Today, many companies are faced with the problem of a shortage of funds caused by an unjustified increase in stocks of raw materials and finished products, as well as an intensive growth in receivables. To avoid this kind of problem, it is necessary to properly normalize working capital.

As is known, working capital are the funds used by the company to carry out its ongoing activities. Rationing of working capital is the process of establishing norms (relative values ​​corresponding to the minimum, economically justified stock of inventory and set in days) and standards (the minimum amount of money required to ensure the economic activity of the enterprise) for the normalized group of working capital. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the norms on the following factors:

• the duration of the production cycle of manufacturing products;
• consistency and clarity of work of procurement, processing and producing shops;
• supply conditions (duration of delivery intervals, sizes of supplied lots);
• remoteness of suppliers from consumers;
• speed of transportation, type and uninterrupted operation of transport;
• the time of preparation of materials for their launch in production;
• the frequency of launching materials into production;
• conditions for the sale of products;
• systems and forms of settlements, speed of document circulation, the possibility of using factoring.

The norms developed by the company for each element of working capital are valid for several years. However, in case of significant changes in the technology and organization of production, the range and volume of products, the addresses of cooperative enterprises, demand prices and credit policy, they are specified taking into account the relevant reagents.

Note! The norms of working capital characterize the minimum stocks of inventory items, calculated in days of stock or as a percentage of a certain base (commodity products, the volume of fixed assets). As a rule, they are set for a quarter or a year, but they can be valid for a longer period.

When normalizing working capital, several methods are used:

direct account;

analytical;

experimental laboratory;

reporting and statistical;

coefficient.

Direct Count Method based on the actual need for working capital. It is used when it is possible to determine the duration of the business processes that are part of the company's operating cycle. It provides for a reasonable calculation of reserves for each element of working capital, taking into account all changes in the level of organizational and technical development of the company, transportation of inventory items, and settlement practices between enterprises.

Analytical method estimates of the standard of working capital is established by the actual value of working capital for a certain period, taking into account the adjustment for surpluses and unnecessary stocks, as well as changes in the conditions of production and supply. It is used in those companies where funds invested in material values ​​and costs take a large specific gravity in the total working capital.

Experimental laboratory method is based on measurements of the consumption of working capital and the volume of products (works) produced in laboratory and pilot production conditions. Consumption rates are set by selecting the most reliable results and calculating the average value using the methods of mathematical statistics. The most appropriate areas of application of these norms are auxiliary and chemical production, technological processes, extractive industries and construction.

Reporting and statistical method proceeds from the analysis of data from statistical (accounting or operational) reporting on the actual consumption of materials per unit of output (work) for the past (base) period. Recommended for the development of both individual and group

norms of consumption of material and raw materials and fuel and energy resources.

At coefficient method the norm of working capital for the planning period is established using the norm of the previous period and taking into account adjustments for changes in the volume of production and acceleration of the turnover of working capital. It provides for their division into two groups:

dependent on changes in the volume of production (raw materials, materials, costs of work in progress, finished products in stock);

not dependent on the volume of production (spare parts, low-value and wearing items, deferred expenses).

It should be noted that the following elements of working capital are normalized:

productive reserves;

unfinished production;

Future expenses;

finished products in the warehouse of the enterprise;

cash at the box office in storage.

Let us consider in more detail the normalization of each of the elements.

STOCKS IN INDUSTRIAL INVENTORIES

Productive reserves- these are the material resources located at the enterprise, but not entered into the production process. The composition of working capital in inventories:

• raw materials;
• basic materials and purchased semi-finished products;
• auxiliary materials;
• fuel;
• container;
• spare parts;
• low-value and high-wear items (MBP). As part of the IBE, labor instruments with a service life of up to one year are taken into account, including:

o low-value and quick-wearing tools and fixtures;

o low-value household inventory;

o special clothing and footwear;

o special tools and fixtures;

o replacement equipment;

o industrial packaging.

Depending on the purpose of the stock and the need to prepare material resources for use in production, there are current, insurance (or warranty), technological (or preparatory) and transport stocks.

current stock is necessary to ensure the uninterrupted course of production at the enterprise in the period between successive deliveries. The norm of the current stock is taken, as a rule, equal to half of the average interval between two successive deliveries. The maximum value of the current stock (Z current) is determined by the formula:

W current \u003d P cf. day × T, (1)

where P cf. day - the average daily need for this material, natural units of measurement;

T— time between two successive deliveries, days.

Safety stock provided to prevent the consequences associated with supply failures. The safety stock rate is set either within 30-50% of the current rate, or equal to the maximum time for deviations from the supply interval. Insurance, or guarantee, stock (3 lines) is calculated by the formula:

W str = N h. pp × P, (2)

Where N h. str - the norm of the safety stock of materials, days;

P - the average daily demand for this type of materials, rub.

Preparatory (technological) stock(Z those) is created in cases where raw materials and materials entering the enterprise require appropriate additional preparation: drying, sorting, cutting, picking, etc. The preparatory stock rate is determined taking into account specific production conditions and includes time for receiving, unloading, paperwork and preparation further use raw materials, materials and components. The amount of such stock is determined as follows:

Z those \u003d P cf. day × T c, (3)

Where T c is the duration of the technological cycle, days.

Transport stock(3 tr) is formed in case of discrepancies in the timing of the movement of document circulation and payment for them and the time the materials are in transit. Its value is calculated by direct and analytical methods.

The direct counting method is used with a small range of consumable material resources coming from a limited number of suppliers. If the supplier is located far away, payment documents for raw materials arrive and are paid by the company before the cargo arrives. Therefore, the size of the transport stock is equal to the time interval between the payment of the invoice and the receipt of raw materials by the company.

With a large number of suppliers and a significant range of consumed resources, the norm of the transport stock is determined by the analytical method. To do this, from the accounting data for the last year, the balances of inventory items in transit at the beginning of each quarter are taken minus the cost of resources delayed in transit beyond the established deadlines.

General norm stocks (W total) for raw materials, basic materials, purchased semi-finished products is calculated by the formula:

Z total \u003d Z tech + Z str + Z those + Z tr. (4)

Working capital ratio in inventories ( N pz) is calculated by the formula:

N pz \u003d W total × R, (5)

where P is the average daily consumption of working capital, rub.

Example 1

JSC "XXX" works with 40 suppliers with a total delivery cycle of 2000 days. The safety stock rate (Z str) is set at 35% of the current stock rate (Z current). The average daily requirement (P average day) for material (for example, high-grade steel St3) is 50 kg, the price for 1 kg is 48.6 rubles. The duration of the technological cycle is 10 days. Let us determine the standard of working capital in industrial stocks, in this case, in high-grade steel ( N pz).

1. Find the one-day consumption of steel in value terms: Р = 50 × 48.6 = 2430 rubles.

2. The current stock rate (Z current) is equal to: 2000 / 40 / 2 = 25 days.

3. Safety stock rate (3 lines): 25 × 0.35 = 9 days.

4. Norm of a technological stock (Z those): 10 days.

5. General inventory rate (3 total): 25 + 9 + 10 = 44 days.

6. Working capital ratio in inventories ( N pz): 44 × 2430 = 106,920 rubles.

RATE-RATED IN PRODUCTION IN PROGRESS

Unfinished production- products at various stages of processing - from the launch of raw materials, materials and components into production to the acceptance by the technical control department of the finished product. It is determined by the amount of advanced funds invested in the cost of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation and other expenses. All these costs for each product increase as you move along the process chain.

NOTE

The amount of working capital employed in work in progress depends on the duration of the production cycle, the cost of manufactured products and the intensity of the increase in costs in the production process.

The rate of working capital employed in work in progress ( N npz), is calculated as follows:

N npz \u003d C av × T c × K n, (6)

where C cf is the average daily output at cost, rubles;

T c is the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product, days;

K n - the coefficient of increase in costs, which characterizes the level of readiness of products as part of work in progress. The need to calculate it is due to the fact that the costs in work in progress are carried out at different times. If they grow evenly, then the cost increase coefficient is found by the formula:

K n \u003d (MZ + 0.5 × R pr) / C plan, (7)

where MZ - planned material costs, rub.;

Р pr - other expenses by cost elements, rub.;

C plan - the planned cost of a unit of production, rub.

With an uneven increase in costs, the coefficient formula changes as follows:

K n \u003d C cf / C prod, (8)

where C cf - the average cost of a product in work in progress;

With prod - the production cost of the product.

Example 2

At the enterprise of JSC "XXX" in the work in progress there was a product A, the manufacture of which requires basic materials, purchased components that make up material costs, the wages of production workers, as well as other expenses that include overheads, etc. Data for calculating the rate of working capital in work in progress (in the product A) are presented in Table. 1.

Table 1. Calculation of the norms of working capital employed in work in progress

Name	Designation	Amount, rub.
Data for calculation
Material costs according to the plan
Wages of production workers
Social security contributions
other expenses
Planned cost
Production cost
Price of a product in work in progress
Average daily output at cost
The duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product
Settlement part
Cost escalation factor (with a uniform increase in costs)
Coefficient of increase in costs (with uneven increase in costs)
The rate of working capital in work in progress:
with a uniform increase in costs	N npz0
with an uneven increase in costs	N refinery1

According to Table. 1 with a uniform increase in costs K n0 = (896,876 + 0.5 × 847,889) / 2,074,090 = 0.64; with uneven - K n1 \u003d 1 440 341 / 1 920 454 \u003d 0.75.

The norms of working capital in the product A with a uniform and uneven increase in costs amounted, respectively, N npz0 \u003d 464,551 × 4 × 0.64 \u003d 1,118,250 rubles. And N npz1 \u003d 464,551 × 4 × 0.75 \u003d 1,393,653 rubles.

STANDARDIZATION OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

The next element of normalization of working capital is working capital ratio for finished products- products accepted by the technical control department and handed over to the warehouse of finished products, for which the production cycle has ended. The working capital rate for finished products is determined by the time from the moment the products are accepted to the warehouse until the customer pays for them and depends on a number of factors:

the order of shipment and the time required for the acceptance of finished products from the shops;

the time required for the acquisition and selection of products up to the size of the shipped batch and in the assortment according to orders, orders, contracts;

the time required for packaging, labeling products;

the time required for the delivery of packaged products from the warehouse of the enterprise to the railway station, pier, etc.;

the time of loading products into vehicles;

storage time for products.

Working capital ratio in stocks of finished products ( N gp) in the warehouse is determined by the formula:

N gp = per day × N zgp, (9)

where In days is the average daily output of each product according to production cost, rub.;

N Zgp - the norm of the stock of finished products, days. It includes the time required for the acceptance of products from the workshops, the assembly of the transport batch, the packaging and shipment of products, and the preparation of documentation.

Example 3

Using formula (9), we determine the standard of working capital in stocks of finished products (Table 2).

Table 2. Calculation of the standard of working capital in stocks of finished products at the enterprise JSC "XXX"

RATE OF EXPENSES FOR FUTURE PERIODS

The economic content of deferred expenses consists in the need to finance some of the costs that are made in the present, and will be written off to the cost price in the future.

