maintain cleanliness in areas of common property;
collect and remove solid waste, as well as liquid waste;
take action fire safety, complying with Russian legislation;
carry out maintenance and care of elements of landscaping and landscaping of the territory and other objects for the maintenance, use and improvement of this apartment building, located on the site as part of common property;
carry out major repairs and ongoing reconstruction of the building, preparing it for the new season.

Services in the housing and communal services sector do not imply:

maintaining the proper condition and reconstruction of entrance doors to residential premises, windows and doors in apartments and non-residential premises, if they are not common buildings;
insulation of openings in windows and balconies, replacement of broken window glass and balcony doors, insulation of entrance doors in apartments and non-residential premises, if these are not public buildings;
cleaning and cleaning of plots of land that are not part of the common property, as well as work on landscaping and care of landscaping (this includes lawns, flower beds, trees, shrubs) located on plots of land that are not part of the common property. Such work is carried out directly by the owners of these land plots.

Responsibility for providing CG may lie with specialized associations, for example:

Management company or homeowners association;
housing construction or housing cooperatives ;
directly to resource providers.

The following acts of legislation regulate the provision of services in the housing and communal services sector:

Civil Code of the Russian Federation;
Federal Law “On Energy Saving”;
Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”;
The concept of pricing and tariff policy in the housing and communal services of the Russian Federation;
Rules for the provision of utility services;
Rules for using public water supply and sewerage systems in the Russian Federation.

Taken together, these acts are legislative framework to regulate the provision of CG.

The owner of housing in an apartment building must maintain his premises, as well as common property in the apartment building in accordance with the share in the common property right. The homeowner is required to pay for maintenance and repair services. All owners of apartments in MKD make a single payment amount. The conditions in the contract for the management of apartment buildings are also the same for everyone.

Free and paid services in the housing and communal services sector

Free services in the housing and communal services sector are not provided to the population today - they simply do not exist. Even certain group citizens does not pay for any services in the housing and communal services sector or does not pay for them in full; other categories of residents, for example, municipalities, do this for them.

Note that in this moment All utilities and work in the housing and communal services sector in accordance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation are provided on a paid basis. It is necessary to pay for any services in the housing and communal services sector provided by organizations in this industry for the maintenance and upkeep of the house, regardless of whether there is an appropriate agreement with the owners. At the same time, the responsibilities of residents include timely and full payment of housing and utilities.

Apartment owners pay for the maintenance and repair of the house, as well as utilities, on the basis of agreements concluded with persons authorized to provide them.

Often, residential property owners think that part of the utilities should be provided free of charge, but this belief is wrong. The fact is that services in the housing and communal services sector can be both contractual and non-contractual, and many citizens confuse these concepts. Contractual services are provided on the basis of a contract for the management of apartment buildings (we are talking about emergency work, flushing the heating system, etc.). As for non-contractual ones, they are provided only if the residents themselves request it (the work may involve the installation of non-standard plumbing fixtures or the replacement of heating elements). You need to pay for both contractual and non-contractual services in the housing and communal services sector. The only difference is that citizens pay an agreed amount every month to free themselves from paying for emergency services, or to prevent various types of accidents. As a rule, such expense items are referred to as “housing maintenance and repairs.” If we are talking about non-contractual services, the owners of residential premises pay for them upon purchase at will. Accordingly, there is no need to pay for non-contractual services at a certain frequency.

From the Decree of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated September 27, 2003 N 170 “On approval of the Rules and Standards for the Technical Operation of the Housing Stock” you can learn about the recommended list of work on the maintenance of residential buildings that should be carried out by an organization servicing the housing stock. Apartment owners can find out about the exact list of services provided as part of the maintenance of the house from the Criminal Code. Companies post lists on their websites, as well as in their offices, so that the list of services in the housing and communal services sector is available to all residents.

There are so-called mandatory services, in the provision of which specialists:

change gaskets in water taps, seal drains, remove blockages, adjust flush tanks, clean siphons, grind plug valves in mixers, fill seals, clean tanks from limestone deposits;
repair thermal insulation, eliminate leaks in pipelines, fittings and devices;
replace burnt-out light bulbs in premises included in common property, change and repair switches, plug sockets, electrical wiring;
check how well the sewer hoods are functioning.

The services of management companies in the housing and communal services sector are quite diverse. So, as part of walk-throughs and technical inspections UK also:

insulate attic floors;
repair, adjust and test central heating systems;
insulate and clean smoke ventilation ducts;
replace broken window glass and doors of auxiliary premises;
repair and strengthen entrance doors.

Specialists perform the work listed below when preparing residential buildings for operation. during the autumn-winter period:

landscaping areas, caring for green spaces;
remove snow and ice from building roofs;
remove debris, leaves, and dirt from the roof;
clean and clean the local area;
clean residential, utility and auxiliary premises;
wash windows, floors, flights of stairs, landings, walls; remove dust and debris in staircases;
remove garbage from the residential property and take it away;
clean and wash the garbage chute shafts and their loading valves;
water sidewalks and paved areas.

Responsible persons perform these types of work when required. It all depends on how dirty the object is and how often it is used. For example, you need to clean the area adjacent to your house or clean elevator cabins every day. If it's hot outside, you need to water your sidewalks at least twice a day. During snowfalls, the areas are constantly cleared. Staircases and landings are washed once a month. With the arrival of spring, once a year, walls, windows, doors, window sills, heating appliances, window bars, attic stairs and mailboxes are washed.

As part of the preparation of objects for the spring-summer period specialists:

strengthen drainpipes, elbows and funnels;
preserve the centralized heating system;
reactivate the irrigation system and repair it;
remove the springs on the entrance doors;
repair equipment on playgrounds and sports grounds.

The work is carried out at a certain frequency, but this indicator can be adjusted if the owners of apartments in apartment buildings identify problems that need to be fixed urgently. For example, if glass breaks in a house in the summer, window sashes, vents or balcony doors come off, the faulty elements must be replaced with new ones within 3 days. If problems occur during the winter period, 24 hours are allotted for troubleshooting.

Important!

If the failure is related to entrance doors in entrances, external brickwork, leaks in water taps, cracks and malfunctions in furnaces, gas ducts, elevators and garbage chutes, problems must be corrected within 24 hours. Breakdowns in the lighting system of premises that are part of common property are repaired within 7 days.
Fuses, circuit breakers, switches are changed within 3 hours. The same deadlines apply for troubleshooting faults in circuit breakers for risers and supply lines, and breakdowns in electrical stoves with shutdowns. Breakdowns in cables intended for power supply, disconnection of the home power system or power electrical equipment must be repaired by specialists within 2 hours.
The period during which it is necessary to resolve any technical problems that have arisen begins to apply from the moment they are discovered or the residents submit an application for troubleshooting. Please note that scheduled repairs also require a period of 3 to 5 years. The frequency of repair work is determined by the climatic conditions in the area where the apartment building is located, the level of wear and tear and the capital group of the facility.

The services in the housing and communal services sector listed earlier are mandatory. The owners pay them every month under the heading “maintenance and repairs of housing.” To avoid re-payment for a previously paid service, you should contact the management company, whose responsibilities include servicing this apartment building, and submit an application for required type work and receive a work order receipt.

The same is true with additional services provided above the mandatory norm. If there is no receipt from the management company, the housing office employee has every right to demand payment from the owner of the residential premises upon completion of the work, and in an increased amount.

What are paid services of a management company in the housing and communal services sector?

The services of management companies in the housing and communal services sector are not only standard, related to the repair and maintenance of premises - they are stated in the management agreement for apartment buildings, which apartment owners conclude with the management company. There are also paid services to the population in the housing and communal services sector, which management organizations provide to residents on a reimbursable basis (MCs are commercial enterprises with the right to set the cost of their work). Additionally, management organizations provide homeowners with the following services in the housing and communal services sector:

install, maintain, repair and adjust smoke removal, fire extinguishing and notification systems, access control and management systems, security systems and video surveillance;
install, maintain, repair as planned and adjust low-current systems: TV, telephone lines, Internet;
carry out work directly in the apartments of residents:

clean living quarters using dry and wet methods, wash windows;
perform a number of plumbing and electrical work related to the installation, adjustment, and repair of communications and equipment in apartments(specialists install and configure plumbing fixtures, video intercoms, lighting systems, various video, audio and household equipment);
design and develop the design of premises, make repairs to them;
assist in coordinating housing redevelopment;
assemble and install furniture and interior items;
finishing the living space.

ensure that the legal rights and obligations of residents of apartment buildings are respected;
ensure compliance with access control rules for apartment owners in a residential building, their guests, and vehicles;
ensure compliance with the rules of stay (public order and tranquility) for residents and their guests, as well as transport in the designated area;
provide armed security for real estate, transport, and apartment owners in apartment buildings;
inform residents in a reference mode about which hospitals, clinics and other medical institutions, emergency rooms, police stations, and convenience stores are located in close proximity to the house;
provide individual assistance in collecting documentation for the privatization of apartments;
landscaping common areas and the area adjacent to the apartment building (planting and caring for plants);
place decorative elements and artistic products in public areas (that is, in the entrance areas);
perform loading and unloading work;
organize and conduct festive events.

A management company can also generate income by arranging playgrounds, improving courtyards, organizing parking lots and walking areas.

The above list of services in the housing and communal services sector is conditional and can be changed. It all depends on the condition of the house and what its occupants need. In this regard, in order to form and further supplement the list, responsible persons must regularly survey the owners of apartments in apartment buildings and find out what services in the housing and communal services sector they need and what they expect from the activities of the management company.

Expert opinion

Residents will have to be convinced of the need for additional services.

Alexander Kolomeytsev,

CEO NP "National Association of Housing and Communal Sector Organizations"

We will have to additionally collect funds from residents if there is no mention of cosmetic repairs in the entrances of an apartment building:

in the contract for the management of apartment buildings;
in the estimate of a HOA, residential complex or other joint venture for the year.

Whether current repairs are needed or not, the owners of apartments in apartment buildings decide at a general meeting. At the same time, payment for planned repairs is included in the “housing maintenance” clause. The amount of payment for housing and the amount of contributions are determined by the management company or the housing association itself that performs work and provides services in the housing and communal services sector.

The minimum list of services in the housing and communal services sector that exist in order to maintain property in apartment buildings in proper condition, and the procedure for their provision is reflected in the resolution Russian government dated 04/03/2013 No. 290. These types of work are already included in the payment for housing.

Services and work that are not mentioned in the minimum list and contract for the management of apartment buildings (estimates if we are talking about a housing association) are provided and carried out if the corresponding decision is made at a general meeting. It should be remembered that failure to complete work from the minimum list is not allowed. Work that is not specified in the contract (estimate) and in the minimum list is also prohibited. In the first option, this is interpreted as meaning that you are not carrying out mandatory work; in the second, you are trying to impose services in the housing and communal services sector that the residents did not ask for. This is a violation.

Preparatory work is a must. You will not have the opportunity to explain to all homeowners in apartment buildings that they need to incur additional expenses, and therefore it is better to highlight active citizens. You must convey to them the importance of the work and argue your position. Activists will use the same arguments in conversations with citizens who are not interested in maintaining the proper condition of their home.

If there is advice from the MKD, it is best to go there. Its participants, as a rule, are the most active citizens. If there is no council in the apartment building or exists only according to documents, hang leaflets with information on the entrances of the house.

Preliminary work will certainly bear fruit in the form of positively-minded homeowners and agreed upon initial data for developing a list of works.

Billing services in the housing and communal services sector are the provision of invoices in a new way

At the moment, the Russian housing and communal services reform is being actively carried out. Within its framework, it is planned to modernize the sphere by introducing the latest information Technology. To resolve the issue of transparency of charges for utilities, experts plan to use billing - a unique tool that provides for determining the price of utility services and the process of issuing invoices for them.

What is typical for billing? It provides for setting dimensions tariff rates, determination of tariff characteristics of the billing object, personalized invoicing for the use of tariffed services. Today, billing in the field of housing and communal services is a complex of hardware and software solutions responsible for collecting and processing data on how energy resources are used in residential and non-residential facilities.

Today they stand before the Criminal Code main tasks, the solution of which with the help of billing becomes quite successful:

management companies constantly interact with clients and continuously monitor;
supports a subscriber department with many clients with different volumes of use of services in the housing and communal services sector;
accurate calculations of the use of energy resources and other services in the field of housing and communal services and charges are provided;
information is accumulated and stored to ensure interaction with debtors;
information is accumulated and stored for the preparation of periodic reports and analysis of business performance.

If the information is systematized, all financial calculations about the use of services in the housing and communal services sector by citizens are made and transmitted in full, it becomes much easier for management companies to work and conduct transparent activities that do not raise doubts among homeowners in apartment buildings.

Today, management companies provide a wide variety of services in the housing and communal services sector: they install the necessary equipment, carry out further maintenance and billing of all meters.