The composition of deferred expenses includes the following costs: for the development of new types of products and new technological processes; by subscription to periodicals; for rent; for communication; on taxes and fees paid for the future. Working capital ratio for future expenses ( N rbp) is determined by the formulas:

N rbp \u003d R bud. pl - P pl + P s, (10)

where R bud. pl - the amount of funds in deferred expenses at the beginning of the planning period, rubles;

Р pl - expenses incurred in the planning period, rub.;

R c - expenses written off to the cost of production in the planned period, rub.;

N rbp \u003d P 0 + R pl - R cn, (11)

where P 0 - expenses at the beginning of the period, rubles;

Р pl - expenses according to the plan for the year, rub.;

R cn - expenses to be written off in the planned year, rub.

Example 4

Let's calculate the working capital ratio for deferred expenses (the results are in Table 3).

Table 3. Calculation of the working capital ratio for deferred expenses

GENERAL RATE OF WORKING ASSETS

Completing the rationing process, they establish a total standard of working capital by adding private standards for inventories, work in progress, deferred expenses and finished products.

The average rate of working capital for the enterprise as a whole is calculated by dividing the total rate by the one-day output of marketable products at production cost.

Working capital ratios are calculated in kind (pieces, tons, meters, etc.) and monetary terms(rub.) and days of stock. The general norm of working capital of an enterprise is calculated only in monetary terms and is determined by summing up the norms of working capital for individual elements:

N total = N pz + N WIP + N rbp + N mr. (12)

Example 5

According to Table. 4, the general standard of working capital for the enterprise JSC "XXX" will be 60,203 thousand rubles.

Table 4. Calculation of the general standard of working capital for the enterprise JSC "XXX"

Working capital ratio by elements (items), thousand rubles				general standard, N common
Productive reserves, N pz	Unfinished production, N WIP	Finished products, N G	Future expenses, N rb

Thus, properly carried out rationing of working capital allows you to economically use financial resources, contributes to the successful implementation economic activity and strengthening financial condition companies.

M. V. Altukhova,
Economist at OJSC Rudoavtomatika

2.2 Analysis of enterprise stocks

Based on data financial statements material costs for 2015 amounted to:

Table 2.3

Material costs

One-day inventory consumption (SDR) is:

SDR = == 647 thousand rubles

The standard of production stocks in days of stock (NPZ) is calculated by the formula:

NPZ \u003d NTEK + NSTR + NPODG,

where NTEK - current stock rate, days;

NSTR - safety stock rate, days;

NPODG - the norm of the preparatory (technological) stock, days.

The current stock (NTEK) is necessary to ensure the uninterrupted course of production at the enterprise in the period between successive deliveries. The current stock rate is taken equal to half the average interval between two successive deliveries.

200 suppliers in total with a total lead time of 12,655 days

The average interval between deliveries is: 12 655/200/2 = 32 days, which is the current stock rate (NTEK).

Safety stock (NSTR) is provided to prevent the consequences associated with supply failures. The safety stock rate is set at 30% of the current stock rate.

NSTR \u003d NTEK * 30% \u003d 32 * 30% \u003d 10 days.

A preparatory (technological) stock (NPODG) is created for raw materials and materials that require appropriate additional preparation: drying, sorting, cutting, picking, etc. The norm of the preparatory stock is determined taking into account the specific conditions of production and includes the time for receiving, unloading, paperwork and preparation for the further use of raw materials, materials and components. NSUPP = 1 day.

Inventory ratio in days of stock

NPZ \u003d NTEK + NSTR + NPODG \u003d 32 + 10 + 1 \u003d 43 days.

Inventory standard

(FPZ) \u003d NPZ * SDR \u003d 647 * 43 \u003d 27,821 thousand rubles.

In accordance with the budget of ZhBI JSC for 2015, there is the following ratio of material costs between departments:

Service of the first deputy director - 51.80%

Chief Engineer Service - 3.00%

Service of the Deputy Director for Production - 45.20%

Thus, according to this method calculation, the standard of production stocks for divisions is:

Service of the first deputy director - 14,411 thousand rubles

Service of the chief engineer - 835 thousand rubles

Service of the Deputy Director for Production - 12,575 thousand rubles

Rice. 2.1. The norm of production stocks by divisions

2. Rationing of working capital in work in progress

Working capital in work in progress is advanced to create cycle, turnover and insurance reserves that ensure the uninterrupted course of the production process in workshops and on sites. IN in kind work-in-progress residues consist of the required number of parts, assemblies and semi-finished products at and between workplaces. The size of work in progress is determined by the following factors:

The volume of output;

The duration of the production cycle;

The coefficient of increase in costs (readiness of products) in work in progress.

The cost escalation factor is calculated as the ratio of the cost of work in progress to the planned cost of the product and takes into account the duration of the production cycle. With an uneven increase in costs, use the formula:

Knz \u003d Zi / C * T,

where Zi is the cost of i-th period time on an accrual basis (i = 1, 2, ..., n), C - the planned cost of the product; T -- the duration of the full production cycle of the product in calendar time units (days, weeks, months).

The rate of working capital in work in progress is calculated for the enterprise as a whole or for divisions with subsequent summation.

The value of the standard of work in progress (Nnp) can be determined by the formula

Nnp \u003d Vday Ts Knz,

where Vsut is the planned volume of output at the production cost;

TC -- the duration of the production cycle;

Knz - the coefficient of increase in costs.

Thus, the standard of working capital in work in progress depends on the daily volume of production, the duration of the production cycle and the coefficient of increase in costs. It characterizes the degree of readiness of the product and is determined by the ratio of the cost of work in progress to the cost of finished products.

The standard for work in progress (FNZP) is equal to the sum of the standards for all types of products:

where m is the number of product items;

FNZP is the standard for work in progress for the j-th type of finished product, rub.

Table 2.4

The duration of the production cycle by type of product according to the KNO

Table 2.5

Production cost, production plan and the share of one-time initial costs in the cost of production for 2015 according to PEB

Cost escalation factor (kНЗj) characterizes the degree of readiness of products and is determined by the ratio of the average cost of work in progress to the production cost of finished products. In the case of a uniform increase in production costs, the cost increase factor is calculated by the formula

where d is the share of one-time initial costs in the cost of production (consumption of raw materials and materials at the beginning of the manufacturing cycle).

Table 2.6

Cost escalation factor by type of product

where Nj is the volume of output of the j-th type of product in natural units;

Sj is the production cost of the j-th type of product, rub.;

ТЦj - the duration of the production cycle of the j-th type of product, days;

kНЗj - coefficient of increase in costs for the j-th product,

F - calculation period - 360 days.

Table 2.7

The volume of work in progress (FWFP) for the month by type of product

Table 2.11

According to the method of Khryashchev A.S., Fedoruk B.K. (1980), the safety stock rate is calculated by the formula:

where is the standard deviation of daily balances from the average level calculated using the moving average.

The safety stock rate calculated by this method amounted to 8,827 thousand rubles.

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this is the minimum number of stocks in days necessary for the smooth, rhythmic operation of an industrial enterprise.
At the same time, industrial enterprises distinguish between current, insurance (warranty) and technological reserves.
The current stock provides for the daily needs of production in the intervals between two next deliveries of materials and is defined as:

where: - current stock rate this material, days
And - the time interval between two successive deliveries, days. Guarantee (insurance) stock is necessary in case of disruption of regular deliveries due to unforeseen circumstances. The guaranteed stock rate should ensure the operation of the enterprise I in the same mode at the time of taking emergency measures for the delivery of materials. Practice shows that the norm of the guaranteed stock. sufficient at the level of half of the current stock:

Technological reserve is provided for the preparation of raw materials for production. This is, say, the time for part-time work, drying, moistening of agricultural or other raw materials and materials. The technological reserve rate is determined in accordance with the technology for processing raw materials or manufacturing an industrial product. For example, for grain - this is one and a half - two days, for flour, grapes - hours, for wine before bottling - two weeks, for certain types of industrial materials - a month, etc.
Thus, the rate of working capital for industrial stocks for industrial enterprises is defined as:

The working capital ratio is calculated in monetary terms as the product of the working capital norm in days by the average daily production costs at cost. In this case, the standard of working capital in industrial stocks will be:

where: - the standard of working capital in inventories for this material, rub.
- stock rate in days for this material, rub.
D - average daily consumption of this material in physical terms
C - the price of a unit of this material, taking into account transport and procurement costs, rub.
This is how the standard is determined for all types and groups of inventories and summarized for this entire group of working capital.
The standard of working capital in work in progress is defined as:

where: - the standard of working capital in work in progress, rub.
- the duration of the production cycle of the product, days
- coefficient of increase in costs, fractions of a unit
- average daily production costs, rub.
- the amount of production costs per year, rub. The duration of the production cycle is determined by technological map. It is calculated, say, for bread - in hours, and for cognac and ships - in years.
Average daily costs are determined by dividing the total production cost estimate by the fiscal year (360 days).
The cost escalation factor characterizes the dynamics of the increase in costs during the production cycle and is defined as the ratio of the average cycle cost to the production cost:

where: - average cycle cost of the product, rub.
- production cost of the product, rub. The calculation of the average cycle cost is a very complex and time-consuming process, because the nature of the increase in costs is uneven and not the same for each product or group of products. Therefore, for industries processing industry, where material-intensive products with a relatively small production cycle are mainly produced, the cost increase coefficient can be determined with sufficient accuracy by the formula:

where: M - the share of material costs in the production cost of products,%
O - the share of other costs (100 - M),%.
In this case, the coefficient of increase in costs in these industries is in the range of 0.5 - 1.0. It is assumed that material costs enter the production process immediately, and the remaining costs increase evenly.
Working capital for deferred expenses is normalized at the level prevailing for the previous year, adjusted for changes in the coming year. Deferred expenses are insignificant, relatively stable in industries, and such a principle of their rationing is fully justified.
The standard of working capital in finished products in the warehouse is defined as:

where: - the standard of working capital in finished products at the warehouse, rub.
- stock rate of finished products in the warehouse, days
- average daily output at production cost, rub.
The stock rate of finished products in the warehouse is determined from the time required to form a batch of goods for shipment to the consumer and paperwork.
The general norm of working capital will be formed from the sum of previously determined private norms:

The norm of working capital determined in this way should ensure uninterrupted, rhythmic work of an enterprise in the industry at a minimum sufficiency level. In other words, the standard of own working capital
funds are the minimum necessary, but not decreasing, needs of funds invested at different stages of the circuit. That is why for seasonally operating industries one should not ration their own working capital for the seasonal procurement of raw materials and individual materials. These funds in the off-season will simply be diverted, frozen.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects inventory management at the enterprise

1.1 Concept, essence and types of inventories

1.3 Rationing of stocks at the enterprise

2. Analysis of the inventory management policy at the enterprise Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise JSC "Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz"

2.2 Analysis of the structure and dynamics of stocks

OJSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz

2.3 Study of inventory management policy at JSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz

3. Improving inventory management policy

OJSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz

3.1 Organization of automated inventory accounting of the enterprise

3.2 Measures to improve policy effectiveness

inventory management at the enterprise

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The theory of inventory management is one of the youngest branches of operations research, although some of its results have been obtained quite a long time ago. For the first time, such a task in relation to the determination of reserve cash funds was mathematically formulated by Edgeworth F. in 1888. At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of articles appeared to determine the most economical volume of supply of a brand of material resource to an enterprise. According to Smith R., for the period 1912 - 1927. 27 papers were published, offering various versions of the corresponding formula. Most of them belong to the last years of this period and are caused by difficulties in the sale of products and a decrease in the level of stocks, the forerunners of the world economic crisis in 1929.