Thanks to billing, complex work is supported online. These operations are associated with the calculation of payment for services in the housing and communal services sector at all stages: from obtaining initial information to developing payment documents. The system allows you to manage all charges and transparently collect payments in conditions of a large flow of clients.

Distinctive features of the system are flexibility, productivity, and visibility. It has a specially designed payment processing center, which significantly facilitates the work of the management company. When using an automated system for collecting and monitoring payments, settlement costs for all personal accounts are reduced.

The following categories of population can use the billing system:

Citizens. Service reaches a higher level, a single help window appears, a single dispatch service, a common account where all charges are deciphered. The system is convenient to use online with full access to it.
Managing organizations. The cost of services is reduced, new technologies appear, clients are fully confident in the transparency and honesty of payments, and the level of payments increases. Management companies operate stably financially.
Resource supply enterprises. Mutual settlements become transparent and payments become stable. Commercial losses are reduced and profits increase.
City administrations. There are no conflicts in the sphere of housing and communal services, the political situation remains stably calm, the city infrastructure is developing, innovations and advanced technologies for city management are being introduced.
Founders work stably and run a successful business, receiving good income. In this case, the founders are satisfied with the results of their activities, and the population respects their work.

Billing system works according to the following scheme:

First, you need to authorize the buyer in the system. There, the client indicates in what volume he buys a utility resource by entering meter readings.
Next, the billing server of the service provider analyzes the reality of the resource used by the buyer and enters this information into the “Subscriber Book”.
After entering the data, information about the debt appears. The buyer has the opportunity to independently generate a reconciliation account and, after printing it, make a payment at any of the banks or pay the debt by card on the Internet online.
The buyer has the opportunity to independently generate a reconciliation report for himself for any date. On the act in automatic mode it can be set electronic signature client.
Each of the operations recording the use of resources, calculation and recalculation of cost is carried out online, automatically, and management company employees do not participate in these processes.
The client can always complain using the system and receive an answer or clarification from utilities(the system provides a response period for each letter).

Thanks to modern billing systems, enterprises can grow, launch new tariff adjustment networks, take care of the speed of settlements and reduce overall costs. Systems of this kind can be combined with a number of other corporate systems and integrated with packages that the organization used before. Due to billing systems, mutual settlements become transparent and carried out automatically, and all information in them is reliably protected.

Expert opinion

Billing systems will help conscientious payers save money

Yu. M. Fedorov,

lawyer of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation

There are prerequisites for granting RSOs (resource supply enterprises) the rights to legally establish discounts when paying for utility bills, including when making advances for them. This innovation, presumably, should motivate utility users to pay conscientiously for services in the housing and communal services sector - on time and in full.

Some circulation billing systems already have this option, in the basic version. For example, the “Homeowner” software package provides settings for “Calculation and accounting of discounts” and “Alternative calculation of accruals”, taking into account the amounts and dates on which accruals were made and payments were made.

The quality of services in the housing and communal services sector, which has become the main problem in the opinion of Russians

As the results of the past year showed, apartment owners in apartment buildings were dissatisfied, first of all, with the poor quality of services in the housing and communal services sector. In second place was the lack of transparency in the calculations of CG payments. This was reported by Rossiyskaya Gazeta, citing annual ranking problems of CG consumers. The basis for its compilation was complaints and appeals to the NP Housing and Communal Services Control.

According to the results of the rating, every fourth owner of an apartment in an apartment building in the Russian Federation had complaints about the insufficiently good or poor quality of services in the housing and communal services sector (22% of citizens expressed a desire to receive qualified assistance). Most of the complaints were received in the first and fourth quarters of 2016. First of all, homeowners were not satisfied with the quality of heating. Problems were also related to water - lack of hot water, presence of rust. The population also complained about problems with lighting in the entrances.

It should be noted that when checking in the Russian regions, experts from Housing and Communal Services Control did not find any significant deviations from the standards in matters of preparation for the autumn-winter heating season and its course.

This is interesting!

IN " Rossiyskaya newspaper“It is said that for the first time in the three-year period of the rating’s existence, citizens have ceased to concentrate mainly on charging for services in the housing and communal services sector. This problem came in second place. In 2015, it was of concern to almost 24% of citizens, but currently only 17%.

Third place in the ranking of problems was taken by the activities of building managers, including the election and re-election of the management committee, the organization and conduct of general meetings. 13% of citizens paid attention to this issue. At the same time, the number of complaints related to the condition of apartment buildings (12% of homeowners) has increased. Issues of major repairs took fifth place.

What are the risks of providing poor quality services in the housing and communal services sector?

For the provision of low-quality utilities, owners of apartments in apartment buildings may demand recalculation from management organizations. In some cases, it is possible to achieve full compensation. Let us consider in more detail what requirements exist for this or that type of service and what entails a violation when providing them.

Water

The temperature of hot water for residential premises should be between 50-60 degrees Celsius. It is allowed to suspend the supply of hot water for a period of no more than 4 hours. The total number of hours of interruptions in water supply in one calendar month should not exceed 8. The same rules apply for wastewater disposal. If the specified norm is exceeded, for each hour of inactivity of a residential premises without hot water, the amount for the provision of this service in the housing and communal services sector is reduced by 0.15%.

In the event of an emergency, the interruption in the supply of hot water should not exceed 24 hours. Planned outages related to repairs should last no more than 14 days.

For cold water supply, the same standards apply as for hot water supply.

What should be done if current regulations have been violated? If services in the housing and communal services sector are provided with poor quality, when actual outages exceed current standards, residents have the right to demand a bill reduction of 0.15% for each hour above the norm. If there is no water, hot or cold, during a non-emergency shutdown for more than 24 days, you are required to reduce the amount in the provided invoice by 3%.

It is also possible to reduce the price of housing and communal services in cases where the hot water temperature is below 60 degrees Celsius. A decrease in water temperature for every three degrees from the required standard allows you to deduct 0.1% from the amount of utility bills.

If water comes from the tap with rust, impurities, odor, that is, water that cannot be used for household purposes, no fee is charged for it until the situation is corrected.

A reduction factor of 0.1% can also be used in the case when water is supplied under pressure 25% lower than the standard one. If this state of affairs continues throughout the entire calendar month, residents can demand a 72% reduction in water charges.

Warm

Standard indoor air temperature: during the heating period - 18 degrees Celsius. For corner rooms this figure is 20 degrees. Interruptions in the heat supply to residential premises are allowed for no more than 16 hours at a time, if the temperature does not fall below 12 degrees Celsius. The total monthly period of interruptions in the operation of the heating system cannot be more than 24 hours.