In a market economy, the manager of an enterprise, the management and employees of its supply and marketing services, planned and financial services should strive for effective management of the movement of material and financial resources - the management of supply and marketing processes, stocks and working capital invested in these stocks. They should warn in a timely manner about the presence and appearance of scarce positions for inventory items at the enterprise, which threaten to disrupt the smooth organization of the production process, identify excess stocks of material resources in order to determine the possibility of their implementation. The presence of optimal stocks at the enterprise, which can be ensured by organizing management and control over the flows of material and financial resources, over the state and level of stocks, allows the enterprise in question to function smoothly with a small amount of “dead” material resources and small amounts of abstract working capital invested in these stocks. This will make it possible to identify excess stocks, the sale of which will make it possible to reduce the costs of maintaining the stocks themselves and, accordingly, increase production efficiency.

So graduation theme qualifying work“Improving the policy of inventory management at the enterprise JSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz” is relevant.

The purpose of the final qualification work is to study and analyze the policy of inventory management.

In accordance with the purpose of the work, the following tasks were set:

To study the theoretical aspects of inventory management in the enterprise;

Analyze the inventory management policy at the enterprise Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz;

Consider ways to improve the reserve management policy of JSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz.

The object of the study is OJSC Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz.

The subject of the research is the inventory management policy at the enterprise.

The theoretical basis is the works of domestic and foreign experts: V.V. Kovaleva, E.S. Stoyanova, Eugene F., Michael S., N. Hard, G.W. Savitskaya.

The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used by Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz OJSC to improve the company's inventory management policy and further improve the economic performance of this enterprise.

1. Theoretical aspects of inventory management in the enterprise

1.1 Concept, essence and types of inventories

inventory management negotiable

Inventories are stocks of raw materials, materials, products and finished products designed to ensure the continuity of production or sales of products to customers.

The purpose of stockpiling is to form a certain buffer between successive deliveries of materials and eliminate the need for continuous deliveries. All enterprises store a certain stock of inventory items. The creation of inventories is subject to the achievement of the following goals (Figure 1):

1) ensuring the independence of production activities. The stock of materials at a certain workplace provides a certain flexibility in production. For example, due to the inevitability of the cost of changeover time for each new product, the availability of inventory can reduce the loss of time;

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Figure 1 - Purpose of creating inventories

2) independence of workplaces. It is also desirable on assembly lines. The time required to perform identical operations naturally varies from one product to another. Therefore, at the workplace, it is necessary to have a stock of several parts, so that if the planned norm of time for performing an operation on a particular part is exceeded, you can use the stock of parts to compensate for such a processing delay. This ensures high performance consistency;

3) the need to take into account fluctuations in demand for products. If the demand for a product is known exactly, it can be produced in accordance with this demand (although this is not always economically justified). However, usually demand cannot be determined absolutely precisely, and therefore, in order to smooth out fluctuations in demand, it is necessary to maintain a certain reserve or buffer stock of finished goods;

4) ensuring production flexibility. The presence of inventories allows you to ease the pressure of the volume of output on production system. It is possible to increase lead-time to production, which in turn makes it possible to plan a more uniform and cheaper production process by producing larger batches of products. For example, at high costs for placing an order, it is preferable to produce large volumes of finished products;

5) providing protection against fluctuations in the period of supply of raw materials. When delivering a particular material ordered from a supplier, various delays may occur, which are explained by a number of reasons. Among these reasons are the usual fluctuations in the duration of delivery; shortage of material at the supplier's plant, causing delays in order fulfillment; an unexpected strike at the supplier's factory or in one of the companies involved in the delivery of products; loss of order and delivery of defective material or not the material that the customer required;

6) take advantage of the economical purchase order size. Placing an order is associated with certain costs: labor costs, telephone conversations, a set of corresponding texts, on typewriter or computer, postage, etc. Thus, the larger the volume of each individual order, the smaller the number of orders that need to be prepared. In addition, shipping costs also favor larger orders: the larger the delivery volume, the lower the cost per unit of product delivered.

Maintaining inventory comes at a cost and that large inventories are generally undesirable. The need to create large stocks is usually due to excessively long supply cycles.

Inventories for industrial enterprise classified by type:

Productive reserves;

Unfinished production;

Finished products.

The first group includes stocks of raw materials and materials, purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts, fuel, containers and packaging materials, waste, spare parts, and other materials.

For each production process (or stage of the production process) can be allocated the following types source materials:

A raw material that, as a result of processing, forms a significant part (by quantity or value) of the final product. Raw materials, as a rule, include primary materials that have not undergone processing at all or have undergone it to a small extent. More highly processed inputs, such as pre-assembled parts that make up a significant proportion of the final product, such as an electric motor, are classified as semi-finished products. The procedure for purchasing such products on the side is similar to the purchase of other types of raw materials;

Auxiliary materials that occupy an insignificant (in quantity or value) part in the composition of the final product. However, such materials may have important functional significance;

Production materials that, unlike raw materials and materials, are not part of the final product, but are necessary for the normal course of the production process. They provide commissioning and operation of the equipment. These products include lubricants, coolant for drilling equipment, cleaning and detergents. Energy is also among the production materials, due to the high cost and significant need for it, as a rule, it is taken into account separately from other types of production materials;

Components include products that require little or no processing at all. Operations performed on them may include re-sorting, batch resizing, labeling, etc.

Raw materials, semi-finished products, auxiliary materials belong to the general category of raw materials and materials (as they are processed or processed in the process of manufacturing the final product).

On the way to the transformation of raw materials into the final product and the subsequent movement of this product to the final consumer, two main types of stocks are created - production and commodity.

Industrial stocks - stocks located at enterprises of all branches of the sphere of material production, intended for industrial consumption. The purpose of creating inventories is to ensure the continuity of the production process

Commodity stocks - stocks of finished products from manufacturers, as well as stocks along the route of goods from the supplier to the consumer, that is, at wholesale, small wholesale and retail, in procurement organizations and stocks in transit .

Commodity stocks are subdivided, in turn, into stocks of means of production and consumer goods.

Industrial and commodity stocks are subdivided into current, insurance and seasonal.

Current stocks - the main part of industrial and commodity stocks. They ensure the continuity of the production and trade process between successive deliveries.

Safety stocks - designed to continuously provide materials or goods for the production or trading process in case of various unforeseen circumstances, for example, such as:

Deviations in the frequency and size of deliveries from those stipulated by the contract;

Possible delays of materials or goods in transit when delivered from suppliers;

An unexpected increase in demand.

Seasonal stocks - are formed during the seasonal nature of production, consumption or transportation.

Thus, we can conclude that at present the category of stocks is described quite fully and in detail in the economic literature. However, it is necessary to find out how much stocks are needed for the enterprise, as well as to determine the types of costs that it incurs in connection with the maintenance of stocks.

All enterprises store a certain stock of inventory items. In doing so, they are guided by the following principles:

Ensuring the independence of its production activities. The stock of materials at the workplace provides a certain flexibility in production. For example, due to the inevitability of the cost of changeover time for each new product, the availability of inventory can reduce the loss of time;

Ensuring the independence of jobs on assembly lines. The time required to perform identical operations naturally varies from one product to another. Therefore, it is desirable to have a stock of several parts at the workplace, so that if the planned norm of time for performing an operation by a specific part is exceeded, such a delay in processing can be compensated from the stock of parts. This will ensure high consistency in performance;

The need to take into account fluctuations in demand for products. If the demand for a product is known exactly, it can be produced exactly according to this demand (although this is not always economically justified). However, usually, demand cannot be determined absolutely precisely and therefore, in order to smooth out fluctuations in demand, it is necessary to maintain a certain reserve stock of finished products;

Ensuring production flexibility. The presence of inventory allows you to ease the pressure of output on the production system. The stock allows you to increase the time of preparation for the release of products, which in turn makes it possible to plan a more uniform and cheaper production process due to the release of larger batches of products. For example, with high costs for placing an order, it is more profitable to produce large volumes of finished products;

Providing protection against fluctuations in the period of supply of raw materials. When a particular material is ordered from a supplier, various delays can occur, which are explained by a number of reasons. Among these reasons are the usual fluctuations in the duration of delivery; shortage of material at the supplier's plant, causing delays in order fulfillment; loss of order and delivery of defective material or not the material that the customer required;

Take advantage of the economical purchase order quantity. Placing an order is associated with certain costs: labor costs, telephone conversations, typing appropriate texts, shipping, etc. Thus, the larger the volume of each individual order, the smaller the number of orders that need to be prepared. In addition, shipping costs also favor larger orders: the larger the delivery volume, the lower the cost per unit of product delivered. Maintaining stock is costly and large stocks are generally undesirable. The need to create large stocks is usually due to excessively long supply cycles.

The policy of accumulation of inventories leads to a significant outflow of funds, enterprises from turnover. The dependence of production efficiency on the level and structure of stocks lies in the fact that the enterprise bears certain costs for ensuring the safety of stocks.

In modern works on enterprise economics and logistics, the following main types of costs associated with the creation and maintenance of stocks are distinguished:

Commercial costs - interest on a loan; insurance; taxes on capital invested in stocks;

Storage costs - maintenance of warehouses (depreciation, heating, lighting, staff salaries, etc.); inventory transfer operations;

Costs associated with the risk of losses due to: obsolescence, damage, sale at reduced prices, slowdown in the consumption of this type of material resources;

Losses associated with lost profits from the use of funds invested in production stocks in other alternative directions: increasing production capacity; reducing the cost of production; investment in other businesses.

At the same time, the long-term maintenance of reserves, sometimes even their excessive value, leads to the formation of Russian enterprises the so-called "illiquid assets" - stocks that cannot be used either at the enterprise itself or sold to third-party consumers.

Thus, with many positive aspects of the creation of stocks, the enterprise incurs significant costs for their formation and maintenance. Inventory management is carried out to ensure an uninterrupted process of production and sale of products while minimizing the current costs of maintaining stocks.

1.2 Content of inventory management policy

Inventory management is aimed at ensuring the uninterrupted implementation of the production process and the sale of products and minimizing the current costs of their maintenance at the enterprise. Efficient Management inventory allows you to reduce the duration of the production and the entire operating cycle, reduce the level of current costs for their storage, reduce the level of transaction costs for their purchase, release part of the financial resources from the current economic turnover, reinvesting them in other assets.

A correct understanding of the importance of material reserves and their management on the principles of optimality is the most important condition for the uninterrupted and comprehensive provision of consumers with material resources, their wide maneuvering and acceleration of the turnover of funds invested in them. To solve this problem, there are large reserves for increasing the efficiency of production. The formation of stocks is an objective condition for the reproduction process, ensuring its continuity. The amount of inventories by absolute indicators depends on :

The level of development of productive forces and the degree of social division of labor;

Achieved level of specialization and industrial cooperation;

Organizations economic relations, rationality of transportation of products and a number of other factors.

In the total volume of material resources, a significant place is occupied by the means of production, which are both a prerequisite and a result of production, its initial and final moment. In the process of their movement at various stages of production and commodity circulation, material resources are consistently modified. The finished product of one enterprise becomes one of the initial conditions for the production of another enterprise in the form of "raw" materials, semi-finished products, fuel, equipment, etc. At each of these stages, the formation of inventories occurs, which means a certain suspension of the movement of means of production. But this suspension, being essentially a slowing down of movement, at the same time creates a necessary condition for the continuity of the process of production and circulation. Products that have gone out of production retain their marketable form from the moment they are manufactured until they reach the consumer, regardless of whether they are delivered directly or through wholesale trading companies.

First of all, the reserve must be sufficient in size to ensure continuity, uninterrupted public process production and circulation during the period of circulation of the produced and consumed batch of materials, or, in other words, from the moment the supplier releases the finished product until it is included in the production processes at consumer enterprises.

The formation of stocks means the temporary deadening of working capital invested in them. So, no new value is created from materials in stock during the period of their storage. Therefore, the second requirement for the total stock is its maximum possible reduction while increasing the degree of mobility.

The formation of a stock and its storage is costly. Their size depends not only on the size of stocks, but also on the distance and methods of delivering materials to storage sites, the volume of loading and unloading operations, the time and technique of storage, etc. This implies the third requirement for the formation of a total stock, which consists in minimizing the total costs associated with its formation.

The process of formation of reserves is predominantly probabilistic in nature. This is a dynamic category, and it must be taken into account when solving the inventory management problem. For this purpose, specially developed methods of rationing production and commodity stocks are used. Guided by them, enterprises determine the norms of stocks, which are used in balance calculations and serve as the basis for monitoring and accounting for the level of stocks and their operational management, improving their structure.

The formation of total reserves and their total size depend not only on the factors affecting the individual parts of the total stock, but also on the ratio between them. The rationalization of the structure of total stocks is to find the optimal combination of the values ​​of production and commodity stocks, in the most correct placement between manufacturing enterprises, consumers and intermediary organizations. This system is essential condition correct formation of stocks in the industry.

Inventory management covers a number of successively performed stages of work, the main of which are (Figure 2):

1) Analysis of inventories in the previous period. The main objective of this analysis is to identify the level of provision of production and sales of products with the corresponding stocks of inventory items in the previous period and evaluate the effectiveness of their use. The analysis is carried out in the context of the main types of reserves.

At the first stage of the analysis, indicators of the total amount of inventories are considered - the pace of its dynamics, the share in the volume of current assets, etc. At the second stage of the analysis, the structure of reserves is studied in terms of their types and main groups, seasonal fluctuations in size are revealed. At the third stage of the analysis, the effectiveness of using various kinds and groups of stocks, as well as their volume as a whole, which is characterized by indicators of their turnover and profitability. At the fourth stage of the analysis, the volume and structure of current costs for inventory maintenance are studied in the context of certain types of these costs.

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Figure 2 - The main stages of inventory management in the enterprise

2) Determination of the goals of the formation of stocks. Stocks of inventory items included in current assets can be created at the enterprise for different purposes (table 1).

Table 1 - Determination of the goals of the formation of reserves

In the inventory management process, they are classified accordingly to ensure the subsequent differentiation of their management methods.

3) Optimization of the size of the main groups of current stocks. Such optimization is associated with a preliminary division of the entire set of stocks of inventory items into two main types - production (stocks of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products) and stocks of finished products. In the context of each of these types, stocks of current storage are allocated - a constantly updated part of stocks formed on a regular basis and evenly consumed in the process of manufacturing products or selling them to customers.

4) Optimization of the total amount of inventories included in current assets. The calculation of the optimal amount of stocks of each type (in general and for the main groups of their nomenclature taken into account) is carried out according to the formula (1):

where Зп - the optimal amount of reserves at the end of the period under review;

Hth - standard stocks of current storage in days of turnover;

Oo - one-day volume of production (for stocks of raw materials) or sales (for stocks of finished products) in the coming period;

Зсх - the planned amount of stocks of seasonal storage;

Ztsn - the planned amount of stocks of target storage of other types.

5) Ensuring high turnover and efficient forms of inventory movement. These processes are managed by optimizing the material flows of all types of stocks.

Optimization of material flows is the process of choosing the best forms of their organization in the enterprise, taking into account the conditions and features of the implementation of the technological cycle of its operating activities.

The main goal of optimizing the material flows of an enterprise is to ensure the timely delivery of various tangible assets in the required quantity to the right points with a minimum of costs for this process. The methodological basis for optimizing material flows is the concepts, methods and techniques of logistics.

The results of optimizing the material flows of current assets are reflected in the system of the relevant current and operational plans of the enterprise for operating activities.

6) Justification of the accounting policy for estimating reserves. When stocks are released in production, sale and other disposal, an enterprise can evaluate them using one of the following methods:

The identified cost of the corresponding inventory item. This method can be used for stocks of finished products for the implementation of special orders and projects;

Weighted average cost. Such an assessment is made for each unit of stocks by dividing the total cost from the balance at the beginning of the reporting month and the cost of stocks received in the reporting month by the total number of stocks (in physical terms) at the beginning of the reporting month and stocks received in this month;

The cost of the first-in-time inventory. Inventory valuation using this method is based on the assumption that inventories are used in the sequence in which they arrived at the enterprise (i.e., inventories that are first released into production or sale are valued at the cost of the first incoming inventory in time);

Regulatory costs. Standard cost valuation consists of applying unit cost rates established by the enterprise, taking into account normal levels of inventory, labor, capacity, and prevailing prices. To ensure that the standard costs are as close as possible to the actual, the norms and prices in the regulatory framework should be regularly checked and, if necessary, revised;

Sale prices. Valuation of inventories at sales prices is used in retailers by applying the average percentage of the markup on goods sold. This method can be used by merchants that sell a wide and variable range of goods with approximately the same level of trade margin. The cost of goods sold is determined as the difference between the sale (retail) cost of these goods and the amount of the trade margin on them. In turn, the amount of the trade margin on goods sold is calculated as the product of the wholesale cost of these goods and the average percentage of the trade margin.

For all types and varieties of reserves that have the same purpose and the same conditions of use, only one of the above methods for their assessment can be applied. The choice of accounting policy for estimating reserves is justified by the peculiarities of their management at the enterprise.

7) Building effective systems for monitoring the movement of stocks at the enterprise. The main task of such control systems, which are integral part The operational financial controlling of an enterprise is the timely placement of orders for replenishment of stocks and the involvement in the operating turnover of their overly formed types.

In the process of management, the planned material flow must be analyzed not only in terms of assortment, quality, quantity, timing and location. It is also important to evaluate it in terms of such parameters as the rationality of the source of obtaining resources, the availability of pre- and after-sales service, the price per unit of goods, taking into account the acquisition costs.

Material resource management functions can be summarized in four main groups:

1) planning the parameters of material flows, i.e. planning the need for material resources, together with the choice of suppliers, forms and channels for promoting goods to the consumer. Here the name of the required material resources is determined, their quality characteristics, the quantity in general and for individual items, the size of the consignment, the timing and frequency of receipt by the enterprise.

2) organizing the acquisition of inventories. Here there is a payment for the actual material resources, as well as payment for all services related to the promotion of goods from the seller to the buyer. Thus, the process of commodity circulation is switched on, material resources begin their movement through the channels of commodity circulation.

3) regulation of the parameters of material flows by bringing them closer to the actual needs of the enterprise. Here, the delivery time, forms of payment with the seller, etc. are adjusted. Deviations of the specified (planned) parameters of material flows from the actual ones can occur both for objective and subjective reasons.

4) control over the process of managing inventories, monitoring the parameters of material flows.

Inventory management is subject to certain principles. Among the most important of them, one should first of all note the independence of the subjects of management and the free development of economic relations between them, as partners and customers, based on the dependence of price on supply and demand and, conversely, supply and demand on price.

In addition, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of an accurate and prompt response to changes that occur in the management process. This reaction should ensure the adjustment of the entire complex of management decisions as applied to the parameters of material flows in real circumstances, taking into account the goals set. In this case, the principle of control flexibility is implemented.

The activity of the subject of management should be organized on the principles of economic feasibility. Reasonable specialization and cooperation, observance of hierarchy levels, a combination of unity of management and creative initiative, due to appropriate motives and incentives, are necessary. This can provide the necessary prerequisites for a clear and well-coordinated management at minimal cost, i.e. implement the principle of management efficiency.

Management of material resources as a set of functions is carried out in the interests of their consumer. An enterprise, as a rule, has a special subdivision, which should be considered as a direct subject of management. The enterprise material resource management service, its logistics department or the procurement department (service) on behalf of the enterprise enter into contacts with sellers, transport and all other organizations involved in the material resource management process.

This division - the general subject of management - can delegate some of its functions to other divisions of the enterprise and even to other specialized organizations and enterprises. In particular, wholesale and intermediary organizations and enterprises can be considered in this capacity. At the same time, the client-consumer enterprise is released from those functions of managing material resources that the intermediary performs better and at lower cost. The transfer of such functions should take place voluntarily and on a paid basis.

Part of the functions the intermediary receives from the sellers. In this case, the buyer does not enter into economic relations with the producer of material resources, but uses as their source commodity resources concentrated in the warehouses of wholesale trade enterprises and organizations.

In some cases, the consumer (buyer) acquires resources with the participation of commercial intermediary organizations, through brokerage firms operating at commodity exchanges, as well as through branded sales centers of manufacturers or through dealers authorized by the manufacturer. The intermediary, as a rule, is located closer to the consumer and therefore more profitable.

Management strategy or overall plan the implementation of activities for the management of material resources proceeds from a fundamental assessment of the alignment and balance of forces and factors operating in the economic and socio-political fields. Accounting for the influence of each of the force factors determines the specific form of the management strategy.

1.3 Rationing of stocks at the enterprise

Rationing of working capital solves two main problems. The first is to constantly maintain a correspondence between the size of the enterprise's working capital and the need for funds to ensure the minimum necessary stocks of material assets. This task links the dependence of the volume of working capital on the level of stocks. At the same time, it is understood that for each enterprise it is necessary to establish such a standard so that during normal economic activity it does not experience financial difficulties to ensure the production and sale process. Another task is more complex: with the help of rationing, it is necessary to manage the size of stocks. Rationing is designed to stimulate the improvement of economic activity, the search for additional reserves, the formation of a reasonable combination of forms of supply, etc.

According to the principles of organization, working capital is divided into standardized and non-standardized.

Non-standardized working capital includes products shipped, on the way, but not paid for; cash on the current account, in cash. The level of these groups of working capital is more influenced by external factors than the production and economic activities of the enterprise. The legislative framework, as the basis of a contractual supply chain, should help reduce the amount of unpaid deliveries.