If the temperature drops to 10-12 degrees, heating should be turned on no later than 8 hours from the moment it was suspended, at a temperature of 8-10 degrees - no later than 4 hours.

For each hour when the temperature was below normal, as well as for a decrease temperature regime indoors by one degree, the heating bill is reduced by 0.15%.

Gas supply and electricity

The standard for interruptions in gas supply to residential premises is no more than 4 hours per month. If the standard is exceeded, the payment amount is reduced by 0.15%. If the pressure in the gas supply system is inadequate, when the indicator is 25% lower than the standard, the bill for this service Housing and communal services can be reduced by 0.1% for each hour. In the event of a sharp drop in pressure, up to 75% of the standard value, residents may not pay for gas supply services in one day.

A power outage is possible for 2 hours if there are two backup power sources. If there is only one backup source, shutdown is possible for up to 24 hours. If the standard is exceeded and there are no electricity meters, the deduction is 0.15% for each hour.

Contents of the MKD

In practice, it is sometimes extremely difficult to prove that such services in the housing and communal services sector are provided with poor quality, despite the fact that they are in the department of management companies (MCs). The situation is further aggravated by the fact that the company can respond to messages from residents and instantly correct any violations that arise, both in the house itself and in the territory assigned to it.

Services in the housing and communal services sector for maintaining a house must comply with the requirements described in Resolution No. 354. The text of the regulatory legal act states that the management company is the main responsible for the utility services provided to residents. The only exceptions are cases where residents enter into direct agreements with companies involved in the supply of resources.

What should residents do when they notice a deterioration in the quality of services provided?

When quality does not meet standards, or services are provided intermittently for periods longer than existing standards, residents should:

1. Draw up an act stating that during a certain period of time(you must specify the exact date and time) by the address(the exact address is indicated) services provided in the housing and communal services sector were of inadequate quality. The act is drawn up in any form. In addition, the document must contain a list of residents who can confirm this fact.

2. Contact the management company with this application, requesting a recalculation of utilities.

Based on Resolution 354, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on May 6, 2011, the drawn up act is considered the basis for reducing the amounts indicated in the notices for utility bills. The management company, as the executor, is obliged to record all complaints received by it, analyzing the quality of services provided to residents. In addition, within two working days from the receipt of the complaint, the management company must notify the consumer that his application has either been accepted or the demands made have been refused, with the obligatory indication of the reasons. If the application is accepted for consideration, records of execution must be kept. The management company has the right to send its employees to document the fact of harm to health or property, as well as to determine the factors that caused the provision of poor quality utilities.

3. If the management company’s employees refused to satisfy the request, or the violations were not eliminated, residents can contact the housing and communal services inspectorate.

In accordance with Article 7.23 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, the provision of housing and communal services of a non-standard nature entails administrative punishment.

If, after considering the application at a higher level, the fact of violation on the part of the management company is confirmed, it will be obliged to recalculate the issued invoices and pay fines. The amount of the fine can vary from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.

4. If residents are not satisfied with the inspection carried out by the housing and communal services inspection, or they do not agree with its decision, they have the right to go to court.

Expert opinion

In GZHN, the performers will always be to blame

D. Yu. Nifontov,

Project Manager for Housing and Public Utilities at Akato Central Distributor Center

The Housing and Communal Code in force in Russia gave the right to identify those responsible for violations in the provision of housing and communal services to the State Housing Supervision Authority (GZHN). There are a number of important points to note.

GZHN employees are located in regional centers. In settlements that are not such, there are no such specialists. The existing order of Gosstroy No. 41, in force since 1999, determines the number of managers, as well as other employees of the housing and communal services inspection in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the text of this regulatory document, it is assumed that there will be one GZhN specialist per 2 million square meters. housing stock.

It turns out that in a locality where the housing stock is less than 2 million square meters, in accordance with the above-mentioned Order No. 41, there is no one to deal with the provision of utility services. And these are cities with a population of 60-80 thousand people, and the number of complaints about violations in them is quite large.

Applications that fall into the hands of a GZHN inspector working for several localities are often left without consideration. We are no longer talking about the need to resolve issues on the spot. This approach suggests that many acts are dealt with hastily, and the people who should actually be held accountable are often not punished. There are not enough time, financial or human resources for a more detailed consideration of complaints.

If it is necessary to choose the culprit between the utility provider and the RSO, the arrow of the scales often tips towards the first. Firstly, the bankruptcy of a management company or homeowners association will pass more unnoticed than the suspension of the activities of a resource supplying organization. Secondly, many inspectors subconsciously consider the management company to be guilty, therefore, when making decisions, they are often based on their personal motives, interpreting any doubts towards the guilt of the management company or the HOA.

The position of the State Housing Authority is quite clear - the contractor is always to blame for poor provision of public services.

Legal services in the field of housing and communal services for citizens and organizations

The housing and communal services sector is very important for any citizen of Russia, since it is responsible for many parameters in the matter of comfortable living. But often enterprises in the housing and communal services sector operate without paying attention to the wishes and interests of citizens, which causes serious conflicts. Legal services (debt collection in the housing and communal services sector, consultations, proceedings) allow you to resolve any disputes that arise as quickly and efficiently as possible, while preserving the rights of the parties to the conflict.

Among the civilian population, counseling services in the following areas are in great demand:

payment for the use of utilities;
use of existing benefits;
clarification of the rights of citizens who consume services in the housing and communal services sector;
registration of claims and acts for sending to higher authorities;
representing the interests of residents in the management company;
protection of consumer rights in the housing and communal services sector at court hearings if it is impossible to resolve the conflict peacefully.

If citizens have questions regarding the functioning of the management company or HOA, legal assistance helps solve the following issues:

in the receipts provided by the management company for payment for housing and communal services there are expense items that are unclear to the consumer;
bills are unreasonably inflated;
The management company ignores the decisions of general house meetings, making decisions that are important for consumers on its own;
the management company refuses to inform citizens about the services it provides;
The management company provides services in the housing and communal services sector of inadequate quality.