Normalized working capital includes all groups of working capital - these are inventories, work in progress, deferred expenses; from the sphere of circulation - finished products in stock.

The value of normalized working capital must always meet the real needs of production. The enterprise determines the minimum but sufficient need for each of these groups of working capital and controls their level at each stage of movement, since large stocks of material assets require the diversion of funds from other purposes, warehouses, security, and accounting are necessary. If the standard is underestimated, the enterprise will not be able to provide production with the necessary reserves, pay off suppliers, workers, employees, etc. in a timely manner. If the standard is overstated, significant excess stocks arise, funds are frozen, which leads to losses. An overstated standard contributes to a reduction in the level of profitability, an increase in the amount of payment for an increase in the value of the enterprise's property.

Rationing of working capital - the process of establishing norms and standards for a normalized group of working capital.

In the process of normalization of working capital, the norm and standard of working capital are determined.

The norm of working capital is a relative value corresponding to the minimum, economically justified stock of inventory items, set in days.

Working capital ratio - the minimum required amount of funds to ensure the economic activity of the enterprise.

Several methods are used in the practice of rationing defense assets:

1) analytical method (experimental-statistical or reporting-statistical). This method is based on statistical data on the use of working capital. It takes into account the current practice of organizing production, labor and management at the enterprise. The accuracy of the calculations depends on the reporting data available at the enterprise and the experience of employees.

2) the direct account method provides for the calculation of economically justified standards for each element of working capital. Accuracy depends on the level of progressiveness and the degree of intensity of the norms in the enterprise. Associated with high labor costs.

3) the method of coefficients is used to adjust the standard in connection with changes in production volumes and the level of working capital.

Normalization of working capital is:

In the development and establishment of norms for stocks of all working capital for certain types inventory items; expressed, usually in days;

In the development of standards for own working capital in general and for each of their elements in monetary terms.

Working capital stock norms have been used for a number of years to calculate annual norms. They are specified for certain types of material assets when compiling annual financial plans in the event of a significant change in production, supply and marketing.

The standard of working capital of each enterprise is determined by the following main indicators:

The volume of production and sales of products;

Costs for production, storage and sale of products;

Working capital stock norms (norms) for certain types of inventory items and costs, expressed in days.

The general formula (2) for calculating the standard of a separate element of working capital has the form:

where Nsel - the standard of own working capital for the element;

Nel - the rate of working capital for this element;

Oel - turnover (expenditure, output) for this element for the period;

Td is the duration of the period in days.

Hence, Oel / Td is a one-day consumption of this element. A one-day expense for individual items of inventories is the sum of the costs for the corresponding item of production for the quarter, divided by 90.

Rationing of working capital is carried out according to the following main positions:

Rationing of working capital for raw materials, materials, purchased products - inventories;

Rationing of working capital for work in progress;

Rationing of working capital for finished products;

Rationing of working capital for expenses of future periods.

Rationing of working capital in inventories begins with the determination of the average daily consumption of raw materials, basic materials and purchased semi-finished products in the planned year. The average daily consumption is calculated by groups, and in each group their most important types are distinguished, which make up approximately 80% of the total value of the material assets of this group. Unrecorded types of raw materials, basic materials and purchased products and semi-finished products are classified as expenses for other needs. The average daily consumption of material resources is the quotient of dividing the sum of all planned annual expenditures of raw materials by the number of working days in a year.

The initial meter for assessing the need for inventories is the estimate in days of stock.

The stock in days takes into account the following times:

The time spent by materials in transit (transport stock) - this stock is created if the terms of the transport turnover of materials exceed the terms of the document flow accompanying the transportation of materials;

Time of acceptance, unloading, sorting, storage of materials - preparatory stock;

The preparation time for the production of materials is a technological reserve. Its peculiarity is that it is not mandatory for formation in all industries, but is taken into account only in those industries where it is provided for by the technology of the corresponding process;

The time determined by the period between two adjacent deliveries of materials is the current stock. Only the time equal to half of the delivery period is taken into account in the calculation of the current stock.

A safety stock is created, calculated as half of the current stock;

There may also be seasonal stock - depends on the type of material.

The total value of the production stock in the enterprise in days is calculated as the sum of all the above stocks. Production stocks are calculated for each type of material separately.

In order to determine the full-scale production stock, it is necessary to multiply the production stock, calculated in days, by the one-day consumption of materials. In order to determine the production stock in value terms, you need to multiply the production stock in physical terms by the unit price of the material.

Work in progress includes products that are at various stages of processing, from the launch of raw materials, materials and components into production to the acceptance by the technical control department of finished products. Work in progress is determined by the amount of advanced cash invested in the cost of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, electricity, depreciation and other expenses. All these costs for each product increase as you move along the process chain.

The basis for the normalization of inventories are the norms of stocks of materials in days, calculated for each type of material resources.

When determining the norm, it is necessary to take into account:

1) the time spent by materials in transit, for large enterprises daily consuming large amounts of raw materials and materials;

2) time of acceptance, unloading, sorting, storage, etc.;

3) the time of preparation of the material for production;

4) the residence time of materials in the form of current stock - this time is the basis for determining the stock rate in days.

The rate of working capital for the formation of the current stock is determined by:

The average delivery interval between two deliveries (Isr) is determined by the formula (3):

Tn - duration of the period

n is the number of deliveries for this period.

The current stock rate (Nt.z.) is determined by the formula (4):

When rationing, it is necessary to take into account industry specifics, the location of the enterprise, the capabilities of suppliers, etc.

To ensure continuity in the event of possible disruptions in supply, the enterprise forms an insurance stock at the level of 30 - 50% of the current stock.

The amount of working capital employed in work in progress depends on the duration of the production cycle, the cost of manufactured products and the intensity of the increase in costs in the production process. The rate of working capital employed in work in progress is calculated by the formula (5):

where Cav is the average daily output at cost, rubles;

TC - the duration of the production cycle for the manufacture of this product, days;

Kn - coefficient of increase in costs.

If production costs grow evenly, the cost increase factor is calculated by formula (6):

where M - planned costs for basic materials;

Рн - other cost elements;

C is the planned cost per unit of output.

The next element of the working capital ratio is the working capital ratio for finished products, which includes products for which the production cycle has ended, they are accepted by the technical control department and delivered to the finished product warehouse. The working capital rate for finished products is determined by the time from the moment the products are accepted to the warehouse until the customer pays for them and depends on a number of factors:

The order of shipment and the time required for the acceptance of finished products from the shops;

The time required for the acquisition and selection of products up to the size of the shipped lot and in the assortment according to orders, orders, contracts;

The time required for packaging, labeling products;

The time required for the delivery of packaged products from the warehouse of the enterprise to the railway station, pier, etc.;

Time of loading products into vehicles;

Time of storage of products in the warehouse.

The standard of working capital in stocks of finished products (Ngp) in the warehouse is determined by the formula (7):

where Vd is the one-day release of each product at the production cost, rub.;

Ng - the norm of working capital, days.

Deferred expenses include expenses incurred in a given year, but repaid, that is, included in the cost of production in subsequent years. They are uneven. Therefore, writing them at the time of implementation is inappropriate, as this may lead to incomparability of products valued at cost. Therefore, the costs of future periods are covered by the company's own working capital. These include the costs of developing new types of production and new types of products, including other expenses.

The working capital ratio for deferred expenses (Nrbp) is determined by the formula (8):

where He is the balance of expenses at the beginning of the planned year;

Zb.pl - deferred expenses incurred in the planned year;

Zs.pl - part of the costs, which in the planned year is written off to the cost.

The sum of the norms of working capital calculated for all groups form the total need of the enterprise for working capital for the planned year. Then the enterprise determines the sources of their coverage (financing).

Calculations of norms of working capital - time-consuming work. With the unchanged range of products and stability of prices for raw materials, materials, components, enterprises adjust the standard of the previous year for changes in the volume of production.

An economically justified standard of working capital allows you to organize working capital in such a way that in the process of their use, each ruble invested in turnover ensures maximum return. This standard makes it possible to analyze the state and level of use of working capital, to provide a system for monitoring them and the normal economic activity of an industrial enterprise, subject to constant sources of working capital coverage.

Thus, an inventory is a stock of some resource or items used in an organization. An inventory management system is a set of rules and regulations that can be used to control inventory levels and determine what levels to maintain, what stock to replenish, and what the order quantity should be.

Inventory management is a purposeful activity to synchronize the material flows of a social product in terms of assortment, quality, quantity, timing and place.

In the inventory management process, measures should be provided in advance to accelerate their involvement in the direct operational process (production or sale). This ensures the release of part of the financial resources, as well as a reduction in the amount of losses of inventory items in the process of their storage.

Rationing of working capital is the process of developing reasonable norms and standards, i.e. determination of the estimated values ​​of working capital necessary to create permanent minimum stocks sufficient for the smooth operation of the enterprise.

2 . AnalysispoliticiansmanagementreservesonenterpriseJSC « OstROthzhskmezhraygaz»

2.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise JSC "Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz"

Branch "Ostrogozhskmezhraygaz", located at the address: Ostrogozhsk, st. Lenina, d. 7, open joint stock company "Voronezhoblgaz" is separate subdivision and is a part of the Voronezhoblgaz Open Joint Stock Company without the right of a legal entity.

Open Joint Stock Company "Voronezhoblgaz", registered at the address: Voronezh, st. Nikitinskaya, 50a, established in accordance with the Decrees of the President Russian Federation"On organizational measures for the transformation of state enterprises, voluntary associations into joint-stock companies» dated 01.07.92 No. 721 and “On the transformation into joint-stock companies and privatization of enterprises, associations and organizations gas facilities Russian Federation" dated 08.12.92. No. 1559, registered by the Administration of the city of Voronezh on October 16, 1998 No. 3664/13539.

Society is legal entity and carries out its activities on the basis of legislation and the Charter. The company was established for an unlimited period of activity.

The Company is the legal successor of all property rights and obligations of the transformed State production association on gasification and operation of the gas facilities "Voronezhoblgaz".

The main goal of the Company is a reliable and trouble-free gas supply to consumers and making a profit that ensures the sustainable and efficient economic well-being of the Company, the creation of healthy and safe working conditions and social protection employees of the Company.

The main activities of the Company are:

- transportation and sale of gas directly to its consumers in the Voronezh region;

- implementation of a unified technological policy, coordination of production activities and complete solution issues related to the operation of gas distribution systems and gasification of the region and the development of forecasts for gas consumption in the region;

Development and implementation of a set of measures for the optimal development of the gas supply system, the introduction of energy-saving technologies, equipment and instruments, the reconstruction of gas facilities, the rational use and accounting of gas consumption and quality, the introduction of computer systems with automatic flow correctors, maintenance, monitoring, diagnostics and repair of gas supply systems, the creation of an information system for gas distribution organizations, software and information support, development of standards, norms, rules and instructions on gasification, gas supply and operation of gas facilities;

- improvement of financial and economic relations;

- implementation of design documentation for the construction and reconstruction of gas networks and other gas facilities. Construction of gas pipelines of medium and low pressure, branches and GDS, gas supply systems and structures on them, their repair and reconstruction, as well as the construction and repair of industrial buildings and housing facilities;

Organization of scientific and technical relations with scientific, design, engineering and manufacturing enterprises for the development and implementation of new technologies, materials, technical means and equipment that ensures high economic efficiency, reliability and economic safety of gas distribution systems, resource supply and qualified use of gas;

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In the second chapter "Analysis of the system of rationing and control of stocks at the industrial enterprise OJSC" Zavod im. V.A. Degtyarev ", which is of a practical nature, the practice of inventory management in the structure of working capital is analyzed on the example of an industrial enterprise JSC "ZiD". And also in this chapter, the experience of inventory management based on various methods of planning and controlling purchases is analyzed.