But legal services may be required not only by citizens. They often resort to it themselves management companiesHOA, since not all service companies have the opportunity to employ a lawyer and use his services. The most popular include:

professional consultations on legal issues (can be provided by telephone or other means of communication in any volume);
providing advice in writing, in accordance with certain regulations;
issuing expert opinions on legal documentation regarding the compliance of the text of contracts, agreements, claims with the legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation;
carrying out claims activities (development of competent claims with their subsequent sending, recording receipt; recording violations for court proceedings, maintaining correspondence);
assistance in paperwork when hiring new employees or dismissing unfavorable employees;
preparation of any legal documentation about the company’s activities (such documents include contracts, agreements, statements, claims, responses to claims from government agencies and business partners, draft orders, instructions, acts of acceptance and transfer of valuables of an inventory nature or employee absence from work, job descriptions and other documents with legal force);
participation in negotiations with business partners and when signing contracts; checking the documentation that needs to be signed, valuable recommendations on their legality and safety for HOAs, housing cooperatives or residential complexes;
training, clarification or direct preparation of office work in the company (we are talking about maintaining accounting books and correspondence);
direct protection of the interests of HOAs, housing cooperatives and residential complexes in court (arbitration and courts of general jurisdiction) both in matters of debt collection from owners of apartments in apartment buildings for failure to make contributions and non-payment of utilities, and failure to provide services by partner enterprises;
correct design documentation on the financial responsibility of employees for damage caused to the company and its recovery from the perpetrators;
participation in the preparation of procedures related to the termination of contracts and agreements with partners ahead of schedule.

Information about the experts

Alexander Kolomeytsev, General Director of the NP “National Association of Housing and Communal Sector Organizations”. Non-profit Partnership “National Association of Housing and Communal Services Organizations” is an association that unites leading management companies in Nizhny Novgorod and other regions that provide services to the population in the field of housing and communal services.

D. Yu. Nifontov, Project Manager for Housing and Public Utilities at the Akato Center for Distributing Services. Distance learning center "AKATO" is a Russian leader in the field of information and consulting services on legal and accounting issues of housing and communal services. For more than five years, AKATO has been providing information and consulting services, high quality which is confirmed by numerous reviews from event participants and recommendations from government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

IN modern world, as always, the payment for residential premises and utilities remains relevant. The constant housing wars between residents and their management company are endless. This misunderstanding occurs due to the fact that the service provision sector is fraught with many ambiguities, residents do not know their rights, and there is no one to explain them to.

In payment for existing residential premises, there are many options for names: rent, maintenance, payment for all housing services, the rate of management organizations. The cost of major repairs and full maintenance of the premises includes various services and a variety of works for the maintenance of public property of an apartment building.

The existing non-residential premises of the entire apartment building are calculated in a similar amount. Quite often, management organizations inflate payments for the maintenance of non-residential areas, as well as general house needs, justifying themselves by the fact that these premises are visited by a large number of people. The Housing Code of the Russian Federation considers these actions unlawful and a direct violation of the entire current law of the Russian Federation.

Housing utilities refer to activities aimed at creating the most comfortable living conditions for residents of apartment buildings. All consumers are required to know exactly what is included in the list of utility services provided and what satisfies their general household needs.

According to the requirements introduced in 2012, the following have the right to use the provided utilities:

all residents of the high-rise building and their families;
persons who received their housing from cooperative organizations;
all tenants of residential premises;
tenants renting a room or apartment.

The very concept of these “utilities” has the following general house needs:

The list of all utilities directly depends on the actual amenities of a particular apartment building. In the case where the room does not have a sewerage system, it should not be counted as a service already provided.

Payment for living quarters and utilities has some items that complement general house needs:

lighting;
cleaning and ensuring sanitation in all public areas (entrance, stairs) and the land adjacent to the house;
waste site cleaning, removal Wastewater and generated waste;
Implementation of landscaping of areas that are part of the house;
expenses for current, overhaul and full maintenance of the building;
preparing a high-rise building for seasonal use (heating, insulation);
costs involving the maintenance of public home property;
Payments also include inspection of all premises and all related activities.
Among other things, the disposal of wastewater occupies a separate place in its importance:
drainage, as well as collection of wastewater (rainwater, collector, sewer network, etc.);
wastewater treatment using various existing methods.

IN Lately Strict monitoring of wastewater disposal cost calculations is carried out. Wastewater treatment using various methods is provided in houses of any type. In multi-storey buildings, wastewater is removed continuously and properly.

Determining the amount of payment for housing services.

Payment for the maintenance of various premises should be established in accordance with the law.

In the event that the provision of services does not comply with the law or the provision of services with long interruptions, all changes in payment are calculated in accordance with the established procedure.

General household needs, certain utilities, the procedure for their payment. The article “payment for residential premises and utilities” was changed by law in 2012. Thus, if previously heating, its total consumption was divided by the combined sum of all areas of the premises, now heating, its consumption is divided by the sum of the areas of exclusively residential and non-residential areas, not counting public ones, as a result of which the standard has increased. If a heating meter is installed in an apartment building, the calculation is much easier. The costs do not include heating that went past the house. In this case, the owners pay for the received heating upon delivery.

Residents were charged for public heating (entrances). Also, from now on there is no need to pay for the volume of water that was used to water the lawns. General standards water offer to calculate services in a new way, taking into account certain standards: 90 liters per person monthly.

Companies are required to reduce service losses. General house needs in terms of volume must be used within normal limits, and if they are exceeded, then the management companies themselves must pay the entire difference, but in no case the owners. If the contractor is the resource supplier, the entire difference is divided equally between the residents of the house, taking into account the living space available to them.

How to determine improper provision of services? In a situation where housing services are provided with poor quality (there is no heating, the elevator does not work), the contractor does not respond or there is no way to call him, any consumer can independently establish the fact of a gross violation of consumer rights. For this purpose, an act is drawn up in the presence of the chairman of the house council of two more neighbors. The period of poor service provision is calculated from the very moment of signing this act.

If utility workers do not carry out repairs at the entrance or do not clean the area adjacent to the house, the following actions can be taken:

A correct contract for the quality provision of all utilities. Absolutely all residents are required to know what exactly is included in a correct contract for the provision of public services and the procedure for drawing it up.

The management company can enter into an appropriate agreement if the user intends to consume housing services or uses them. The rules establish a period when the contractor is obliged to provide all services or demand payment. Regardless of the type of property, each organization must provide the residents with high-quality general house needs and cannot prevent the user from including any services in the concluded agreement that would allow them to provide a high level of improvement of the given home.

For tenants of a certain premises, a lease agreement must be drawn up. If the contract does not comply with the latest innovations, it is concluded in accordance with all new rules and taking into account the necessary conditions.