In conclusion, the main conclusions and results of the study are summarized. The bibliography of the work indicates the main information sources that served as the theoretical basis for the study.

Chapter 1
1.1 Stocks as economic category: concept, types and significance in a market economy
In a modern logistics chain, i.e. the chain along which the commodity and information flows from suppliers to the consumer pass, the following main links are distinguished: the purchase and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products; storage of products and raw materials; Production of goods; distribution, including the dispatch of goods from the warehouse of finished products; consumption of finished products. The supply chain is shown in Appendix 2.
Stocks are an economic category, they are created along the entire path of promotion of inventory items - from the place of their production (manufacturing, extraction) at manufacturing enterprises to the places of direct use of material resources at consumer enterprises or supply bases. The total stock of almost any brand of inventory items (raw materials, materials, components, purchased semi-finished products, fuel, spare parts, low-value and wearing items, finished products, etc.) is placed in different places as they move towards direct consumers: sales stocks, commodity, production and stocks in transit (Fig. 1.).
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Rice. 1. The main types of stocks in the enterprise
Sales stocks are created at mining enterprises and are intended to ensure uninterrupted supply of consumer enterprises, large wholesale and small wholesale supply bases. As a marketable stock at manufacturing enterprises, there will be, respectively, ore, rolled products and pipes of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, cement, glass, lumber and industrial wood, cable products, components and spare parts, fuel, leather, fabrics, semi-finished products, engineering products - electric motors, fuel equipment, tractor and automobile motors, tractors, combines, automobiles, consumer goods, etc.
Sales stocks are necessary to ensure the uninterrupted process of shipment of finished products to supply bases and joint-stock companies - consumers of the above products when customers are ready various industries economy to pay for it.
In the conditions of a market economy, the level (value) of sales stocks at the manufacturing enterprise is of particular importance. The manufacturer himself is looking for buyers of his products, seeks to meet their requirements at a negotiated price, quality, delivery time. Therefore, the marketing stock of finished products that are in demand should be the minimum necessary and sufficient so that it can be presented for shipment in sufficient quantities for sale, depending on demand, between its releases.
Commodity stocks of almost all of the above products are created in the commodity distribution network (at joint-stock large-scale wholesale, small-scale wholesale supply bases, in firms, stores, etc.). Specialized supply bases receive finished products from manufacturers in transit quantities (by railway cars, sea or river vessels) and deliver them to consumers in small volumes - usually by trucks. The need for commodity stocks is due to the fact that there is a certain circle of industrial enterprises that are significantly remote from manufacturers and even from railways, or consume material resources in a small amount.
Commodity stocks are necessary to ensure an uninterrupted process of supplying consumers - this is a warehouse form of supply. It allows consumers who consume material resources in small quantities to ensure an uninterrupted production process with a lower level of their inventories.
Production stocks (raw materials, components, purchased semi-finished products, motor fuel, spare parts, low-value and wear items - cutting and measuring tools, inventory, workwear, etc.) are formed by consumer enterprises at the expense of inventory items coming to them through transit and storage form of supply (from supply bases) and are designed to ensure an uninterrupted production process in between deliveries
Depending on the time and placement of material resources, they consistently change the categories of stocks: for example, rolled ferrous metals manufactured at steel plant and in his warehouse, awaiting shipment, represents sales stock; the rolled stock received at the base will be a commodity stock, and the same rolled stock, delivered to the consumer enterprise and located in its warehouse awaiting launch into production, is a production stock.
Thus, stocks are an economic category, stocks are created along the entire path of promotion of inventory items. Currently, it is necessary to distinguish three groups of stocks at the enterprise: marketing, production and commodity.
1.2 Reserves rationing methodology: meaning, essence and main approaches
In order to carry out successful business activities, the management of the enterprise and the heads of its relevant functional divisions (sales, logistics, financial, planning, etc.) must necessarily know how much finished products are in stock in the form of sales stock, what additional volume and assortment should be produced in the current month or planning period (next month, quarter) of a particular brand of finished products for sale depending on its market demand; how much and what material and technical resources are needed for this; what lies from necessary materials in the warehouse of the enterprise in the form of inventories and which of this is superfluous and without prejudice to production can be sold to buyers; how many days of uninterrupted operation a particular brand of material will last and when and how much it needs to be ordered again from manufacturers for delivery in order to ensure the continuity of the production process; how much for this it is necessary to provide for the planned period of working capital for the acquisition of the necessary material resources, etc. Organization of production and rational management of supply and marketing processes, i.e. incoming and sold inventory items (in other words, material and financial flows), and the level of stocks at an industrial enterprise is one of the main components of the content of the management activities of the directorate of an industrial enterprise and its relevant services to ensure its successful functioning.
To carry out this activity, an industrial enterprise for the current year and a specific planning period independently forms for itself a regulatory framework for reserves and working capital by rationing.
The presence of a reasonable regulatory framework for stocks and working capital, formed for the entire specified range of material resources used at the enterprise, taking into account the prevailing conditions and the specifics of supply and marketing, is the basis and the toolkit that allows you to solve a large range of tasks for managing material and financial flows: identify scarce and redundant items of materials, determine the necessary delivery times, the necessary volumes of working capital for the acquisition of material resources. It is obvious that a comparison of the actual balance for any brand of material resource that is in the warehouse of the enterprise at the end of the corresponding day, with the established stock rate for the same brand, makes it possible to judge the sufficiency, shortage or excess amount of the corresponding material, how many days it will last, when this brand needs to be ordered, etc.
The peculiarity of the rationing of inventories and working capital in a market economy is as follows:
management can itself establish economically justified norms of stocks for the entire specified range of material resources used in the enterprise, and working capital invested in these stocks;
at the same time, it is necessary to carry out not single-variant, but multi-variant calculations of norms and link their values ​​with the level of reliability of provision with reserves and working capital, i.e. get the calculated function of the norm depending on the level of security reliability;
and, having chosen an acceptable degree of risk, to establish for the enterprise an acceptable level of reliability of provision with inventories and working capital and the values ​​of the norms themselves.
The same conditions for the formation of reserves require the use of the same methodological approaches to rationing.
Inventory management is one of the conditions for the successful functioning of all departments of the enterprise.
At present, in methodological materials on the rationing of stocks of various categories (sales, commodity, production) and working capital invested in these stocks, as well as in the economic literature on this issue, various points of view are set out (for example, in, etc.) on approaches to methods for calculating specified norms of stocks and norms of working capital. It is proposed to use different methods: analytical, normative, computational and statistical, etc. A number of specialists working in the field of inventory rationing have significant differences of opinion on the following issues: for example, one or different methodological approaches should be applied when rationing inventories in physical terms and working capital invested in these same reserves; what the norm itself should be: the minimum or average value of the stock used.
Currently, various methodologies to a certain extent use the same structure of the determined components of the norms of production stocks for transit supplies and the norms of working capital invested in them - that each of them includes current, insurance and preparatory components. But this structure is completely different from the corresponding structure of the calculated norms of commodity and marketing stocks.
Analysis of the formulas given in table. 1-3 of Appendix 1 shows the lack of unity in the methodological approaches of the authors to the calculation of the components of the specified norm of the production stock. If, for example, M.L. Aizenberg-Gorsky in , A.I. Baskin propose to determine the current component of the norm through the average values ​​of norm-forming factors, then N.D. Fasolyak recommends, in addition, to additionally take into account in the current component the deviations of the variations of norm-forming factors from their average values. A number of experts suggest, when calculating the specified rate of production stock, to increase the value of its current component to 2/3 of the average interval between deliveries (A.I. Baskin), others - to the whole interval (for example, G. Grebtsov). M.L. is interpreted in completely different ways. Aizenberg-Gorsky in , A.I. Baskin in, B.D. Angleless in the influence of the average interval between holidays (S cp) on the value of the determined current component of the stock rate.
The most common view on this issue is as follows. The current production stock is formed in each interval between deliveries due to the next volumes of receipt of the considered brand of inventory items to the consumer, in connection with which its average value is taken equal to the arithmetic mean of the supply volumes during the year. In accordance with this methodological approach, the current component of the norm (in physical terms) is taken to be half of the average volume of receipt of a brand of inventory items or, in relative values(days of average daily consumption), half of the average interval between deliveries (see Table 1 of Appendix 1). It follows from this that completely different sources are required for the formation of a safety stock, since large volumes of deliveries (more than their average value) take part in the formation of the current stock, because they are included in the sum when calculating the arithmetic mean of the supply volume. The economic literature does not provide an answer to the above question, and therefore there are large differences in methodological approaches to the calculation of the current and insurance components.
The paper reflects an attempt to create a modeling algorithm for determining the optimal level of stock of a brand of inventory items in a warehouse, at which the sum of storage costs and losses from shortages in the absence of material in the warehouse will be minimal.
Stocks of different categories (sales, production, commodity) and various types of inventory items, in principle, have a physically identical nature of formation. Only these processes of receipt-expenditure of inventory items in the warehouse for different categories of stocks are called differently:
for sales stock:
variations in daily production volumes of a brand of finished products is the process of receipt of inventory items (raw materials, materials, fuel, machinery, machine tools, equipment, etc.) from production to the warehouse after their manufacture:
variations in daily volumes of shipments of finished products to consumers and supply bases - this is the consumption of inventory items from the warehouse;
for production stocks:
- variations in the daily volumes of deliveries of the brand of material resources (raw materials, materials, purchased semi-finished products,
components, spare parts, fuel, low-value and consumable items, etc.) to the warehouse of the enterprise - this is the arrival of inventory as a result of the supply process;
- variations in the daily volumes of their release from the warehouse for production, maintenance, repair and general business needs - this is the consumption of material resources from the warehouse; for inventory:
- variations in the daily volumes of deliveries of the brand of material resources (raw materials, materials, spare parts, fuel, low-value and wearing items, etc.) to the warehouse of the supply base - this is the arrival of inventory as a result of the supply process;
- variations in daily volumes of shipments of material resources to consumers and supply bases (of a lower level) - this is the consumption of inventory items from the supply base warehouse.
The specified stock rate determines the allowable range of changes in the daily balances of inventory items at the enterprise in the billing period. The specified rate is used when controlling the level of stocks in the current year in order to determine excess stocks and identify shortage positions for grades of material resources that the company does not need and should be sold in order to free up working capital invested in “lying” stocks. An excess stock is understood as a stock of a mark of a material resource (raw materials, material, purchased semi-finished products and components, motor fuel, spare parts, containers, low-value and wearing items, finished products), when some of its quantity lies without movement (is not consumed for a sufficiently long period of time, for example, within a year (quarter)). Shortage means that all the necessary finished products are sold and they are not in stock.
The economic content of the specified norm for any stock category can be explained as follows. For any considered brand of material resource, it is possible to determine the specified stock rate in physical terms and the average stock, i.e. the average value of the daily balances, in the billing period (during the year, quarter). The ratio of the average stock in the billing period to the established norm in its own way economic content is the stock-to-stock ratio of the enterprise. If in the analyzed billing period, when comparing its average stock for the brand under consideration with the calculated specified stock rate (in physical terms), the security ratio is greater than one, then the enterprise will have an excess stock, i.e. "lying down", which he does not need. In the case when the stock becomes less than one, a shortage (deficit) is created in the stock of this material resource, which cannot provide conditions for uninterrupted activity (production or marketing, respectively). In the case when, when comparing, the stock ratio is equal to one, then this stock will be the minimum necessary and sufficient to ensure uninterrupted production and marketing activities.
The methodology should be to unify the technology for calculating the norms of stocks of different categories (sales, production, commodity). Unification is understood as the application of uniform methodological approaches to the rationing of each of the above reserves.
Methodological approaches are expressed as follows:
- when rationing stocks of different categories (sales,
production, commodity) determine the specified
stock rates by brand of material resources (for example,
by brand of cement, building glass, rolled metal products, brand
truck, etc.);
- the specified norms of reserves for any of the categories should be calculated taking into account the norm-forming factors that determine the conditions for the formation of reserves. These factors will be different for different categories of stocks and different normalized grades of material resources;
- unification should concern only the methods of determining the specified norms themselves for different categories of reserves;
- the form of supply used at the enterprise (regular, seasonal) is reflected in the consideration of various norm-forming factors when calculating the specified stock rate;
- for the specified stock rate for regular deliveries, the average value of the daily balances during the year of the product brand in question is taken, which is the minimum necessary and sufficient to ensure an uninterrupted production process;
- the specified stock rate for seasonal supplies is taken to be the value of product residues of the product brand under consideration at the beginning of the year, which is the minimum necessary and sufficient to ensure an uninterrupted production process at the enterprise;
- the stock rate is measured in kind and in relative terms - in "days" of average daily production;
- with regular deliveries, a different number of standard-forming factors that determine the formation of the stock are taken into account;
- at consumer enterprises with a transit (regular) form of supply, the specified rate of production stock (in relative terms) for a standardized brand of material resource should be calculated as the sum of three terms - current, insurance and preparatory components:
Н mp (?) = Н m + H c (?) + Н n , (1.1)
V mp (?) = H mp (?) x R; (1.2)
- similarly, the specified norms of commodity stocks of material resources should be calculated for regular supply processes and shipments