Payment for housing and utilities: how to reduce utility costs

Situations often arise when it is no longer possible to remain silent in a dispute with your management company and you need to protect your consumer rights. A few simple steps can help here:

by requesting an official request regarding all tariffs for all expense items, you can find out what exactly is included in the specified list of provided utility services, as well as what exactly the consumer pays for and what services provided are not fully received;
draw up the necessary act for all housing services that have not been provided over the last month, inviting an employee of your management organization;
together with an employee of the organization (it is possible without him), it is necessary to draw up a certain act of claim and collect as many signatures of residents as possible;
submit a corresponding application to the organization for recalculation of all services, with the documents attached;
if utility companies refuse to carry out recalculation, you must file a complaint directly with the department specializing in the protection of all consumer rights;
Few people know that the owner has every right to completely refuse some housing services. One of these services is the care and cleaning of stairs.

Payment for living quarters and utilities is quite complex topic For common man, but knowing the rules, tariffs and your rights, you can reduce your costs for housing services, henceforth paying for the amount that was actually used.

Housing and communal services (HCS) includes about 30 types of activities. The sub-sectors are Maintenance housing; landscaping (road and bridge maintenance, landscaping, sanitation and waste disposal); resource supply (heat, electricity, water, sewerage, gas); consumer services (hotels, baths, laundries, funeral services), etc.

Each sub-sector is represented by a set of housing and communal services enterprises: sanitary and technical, energy, transport, and external improvement.

TO sanitary and technical include enterprises for the maintenance and operation of water supply and sewerage systems, enterprises for cleaning the territories of populated areas and sanitary cleaning of households, laundries, baths, bathing and swimming facilities.

Energy companies- electric, gas and district heating distribution networks, heating boiler houses, thermal power plants and power plants, gas plants serving populated areas.

Transport companies- urban public passenger transport(metro, tram, trolleybus, funiculars, cable cars, buses, taxis), local water transport.

To the buildings external improvement populated areas that are part of public utilities include roads and sidewalks, bridges and overpasses, underground and surface transport pedestrian crossings and overpasses, structures and networks of storm (drainage) sewerage, embankments, various pyrotechnic structures designed to prevent landslides and flooding of territories, drain them, bank protection, public green spaces, street lighting, etc.

Public utility companies also serve industrial enterprises, supplying them with water, electricity, gas.

The leading enterprises are water supply, water disposal and wastewater treatment, heat supply, diversified enterprises, external improvement organizations (road and bridge facilities, landscaping, sanitary cleaning and waste disposal), and hotel enterprises.

The most common organizational and legal form of economic entities in the housing and communal services sector is municipal unitary enterprises. Predominant economic structure in housing and communal services there are diversified enterprises.

The housing and communal services industries are divided into three sectors according to their competitive potential: 1) local monopoly; 2) potentially competitive; 3) market.

Local monopolies- industries and enterprises where competition is impossible for economic, technological, environmental, and natural territorial reasons. These include not only supplying enterprises (heat, water, gas, electricity, sanitation), but often also organizations serving the housing sector, in particular elevator service organizations. The costs of performing services for the technical operation and repair of elevators in the total cost of housing services amount to an average of over 10% in Russia and significantly affect the total value of their cost.

Potentially competitive industries are becoming competitive as the management system changes, privatization, and the introduction of contractual relations between homeowners, management companies and housing contractors.

Thus, in the public utilities sector the following are potentially competitive:

management and maintenance of public utility facilities;
attracting organizations that use alternative forms of providing public services, including autonomous life support systems and facilities not connected with the network engineering infrastructure (rooftop boiler houses, gas supply from capacitive and bottled gas, etc.);
performing individual maintenance work on public utility facilities (repairing and cleaning networks, garbage collection, etc.);
design, survey and construction work for the development of public utility facilities.

Quite market, competitive industry is housing, primarily in-house services.

Housing and communal services (HCS) provide solutions to the problems of maintaining the housing stock in proper condition and creating favorable conditions for people to live. They are distinguished by high social significance, belonging to a life support group; practically non-interchangeable and cannot be stored for future use, i.e. the production of services coincides with their consumption. The volume and quality of services directly affect the level of well-being of the population, living conditions life, sanitary and hygienic conditions, cleanliness of water and air basins, level of labor productivity.

The annual volume of housing and communal services is about 750 billion rubles, or 7.6% of GDP. The housing and communal services market is stable and always in demand.

Housing services- this is a set of works that ensure the normal functioning of a residential building and the improvement of the local area.

The list of housing services is approved by federal authorities and includes:

maintenance of the common property of a residential building (including basements, attics, entrances and roofs) and the local area;
removal of household waste;
work performed during technical inspection and bypassing individual premises of residential buildings, including eliminating minor faults in water supply, sewerage, central heating, hot water supply and electrical devices and other work;
work performed during the preparation of damaged buildings for operation in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods;
repair of common property, general communications, technical devices and technical premises of a residential building, objects in the local area;
other types of work (elevator maintenance, etc.).

Public utilities are provided in the form of tangible media delivered to consumers with certain quality indicators.

Utilities include:

cold and hot water supply;
water disposal and wastewater treatment;
electricity supply;
gas supply, including in cylinders;
heating (heat supply, including the supply of solid fuel for stove heating);
disposal (disposal) of solid household waste.

For public services, the characteristic features are:

linking complex engineering infrastructure to the territory;
continuity, strict sequence of the process of production, transportation and consumption of services;
services are not accumulated, underproduction is not compensated by more intensive production in another period;
The process of consuming services is continuous; cessation of consumption for a significant period is, as a rule, impossible.

Due to the technological characteristics of the industry and the conditions for the formation of life support systems for territories, most utility enterprises (primarily those associated with the network supply of resources) occupy a monopoly position in the territory they serve (local monopolies). At the same time, the geographical boundaries of commodity markets are determined by the administrative boundaries of cities and districts, with the exception of inter-district electrical and water supply networks and a number of other objects of inter-district importance.

If there are no appliances in an apartment building or residential building, standards for the consumption of utilities and resources (cold and hot water, network gas, electricity and heat) are established to determine the amount of payment for housing and communal services.

Standards are set at the initiative of authorized bodies or resource supply organizations are uniform for houses with similar design and technical parameters and degree of improvement. The validity period of the standards is at least three years.

The general legal and economic conditions of housing and communal services, the functional responsibilities of economic entities of all forms of ownership are determined by the municipal order.

As part of the municipal order, the volumes, parameters of quality and reliability of servicing the housing stock and the provision of utilities are developed; financing of housing and communal services, share of consumer payments and budget compensation; a set of contracts for order fulfillment.