H t ov (?) = H t + H c (?) + H n , (1.3)
V tov (?) = H tov (?) x R; (1.4)
? -- reliability of stock supply (marketing, production, commodity), H t -- current component of the specified stock rate (sales, production, commodity) in relative terms -- in "days"; H with (?) - the insurance component of the specified stock rate (sales, production, commodity) in relative terms - in "days"; H n - the preparatory component of the specified stock rate (sales, production, commodity) in relative terms - in "days", H mp (?) - the specified rate of production stock for transit supplies in relative terms - in "days" of the average daily consumption (in physical terms), V mp (?) - the specified rate of production stock for transit supplies in physical terms; H tov (?) - the specified norm of commodity stock for transit deliveries in relative terms - in "days" of the average daily leave (in physical terms); V tov - the specified norm of commodity stock for transit deliveries in physical terms; R -- the average daily consumption (or vacation from the base) of the normalized brand of the material resource supplied in transit (in physical terms).
For the specified norm, it is necessary to take the average level of stock of the material grade or finished product under consideration.
The specified stock rates for a regular supply process must be calculated and approved at the enterprise in physical terms and in relative terms “days” of average daily production (in physical terms). The specified rate in relative terms is calculated as follows
H=V/P (1.5)
where H is the specified stock rate in "days" of average daily production (in physical terms); V -- the specified stock rate in physical terms, calculated according to the reporting year; Р average daily need for the production of a standardized brand of inventory items in the reporting year in physical terms.
The presence of specified norms in relative terms (in “days” of average daily production) allows them to be used (without additional recalculation) to determine the necessary stocks in physical terms for the planned year with small changes in production volumes at the enterprise next year. In this case, in the planned year, the specified stock rate in “days” will remain, but in physical terms it will change, and it can be determined as follows:
V pl \u003d P pl x H, (1.6)
where V pl, is the specified stock rate in physical terms for the planned year; Р pl - the planned need for the production of a brand of inventory items for the next year; H is the approved specified stock rate in "days" of average daily production (in kind), calculated according to the reporting year.
Thus, the specified stock rate for regular deliveries is divided into three components - current, insurance and preparatory. For the current (or insurance) component of the specified stock rate, you need to take the average value of the current or insurance stock, respectively, and for the preparatory component - the full value of the corresponding preparatory stock.
1.3 Organization of inventory control at the enterprise: role, features and methods
The operational control system is the organization of continuous or periodic activities of employees of the logistics department (or the procurement department), aimed at the formation of industrial stocks in economically justified sizes and ensuring a stable volume and assortment of grades of material resources during the entire planned period of uninterrupted operation of the enterprise.
Available information about the movement (when, what and how much was received or spent), the cost generated normative base data on stocks and working capital, etc. for any of the used brands of material resources (especially if this information is entered into a personal computer) allow the manager or logistics to quickly manage the material and financial flows at the enterprise during the year and form logistics plans for the planning period (year, quarter, month).
This information allows you to solve the following tasks:
- identify scarce positions of brands of material resources;
- select the positions of grades of material resources for which surplus stocks have been formed and they can be sold;
- assess the availability of reserves and their structure;
- to analyze the structure of working capital at the enterprise;
- determine the dates of the next orders for the supply of grades of material resources (i.e., form a logistics plan for the next month, quarter, year);
- determine the need for financial resources to ensure the necessary supplies of grades of material resources in the planning period.
In a market economy (or at the stage of its formation), the issue of organizing operational control and managing stocks of material resources at an enterprise (in a firm, company, etc., hereinafter referred to as an enterprise) becomes relevant. To a certain extent, the solution of this problem is facilitated by the introduction of automated enterprise management systems, computer programs for accounting or warehouse accounting, as well as foreign information systems(type RЗ, BAAN4, etc.), which allow you to set up automated accounting for the movement separately for each brand of material resource (receipts and expenditures by dates and volumes) and, based on them, the determination of daily balances for each considered brand of material resource. The result of solving the task of operational control is to obtain daily (for five days, weekly, ten-day, monthly or other periodicity) information on the actual availability of stocks in the warehouse (warehouses) of the enterprise and the degree of their (stocks) compliance with established standards. This allows for continuous (or periodic) monitoring of their value, timely and promptly detecting the formation of excess balances or shortages for individual positions, which can disrupt the organization of the smooth functioning of the consumer enterprise.
If it is impossible to carry out daily operational control over the entire range of material resources used (for example, in the case of a very large number of grades used), it is possible to carry out not complete, but selective control, using the well-known grouping "ABC". Everything depends on the capabilities of the enterprise: whether it has a sufficient amount of computer equipment, its performance, financial resources that the enterprise can invest in carrying out this work, etc. Grouping is often used in practice for operational control. It is based on the division (classification) of grades of material resources into three groups depending on their role in manufacturing process. This gives a significant gain in the case of a large range of grades of material resources used in the enterprise.
When grouping, the volume of the annual consumption of each brand of material resource is taken into account at its cost. With this classification, group "A" includes the most important brands of material resources, consumed in large quantities and significant in value. As a result, this group includes the main brands of material resources (raw materials, basic materials, components, etc.), the share of which is about 70-80% of the total annual consumption of all material resources at the enterprise by value, although they occupy 10-15% in the general range of brands of material resources. group "B" includes grades of material resources that are less important than grades falling into group "A". Brands of group "B" occupy approximately 15-20% of the total volume of annual consumption by value, and by nomenclature - 20-30%. Group "C" includes all other brands of material resources that are not included in the first two groups. In terms of nomenclature, they occupy the largest share, although their share in the total value of annual consumption is small - about 5%. As a result, the “C” group will mainly include brands of material resources, for example, those belonging to low-value and wearing items, which are very numerous in terms of nomenclature at the enterprise. The breakdowns in percentages for groups "A", "B" and "C" are somewhat arbitrary, and there are no strict criteria. The percentage is set by the managers of the enterprise itself.
When separating grades of material resources into groups, the specified ABC principle should be used. To do this, it is necessary to sort them (brands), arranging the values ​​​​of the cost of annual expenses of all brands of MP in descending order of their size. In this case, the first position will be occupied by the brand of material with the highest annual cost in terms of cost, the second - with less, and so on. Next, all ordered MP brands with large annual costs should be selected, which in total (in value terms) will amount to about 80% of the total annual cost of the enterprise. These stamps should be marked with the code "A". A similar procedure for selecting MP marks should be done for group "B". In this case, you need to continue summing up the annual costs of the following brands of MP in an ordered series (starting with the next one after the last one that fell into group “A”). And perform this operation until the received amount of all grades in group "B" is 15% of the total annual consumption of all MPs used in the enterprise. The rest of the MP brands from the ordered series (not included in groups "A" and "B") will be included in group "C". At the same time, group "C" will be the most numerous in terms of nomenclature, but insignificant in cost.
Grouped MP marks must be assigned the appropriate codes: "B" and "C". At the same time, it should be noted right away that the percentage ratio is rather conditional, and in some cases other values ​​​​can be applied. To ensure operational control, the above brands of material resources used at the enterprise must have the appropriate codes: "A", "B", "C".
In these cases, operational control over the actual state of inventories of grades of material resources that fall into groups "A", "B" and "C" can be carried out at different intervals, which can significantly reduce the cost of its implementation. For example, the actual state of stocks of grades of material resources that fell into group "A" should be established, as a rule (or preferably), daily control. The frequency of inventory control for brands of group "B" is much less: once a week or a decade, and for brands that fall into group "C" - about once a month. If an enterprise uses a large range of MPs (for example, 70,000 - 100,000 items or more), then frequent control becomes a rather expensive procedure.
According to this system, it was regulated that the value of the stock (remains at the end of any day during the year) of each brand of material resource located in the warehouse of the enterprise should change in the range between the upper and lower control values, which are set using the calculated components of the norm of production (or marketing, commodity) stock for the considered brand of material resource. It was assumed that if the stock of, for example, a material in the warehouse falls below the lower control value ("MIN"), then there is a shortage of material. In cases where the stock of the material became greater than the upper control value ("MAX"), then excess stocks were formed for this grade.
With regular deliveries (transit, warehouse, mixed), the lower control value of the stock of the brand of material resource (minimum stock) was proposed to be taken as the sum of the insurance and preparatory components of the calculated specified stock rate. For the upper control value (maximum reserve), it was recommended to take the sum of the calculated specified reserve rate and its current component (double value of the current component):
Z max \u003d H + H T \u003d 2 x H T + H C + H P
Z min \u003d H C + H P (1.7)
where Z max - upper control value: "margin-maximum";
H is the specified rate of production stock;
H T - the current component of the calculated specified rate of production stock by brand of material resource;
H С - the insurance component of the calculated specified norm of the production stock by the brand of the material resource;
H P - the preparatory component of the calculated specified norm of the production stock for the brand of material resource;
Z min - lower control value: "margin-minimum".
There are two methodological errors in the adopted approach:
1) it is proposed to compare the instantaneous value of the stock (balance at the end of any day) with the average value of the stock, i.e. with the norm itself and its components;
2) it is assumed that the safety stock is a constant value: during the year and is intended in case of violations in the supply of material to the consumer, i.e. disruption of deliveries on time.
Previously, it was shown that the values ​​​​of insurance and current stocks change throughout the year all the time, and this normal phenomenon. In the methodology, the average value of the stock (and, accordingly, the average value of the current or insurance component), the minimum necessary and sufficient to ensure the smooth functioning of the enterprise, is taken as the norm.
The proposed control method according to the "MIN - MAX" system is methodologically incorrect. The fact is that only under ideal conditions, i.e. uniform processes of supply and consumption of the brand of material resource by the consumer, in the change in the daily balance of the material there is a ratio when the maximum stock is twice the average value. The authors of the "MIN - MAX" system method erroneously extended this property to the case of changes in daily balances during uneven supply and consumption processes, which are most common today. Here, residual values ​​that are close in magnitude to the maximum are very rare, and when summed up, when the average value of the residual is determined during the year, their effect on the average value is very insignificant.
When using the “MIN - MAX” method in operational control, an erroneous signal can sometimes be given that the value of the daily balance of the material (Z j), which exceeds the upper control value (Z j > H + H T), is above the norm. In cases where the average value of the material balance in the billing period corresponds to the established stock rate, this means that Z j > H + H T is not a violation, but is an acceptable value.
The authors of the MIN-MAX method, in our opinion, make the second methodological error when assessing the occurrence of a shortage of a brand of material resource in an enterprise. They proceed from the erroneous concept that the safety stock is intended to cover the daily needs of production in the material only for the time when there are violations in the supply of the material resource under consideration - underdelivery of the material to the consumer, in case of delays in delivery, supply of material in volumes smaller than accepted in the contracts, etc. In these cases, the daily requirements in the interval (between deliveries), for which the volume of the next receipt was not enough, must be covered by the safety stock. Therefore, they accepted the erroneous hypothesis that the production stock of a brand of material at the consumer cannot be less than the minimum control value (Z j > H C + H P).
In the current and current methods for rationing stocks and working capital (for example, in and others), it is accepted that the stock rate should not cover violations in the organization of supply at the enterprise. It is regulated to calculate it on the basis of the initial information and in accordance with the Regulations on the supply of products for industrial purposes, Special conditions for the supply of material resources.
Thus, it is methodically more correct to compare the average stock level of a material resource brand with the established norm. In cases of their discrepancy (Z\u003e H or Z< Н, где Z - рассчитанный средний уровень, Н - established norm stock) during operational control, a signal is issued (i.e. the values ​​fall into the corresponding output form printed on the PC) about the formation of an excess (excess) balance or deficit.
The algorithm of this procedure (organization of operational control) can be written as follows. The dates of deliveries and daily vacations of the considered brand of material resource must be replaced by serial numbers of days in a year (1, 2, З, ..., k, ..., 365). The values ​​of supply volumes (q) and daily releases of the grade of material to the workshop (r) are assigned indices k of the day in the year in which they were made (q k and r k). If in any of the days (k) there was no delivery or daily leave, then the corresponding values ​​are equated to zero (q k = 0 or r k = 0).
Further, the change in the daily balance of the considered brand of material resource should be determined as follows:
Z 0 + q k " - r k " if k = 1
Z k =
Z k -1 + q k "- r k " if k > 1 (1.8)
where Z k - the rest of the normalized brand of material on end k-x days at the consumer enterprise; Z 0 - the balance of the normalized brand of material at the beginning of the year (quarter, if quarterly calculations are carried out); q k " - scope of delivery in k-th day; r k "- the volume of daily leave on the k-th day; Z k -1 - the balance of the normalized brand of material at the end of the previous (k - 1) \u003d x) days at the consumer enterprise.
It is necessary to calculate for each date of the billing period the value of the daily balance of this brand and, according to the data obtained, build a statistical series of these values:
Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , ... , Z k , …, Z К (1.9)
Based on these values, it is necessary to determine the average value of the balance (average level) on the key date:
TO
Z = (? Z k) / K (1.10)
k-1
where Z is the average stock level of the considered brand of material resource in the analyzed period; K - the number of days in the analyzed period; Z k - the value of the daily balance on the k-th day of the analyzed period; k - index of an ordinal day in the analyzed period.
The control over the actual level of stock of any brand under consideration should be carried out as follows. We can assume that the stock corresponds to the standard if the following condition is met:
(1 - a) x H? Z k ? (1 + a) x H (13)
where H is the established stock rate for the considered brand of material resource; a is a coefficient that takes into account the correction that the values ​​​​calculated for periods of different duration are compared with each other (the norm was determined by the year, and the average balance by the period in K days).

1.4 Indicators of the effectiveness of rationing and control of stocks at the enterprise

Until recently, it was believed that the more inventory an enterprise has, the better. This is true when the enterprise has problems with logistics, in conditions where it is necessary to create significant safety stocks. However, in modern conditions, the deficit problem is much less important, enterprises can make a wide variety of investments. Therefore, before investing money in inventories, it is necessary to understand that in this case the company refuses alternative investment options.
Monitoring the effective use of funds in inventory reserves is necessary condition successful work firms. For fast-growing companies, this is especially important, as investments in assets of this type can quickly get out of hand. The choice of inventory management policy practically consists in answering one, fairly simple question: “What is the optimal amount of inventory for the company?”
It is obvious that the stocks of the company are needed in order to fulfill the orders of their customers for goods in the right quantity and on time. However, stocks require expenses for their maintenance until they “wait in the wings” and are sold. Moreover, the company's losses increase, first of all, due to the diversion of part of the capital invested in reserves from turnover. Therefore, the company must find for itself the optimal combination between the costs and benefits of the chosen level of inventory and determine what amount of inventory for each product group (or even item) is sufficient. Both direct and more generalized criteria, as well as their various combinations, can be used as basic indicators of the quality of the chosen inventory management policy. For example:
- Inventory adequacy indicators to meet customer demand, the so-called "service level", which refers to the percentage of the total volume of existing requests, which is satisfied from the available inventories without an additional order;
- indicators based on the search for the optimal order size, based on the ratio of the cost of storing inventory and the cost of order fulfillment. Storage costs act as a limit on the size of stocks. Moreover, the cost of storage includes "imputed" costs. They characterize the profit that could have been received if the funds had not been used to form a stock, but “put into circulation”. Larger order sizes (and therefore fewer orders) reduce the cost of order fulfillment, but increase the cost of holding inventory. Therefore, it is necessary to find a balance, on the one hand, between the cost of storage, and on the other hand, operations for ordering goods.
- indicators related to the characteristics of cash flows from operations for the purchase and sale of goods. For example, the net present value cash flow, equal to the difference between the discounted amount of funds that are directed to the purchase of goods, and the funds received from the sale (during the billing period). The average return on investment of the company or the value of the current bank loan rate can be taken as the discount value.
- indicators reflecting the profitability of the company's activities with various methods of inventory management. For example, the return on assets during the billing period, determined by the ratio:
-
The first indicator characterizes the profitability of turnover or "profitability of sales", the second characterizes the "asset turnover" for the period. The presence of excessive, excess stocks leads to an increase in the "assets" indicator and, consequently, to a decrease in turnover. It is necessary to determine the optimal amount of investment in stocks, which, by increasing the "asset turnover", would not lead to a decrease in the profitability of assets (due to a decrease in turnover). Whatever method of inventory management is chosen, there is a minimum number of functions under which the system becomes manageable and the possibility of implementing these methods is provided. This, first of all, refers to the establishment of a clear business process for logistics operations, as well as to the establishment of management accounting. The implementation of the following functions immediately and directly affects the reduction of the cost of storage and delivery of goods. In terms of the implementation of logistics functions in the company, the following tasks should be solved:
1. The volumetric, spatial and temporal parameters of stocks, the cost of storing a unit of stock have been specified;
2. A system of information monitoring of the state of reserves and continuous monitoring of normalized parameters has been established;
3. The real costs and time of order fulfillment have been specified, managerial accounting of the parameters of order fulfillment and control of the progress of their passage have been established;
4. Rules for determining the moment and volume of an order have been developed.
Determining the appropriate volumetric, spatial and temporal parameters of stocks will allow us to move on to optimizing the placement of goods in the warehouse, and, consequently, to minimizing costs. Monitoring of the state of stocks should provide a continuous comparison of the standard parameters with the actual ones in order for the “tracking system” of stock management to start working. And the calculation of the standard characteristics of stocks (in physical terms) will make it possible to reasonably form budgets and move on to optimizing the costs associated with the formation and maintenance of stocks.
Development of rules for determining the moment and volume of an order, determining priorities for replenishment of stocks will allow you to get relatively simple ways regulation of order parameters. In addition, it is necessary to establish strict control over the progress of order fulfillment, which ensures feedback required to make effective operational purchasing decisions.
However, a key factor in determining the quality of the inventory management system is the way in which assumptions about the required amount of purchases are made.
Thus, control over the efficient use of inventories, determining the optimal amount of stocks, setting priorities for replenishment of stocks will allow the company to find alternative investment options.

Chapter 2 V.A. Degtyarev"

2.1 Analysis of the functioning of the inventory system at the industrial enterprise OJSC “Zavod im. V.A. Degtyarev"

Giving a brief description of the tool production at OAO ZiD, we will dwell on only two indicators: the volume of output and the level of stocks, taking into account the dynamics for 2006, shown in Table. 2.1.

Table 2.1 Dynamics of stocks of the tool shop of JSC "ZiD" for 2006

The technological cycle of manufacturing production products of tool production ranges from 20 days to 120 or more, depending on the complexity of the tool and equipment.
One of the important points of reducing the production time is the reduction of the production preparation time, and in particular the logistics of materials and components, the share of which in the cost is 14.6%.
The organizational structure of the material and technical supply of the tool production of ZiD OJSC is shown in the figure (Figure 2.1). The Commercial Directorate, according to the applications of the production and dispatching department of tool production, purchases material resources and provides storage in its warehouse areas. The tool production supply bureau receives MR according to the declared volumes for production warehouses, ensuring continuous technological process release of finished products.
The wide range and specificity of products, the lack of clearly established standards for the use of materials, the lack of a logistical approach leads to uncertainty in the parameters of the consumption of MR and negatively affects the functioning of the inventory management system. Also at a low level finds, etc.............