Criteria for the quality, reliability and sustainability of supply of housing and communal services are determined in accordance with the rules for the provision of housing and communal services. They are based on established standards (GOSTs, SNiPs, consumption standards, work regulations, etc.), guaranteeing the minimum required level of service. The actual provision of such a guarantee is supported by financial resources.

Traditional maintenance is based on key ral and local government in the organization and execution of housing and communal services. Local government acts as a representative of both consumers of housing and communal services and their suppliers.

Municipal organizations are responsible for carrying out the entire range of work on the maintenance, operation and repair of engineering infrastructure and external improvements, and providing utilities to the population living in the municipal housing stock. Other consumers enter into contracts for the supply of services directly with enterprises.

The housing stock is transferred to the balance sheet of municipal enterprises. Under the guidance of the local government administration, they plan the scope of work, carry out the work, and charge fees for the services provided. The management divisions of the administration are housing maintenance offices (ZhEK), directorates of a single customer (DEZ), etc. Housing maintenance organizations accept payments from the population for heat, cold and hot water, electricity, garbage removal, etc. and transfer money to resource providers.

In housing and communal services, at the same time there is a change in organizational forms of interaction between authorities, consumers and service providers. More advanced service methods are used, based on the division of functions, strengthening contractual relations, and competitive selection of contractors. First of all, this applies to housing services, which have a high potential for competition on the side of both customers and service contractors.

Initially, the separation of the functions of the customer and the contractor occurs in the structure of the local government administration. The customer's functions are performed by structural units local government administrations, housing maintenance or diversified housing and communal services enterprises, providing both maintenance of residential buildings and their heat and electricity supply. A single customer service is created, which attracts repair and maintenance enterprises or is divided into several management companies, which, on a competitive basis, attract contractors to service the housing stock. At the same time, a competitive environment is being formed in the production of housing services; the market for utility services is regulated by municipal orders, regardless of the form of ownership of utility companies. RCC collects payments from consumers and transfers the collected funds to enterprises in accordance with concluded agreements.

Often, local government transfers a municipal order for the entire range of work to a diversified housing and communal services enterprise, which becomes a single general contractor. In this case, there are no special municipal institutions or enterprises as intermediaries between the municipality and the contractor, receiving money from the budget for placing an order for housing and utility services. If the functions of the customer service are assigned to housing maintenance enterprises, then they combine them with the functions of the contractor

Customer services have been created in more than half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They implement the idea of municipal procurement as an effective form of spending budget funds and the concept of liberating local government as a level of government from economic functions.

Relations between the city (district) administration and the customer are formalized by a municipal contract for the organization of work to provide housing and communal services to the population and other consumers, on the management of the housing stock and the technological part, indicating the sources and amounts of financing for services. The municipal contract defines the main tasks of organizing the provision of housing and communal services to all consumers and the maintenance of housing and communal services facilities in accordance with current norms and rules.

The administration transfers the housing stock to the customer for maintenance, reserving the following functions:

monitoring compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and engineering infrastructure;
ensuring an appropriate level of financing for the maintenance of real estate owned by him;
development and conclusion of rental agreements for residential and non-residential premises.

The customer is responsible for maintaining the housing stock in proper condition.

The costs of producing housing and communal services include material costs, including costs of raw materials, fuel, energy; labor costs; deductions for social needs; depreciation of fixed assets; other costs. The administration provides financing to the customer in the form of allocations for wages and subsidies for losses, including to pay off the difference in tariffs, landscaping, and major repairs.

In the cost of services of enterprises of local natural monopolies, a large share is occupied by the products and services of other monopoly enterprises. An enterprise is not able to independently influence the tariffs and prices of its main suppliers, since an increase in tariffs of one monopolist almost always causes chain reaction rising prices and tariffs throughout the industry.

The functions of the customer service include maintaining contractual relations at all levels of service provision, forming a municipal order for housing and communal services, organizing the provision of subsidies to the population to pay for services, monitoring the provision of services and their payment. The customer enters into contracts with enterprises that provide services and resource providers. Their work is organized in the following areas:

maintenance of housing facilities and landscaping:
provision of public utility services.

A competitive selection of contractors is being carried out for routine maintenance of the housing stock, major repairs, and identification of service providers and resources. An agreement is concluded with utility service providers, with the utility company acting on the seller’s side, and the customer and the municipal administration on the buyer’s side. Moreover, the customer is liable to the contractor within the limits of payments from the population, and the administration of the municipality - within the amounts of budgetary subsidies for utilities.

The customer service can operate without the presence of a management company or with its establishment. In the absence of a management company, its functions are performed by the customer service.

If there is a management company, the single customer service provides:

compliance with regulatory and technical requirements for the maintenance and use of housing and communal infrastructure;
the required level of financing to maintain the property;
concluding an agreement with a competitively selected or established organization for managing the municipal housing stock, as well as the provision of other public services;
systematic monitoring of the implementation of contracts.

The management company, in turn, is responsible for:

maintenance and modernization of real estate;
selection of contractors to perform work in the housing stock entrusted to its management;
concluding contracts and monitoring their implementation;
collection of payments for housing and communal services from the population.

Local governments are obliged to create equal conditions for the provision of housing and communal services to all organizations, regardless of their form of ownership. In particular, it is important to attract private managers and contractors to overcome the monopoly of municipal units and develop competition in the housing and communal services market.

Private organizations appear on the housing and communal services market as a result of:

transformation of state and municipal housing and communal services enterprises;
creation of new business entities;
development of public-private and municipal-private partnerships.

The transformation of state and municipal housing and communal services enterprises is carried out in the form of privatization, corporatization or absorption (bankruptcy). All of these areas of transformation are regulated by federal legislation and correspond to the accepted policy of reducing the share of municipal property and, accordingly, municipal enterprises to the maximum possible extent. Since the stage of mass privatization has long been passed, we are talking about the privatization of enterprises directly servicing the housing stock, as well as the privatization of housing and communal services management. A list of housing and communal services objects that are not subject to privatization has been approved. This list mainly includes communal property, the loss of control over which is considered socially dangerous.

The objects of privatization of housing and communal services management are housing and communal services, public health departments and other municipal management structures.

Since utility infrastructure facilities are, as a rule, local monopolies, they are corporatized with local government retaining 100% of the shares. Then the shares are put up for competition and, based on its results, are transferred to the trust management of the investor management company for a period not less than the payback period for investments in the modernization of fixed assets. Management company the number of shares transferred to trust management is no less than 50% plus 1 share and no more than 75% minus 1 share.

The corporatization is carried out under the control of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the Chuvash Republic and Tatarstan, for example, decisions were made to fully corporatize housing and communal services enterprises within strict deadlines. Regional corporatization plan state enterprises implemented in the Stavropol Territory. Joint-stock utility companies are included in regional joint stock companies(holdings) by areas of activity. For example, in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Yugra Heat and Power Company was founded.

If municipal enterprises are corporatized and privatized, then the organization of electricity, gas, heat supply and water disposal does not cease to be a matter of local importance, since otherwise would be contrary to the Law “On general principles local government organizations."

Absorption is a consequence of the competitive struggle of enterprises on the open market. In the housing and communal services sector, the competition has not reached such an acute stage, but takeovers do take place here too. It is carried out by creditors on the basis of bankruptcy procedures, when the property complexes of municipal enterprises are sold for debts. However, the debts of housing and communal services enterprises are not a basis for takeover and change of ownership, since they are the result of huge underfinancing and economic imbalance; they should be resolved through restructuring.

Transformation of enterprises, changing only their organizational legal form, has no effect on the change competitive environment, since neither additional resources nor new business entities are involved.

In addition, not all municipal enterprises are enthusiastic about the transformations; Some of them are afraid of losing the support of local administrations, others are not confident in the predictability of the tariff policy, which may change during privatization.

The emergence of new, including private, housing and communal services operators on the market as a consequence of deepening market transformations and capitalist relations really changes the situation and is therefore welcomed by both local governments and certain conditions consumers of services. The Housing Code of the Russian Federation has introduced provisions that create favorable conditions for attracting private capital in the housing and communal services sector. The key point here is the introduction of housing self-government, the transfer of control residential buildings into the hands of residents, who receive the right to choose a list of services, contractors and pay for them upon provision.

Private firms are willing to take out contracts for the maintenance of residential buildings while budget financing. It is important that this market is attractive even with the abolition of subsidies and a possible increase in payments when tariffs for services increase. If there are no conditions and opportunities to earn high incomes, a boom in private capital in the housing and communal services sector cannot be expected. Until property relations are fully regulated, the horizon for tariff regulation is short. The frequent change of heads of municipalities and the fragmentation of districts into small independent settlements also do not encourage long-term investments in housing and communal services. True, the FAS receives applications for the transfer of utility network facilities into ownership or lease. The bet, apparently, is on future income after the easing of tariff regulation.

The existing experience of public utilities based on municipal-private partnerships in the form of concession agreements providing for the attraction of capital in the housing and communal services sector and its modernization is also taken into account.

A concession is a long-term lease agreement between the state (municipality) and a legal (private) entity, accompanied by investment conditions. The object is transferred to management, but ownership remains with the state (municipality). The grantor is municipality represented by a local government body, and the concessionaire - individual entrepreneur or entity. The decision to conclude a concession agreement is made by the grantor on the basis of an open or closed competition; all details of the agreement are discussed with the winner: terms of operation, amount of payment, rights and obligations of the parties, etc. The agreement can be terminated unilaterally only by a court decision.

Contracts can be concluded based on various conditions of relationships and performance of work. Thus, some contracts provide for the following conditions:

on the performance of work (provision of services) using an object of state (municipal) property:
on the management of state (municipal) property, in particular trust management or lease of objects.

Other agreements reflect the areas of use of constructed facilities. These include model agreements:

construction - transmission (VT);
build-operate-transfer (BOT);
construction - transfer - operation (WTO);
Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT).

Roads, railway and pipeline transport facilities, sea and river ports, airfields and airports, hydraulic structures, metro and other public transport, housing and communal services, healthcare, education, culture, sports and tourism can be concessioned. The authorities are interested in private investment coming into currently unclaimed, now lagging, but promising industries.

New structures combine production activities with investment and management. The investor not only invests capital in new technologies, but also finances current activities.

The Federal Agency for Construction and Housing and Communal Services has signed agreements with a number of large companies and banks on cooperation in the field of communal infrastructure.

The most active concession activity was launched by Russian Utility Systems OJSC (RKS OJSC), which formed subsidiary joint stock companies in 27 regions of the Russian Federation. RAO "UES of Russia" as the main founder of OJSC "RKS" entered into agreements with the administrations of more than 20 regions (signed by the chairman of the board of RAO "UES of Russia" as a representative of one side and the governors and heads of regional representative authorities as representatives of the other) on the transfer to the management of OJSC " RKS" housing and communal services enterprises (electricity and heat supply enterprises, water utilities and a number of others).

Gazenergo enterprises (divisions of Mezhregiongaz LLC) operate municipal boiler houses and related heating network, considering this process as a deeper processing of its own products - gas. For them, this is justified, since even in conditions of insufficient payments, deeper processing of raw materials, in this case gas, brings additional financial resources, which are a source of further investment.

The implementation of projects in various regions and cities will lead to a reduction in subsidies and costs for heat supply and a redistribution of the released funds for the production of other utilities.

Currently, there are many problems in the housing and communal services sector, in the solution of which I could participate with great benefit private business. The most urgent thing is to stop the degradation of the housing stock and utility networks. Formal exploitation of housing and non-compliance with standards for repair and maintenance provoke the destruction of the housing stock and an increase in the need for housing (this is how housing and communal services and construction are inextricably linked). Due to the high level of wear and tear on utility networks, scheduled preventive maintenance has given way to emergency restoration work, the costs of which are 2-3 times higher. The vast underfinancing of conventional homes stands in stark contrast to the over-maintenance of high-end urban and suburban luxury apartments and country houses.

In financially prosperous regions, using budget funds, they can carry out major renovations housing stock so that management companies can start work from scratch. In other regions, the need for funds cannot be met even by increasing payments to the population. The desire of businesses to go where they can earn more is understandable and market justified. But why more, if we abstract from social responsibility?

As a result of privatization, industrial, agricultural and other enterprises transferred housing and socio-cultural facilities to the jurisdiction of local government. The process of transferring housing into municipal ownership continues; it is planned to transfer another 160.4 million m 2, or almost 6% of the total housing stock. It is unclear from what sources local budgets will serve it if subventions from higher budgets are allocated only for housing subsidies and benefits to the population.

It is now becoming clear that exempting businesses from social responsibility is an insufficiently justified decision. Now is the time to take measures to partially correct the error, within the framework of which privatized enterprises should be held responsible for maintaining at least their former housing stock and other social facilities. After all, the new owners of enterprises in every city are well known.